Table 1

Case 1: Comparison of empirical sizes with ϕ=0

xt=μ+(1c/T)xt1+et,et=ϕvt1+vt with ϕ=0
θ=2
θ = 0
θ = 2
TcRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWild
Panel A: α=0.0066, μ = 0

100500.06480.09110.09110.08810.08330.06070.07610.07610.05670.07200.06040.08790.08790.08470.0812
200.05730.08180.08180.07760.07440.05400.06950.06950.05230.06280.05430.07950.07950.07590.0733
100.05590.08900.08900.08370.07810.05510.06970.07010.05110.05780.05430.08250.08250.07450.0714
50.05580.09260.09260.08150.07730.05390.07310.07640.05060.05230.05640.08990.08990.07740.0729
00.06230.08760.08760.07170.06320.05430.08660.15300.06410.04790.05950.08350.08380.07090.0620
−10.06310.08640.08650.07190.06910.05380.08460.18120.06010.04380.06050.07990.08040.06510.0645
−30.05740.09110.09390.05610.08580.05420.09990.22810.05500.04610.05550.09660.09980.05930.0866
250500.05270.07490.07490.07460.07180.05230.06140.06140.05610.05970.05620.07460.07460.07530.0674
200.05170.07960.07960.07920.07500.05180.06240.06240.05660.06110.04860.07760.07760.07700.0724
100.05000.08080.08080.07860.07100.05440.05610.05620.04840.05060.05220.08320.08320.07970.0746
50.05250.08800.08800.08380.07770.05060.06270.06540.05420.04860.04980.08300.08300.07880.0675
00.05180.07720.07730.06990.06140.05320.07650.13020.06230.04810.05200.07570.07580.06880.0627
−10.05110.06910.06910.06180.06520.05060.08600.16470.06350.04230.05150.07680.07690.06790.0714
−30.04860.07640.07910.05260.08260.05200.09550.18620.04970.03870.05170.07950.08120.05450.0804
500500.05350.06970.06970.07260.06580.05080.05600.05600.05330.05510.05420.07090.07090.07300.0660
200.04940.07800.07800.07950.07170.04870.05270.05280.05030.05230.05100.07190.07190.07310.0687
100.04970.08690.08690.08480.07750.04880.05580.05600.05240.05260.05230.08530.08530.08310.0750
50.05410.08280.08280.08030.06840.04940.05840.05940.05270.04930.04990.08530.08540.08360.0665
00.05130.07080.07080.06770.06010.04680.07140.10990.06320.04650.05100.07060.07060.06700.0590
−10.05100.06600.06610.06090.06660.05010.07570.13840.06050.04280.05110.07030.07050.06340.0679
−30.05010.06970.07180.05170.07160.05330.08760.14410.04560.03470.04890.06730.06880.05360.0746

Panel B: α=0.0066,μ=0.1

100500.06380.09070.09070.08860.08160.05490.07100.07100.05480.06470.06420.08720.08720.08300.0762
200.05960.08880.08880.08440.08240.05380.07230.07230.05520.06320.05670.08470.08470.08240.0755
100.05830.09010.09010.08660.07720.05580.07170.07210.05380.05590.05720.09050.09050.08340.0801
50.05500.08790.08790.08030.07590.06000.07770.08180.05700.05130.05920.09340.09340.08360.0765
00.05650.08390.08420.07150.05690.05090.08920.16360.06450.04530.05880.08390.08400.07240.0595
−10.05980.07670.07700.06130.06710.05450.08500.18750.05950.04470.05560.07800.07810.06390.0689
−30.05800.09170.09400.05240.08920.05880.10040.23430.05090.04250.05690.08950.09300.05320.0896
250500.05770.07420.07420.07490.07140.04980.05640.05640.04990.05260.05730.07040.07040.06950.0675
200.05150.07130.07130.07150.07240.05280.06080.06090.05450.05490.05570.07110.07110.07030.0733
100.04980.06850.06850.06580.07120.04590.06200.06250.05390.04940.05080.06980.06980.06980.0714
50.05170.06890.06890.06730.07080.05060.07000.07370.05710.04490.04990.06870.06870.06450.0707
00.05230.05580.05580.05130.05150.05160.08070.15180.06380.04120.05390.05750.05750.05470.0522
−10.05270.05260.05300.04810.06580.05310.08310.17100.06210.04390.05390.05690.05710.05040.0682
−30.05380.06270.06620.04170.07120.04890.09480.18170.04600.03920.05360.06640.06900.04080.0773
500500.05290.06290.06290.06510.06840.05420.05900.05900.05780.05670.05220.06430.06430.06580.0693
200.05500.06430.06430.06550.07440.04830.06050.06060.05840.05230.04920.05680.05680.05730.0661
100.05010.05550.05550.05420.06760.05230.06400.06500.05760.04990.04910.05630.05630.05620.0677
50.04880.04360.04360.04160.05520.05370.06750.07460.06270.04540.05090.04670.04670.04490.0540
00.04900.02890.02930.02830.03940.04970.08350.15220.06740.04290.04530.02870.02870.02800.0362
−10.04800.02550.02600.02330.05100.05390.08880.16920.06220.04230.05280.03010.03050.02910.0571
−30.04830.04480.04840.02750.05360.05180.09380.15130.04510.04020.05320.04620.04900.03010.0534
xt=μ+(1c/T)xt1+et,et=ϕvt1+vt with ϕ=0
θ=2
θ = 0
θ = 2
TcRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWild
Panel A: α=0.0066, μ = 0

100500.06480.09110.09110.08810.08330.06070.07610.07610.05670.07200.06040.08790.08790.08470.0812
200.05730.08180.08180.07760.07440.05400.06950.06950.05230.06280.05430.07950.07950.07590.0733
100.05590.08900.08900.08370.07810.05510.06970.07010.05110.05780.05430.08250.08250.07450.0714
50.05580.09260.09260.08150.07730.05390.07310.07640.05060.05230.05640.08990.08990.07740.0729
00.06230.08760.08760.07170.06320.05430.08660.15300.06410.04790.05950.08350.08380.07090.0620
−10.06310.08640.08650.07190.06910.05380.08460.18120.06010.04380.06050.07990.08040.06510.0645
−30.05740.09110.09390.05610.08580.05420.09990.22810.05500.04610.05550.09660.09980.05930.0866
250500.05270.07490.07490.07460.07180.05230.06140.06140.05610.05970.05620.07460.07460.07530.0674
200.05170.07960.07960.07920.07500.05180.06240.06240.05660.06110.04860.07760.07760.07700.0724
100.05000.08080.08080.07860.07100.05440.05610.05620.04840.05060.05220.08320.08320.07970.0746
50.05250.08800.08800.08380.07770.05060.06270.06540.05420.04860.04980.08300.08300.07880.0675
00.05180.07720.07730.06990.06140.05320.07650.13020.06230.04810.05200.07570.07580.06880.0627
−10.05110.06910.06910.06180.06520.05060.08600.16470.06350.04230.05150.07680.07690.06790.0714
−30.04860.07640.07910.05260.08260.05200.09550.18620.04970.03870.05170.07950.08120.05450.0804
500500.05350.06970.06970.07260.06580.05080.05600.05600.05330.05510.05420.07090.07090.07300.0660
200.04940.07800.07800.07950.07170.04870.05270.05280.05030.05230.05100.07190.07190.07310.0687
100.04970.08690.08690.08480.07750.04880.05580.05600.05240.05260.05230.08530.08530.08310.0750
50.05410.08280.08280.08030.06840.04940.05840.05940.05270.04930.04990.08530.08540.08360.0665
00.05130.07080.07080.06770.06010.04680.07140.10990.06320.04650.05100.07060.07060.06700.0590
−10.05100.06600.06610.06090.06660.05010.07570.13840.06050.04280.05110.07030.07050.06340.0679
−30.05010.06970.07180.05170.07160.05330.08760.14410.04560.03470.04890.06730.06880.05360.0746

Panel B: α=0.0066,μ=0.1

100500.06380.09070.09070.08860.08160.05490.07100.07100.05480.06470.06420.08720.08720.08300.0762
200.05960.08880.08880.08440.08240.05380.07230.07230.05520.06320.05670.08470.08470.08240.0755
100.05830.09010.09010.08660.07720.05580.07170.07210.05380.05590.05720.09050.09050.08340.0801
50.05500.08790.08790.08030.07590.06000.07770.08180.05700.05130.05920.09340.09340.08360.0765
00.05650.08390.08420.07150.05690.05090.08920.16360.06450.04530.05880.08390.08400.07240.0595
−10.05980.07670.07700.06130.06710.05450.08500.18750.05950.04470.05560.07800.07810.06390.0689
−30.05800.09170.09400.05240.08920.05880.10040.23430.05090.04250.05690.08950.09300.05320.0896
250500.05770.07420.07420.07490.07140.04980.05640.05640.04990.05260.05730.07040.07040.06950.0675
200.05150.07130.07130.07150.07240.05280.06080.06090.05450.05490.05570.07110.07110.07030.0733
100.04980.06850.06850.06580.07120.04590.06200.06250.05390.04940.05080.06980.06980.06980.0714
50.05170.06890.06890.06730.07080.05060.07000.07370.05710.04490.04990.06870.06870.06450.0707
00.05230.05580.05580.05130.05150.05160.08070.15180.06380.04120.05390.05750.05750.05470.0522
−10.05270.05260.05300.04810.06580.05310.08310.17100.06210.04390.05390.05690.05710.05040.0682
−30.05380.06270.06620.04170.07120.04890.09480.18170.04600.03920.05360.06640.06900.04080.0773
500500.05290.06290.06290.06510.06840.05420.05900.05900.05780.05670.05220.06430.06430.06580.0693
200.05500.06430.06430.06550.07440.04830.06050.06060.05840.05230.04920.05680.05680.05730.0661
100.05010.05550.05550.05420.06760.05230.06400.06500.05760.04990.04910.05630.05630.05620.0677
50.04880.04360.04360.04160.05520.05370.06750.07460.06270.04540.05090.04670.04670.04490.0540
00.04900.02890.02930.02830.03940.04970.08350.15220.06740.04290.04530.02870.02870.02800.0362
−10.04800.02550.02600.02330.05100.05390.08880.16920.06220.04230.05280.03010.03050.02910.0571
−30.04830.04480.04840.02750.05360.05180.09380.15130.04510.04020.05320.04620.04900.03010.0534

Notes: This table presents finite-sample sizes in Case 1 with ϕ=0 for testing the null hypothesis H0: β = 0 versus the alternative H1: β0 by the proposed RWB in Equation (14), IVX, and IVX-based bootstrap tests under 5% nominal level. RWB denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by RWB. IVX1 denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by Kostakis, Magdalinos, and Stamatogiannis (2015). IVX2 denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by Kostakis, Magdalinos, and Stamatogiannis (2015) with possible negative Wald statistics included. Wild denotes the rejection rate for the residual wild bootstrap algorithm by Demetrescu et al. (2022). FWild denotes the rejection rate for the fixed regressor wild bootstrap algorithm by Demetrescu et al. (2022). Results are reported for different combinations of μ{0,0.1},θ{2,0,2},T{100,250,500}, and c{50,20,10,5,0,1,3}. The average rejection rates are calculated over 10,000 replications.

Table 1

Case 1: Comparison of empirical sizes with ϕ=0

xt=μ+(1c/T)xt1+et,et=ϕvt1+vt with ϕ=0
θ=2
θ = 0
θ = 2
TcRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWild
Panel A: α=0.0066, μ = 0

100500.06480.09110.09110.08810.08330.06070.07610.07610.05670.07200.06040.08790.08790.08470.0812
200.05730.08180.08180.07760.07440.05400.06950.06950.05230.06280.05430.07950.07950.07590.0733
100.05590.08900.08900.08370.07810.05510.06970.07010.05110.05780.05430.08250.08250.07450.0714
50.05580.09260.09260.08150.07730.05390.07310.07640.05060.05230.05640.08990.08990.07740.0729
00.06230.08760.08760.07170.06320.05430.08660.15300.06410.04790.05950.08350.08380.07090.0620
−10.06310.08640.08650.07190.06910.05380.08460.18120.06010.04380.06050.07990.08040.06510.0645
−30.05740.09110.09390.05610.08580.05420.09990.22810.05500.04610.05550.09660.09980.05930.0866
250500.05270.07490.07490.07460.07180.05230.06140.06140.05610.05970.05620.07460.07460.07530.0674
200.05170.07960.07960.07920.07500.05180.06240.06240.05660.06110.04860.07760.07760.07700.0724
100.05000.08080.08080.07860.07100.05440.05610.05620.04840.05060.05220.08320.08320.07970.0746
50.05250.08800.08800.08380.07770.05060.06270.06540.05420.04860.04980.08300.08300.07880.0675
00.05180.07720.07730.06990.06140.05320.07650.13020.06230.04810.05200.07570.07580.06880.0627
−10.05110.06910.06910.06180.06520.05060.08600.16470.06350.04230.05150.07680.07690.06790.0714
−30.04860.07640.07910.05260.08260.05200.09550.18620.04970.03870.05170.07950.08120.05450.0804
500500.05350.06970.06970.07260.06580.05080.05600.05600.05330.05510.05420.07090.07090.07300.0660
200.04940.07800.07800.07950.07170.04870.05270.05280.05030.05230.05100.07190.07190.07310.0687
100.04970.08690.08690.08480.07750.04880.05580.05600.05240.05260.05230.08530.08530.08310.0750
50.05410.08280.08280.08030.06840.04940.05840.05940.05270.04930.04990.08530.08540.08360.0665
00.05130.07080.07080.06770.06010.04680.07140.10990.06320.04650.05100.07060.07060.06700.0590
−10.05100.06600.06610.06090.06660.05010.07570.13840.06050.04280.05110.07030.07050.06340.0679
−30.05010.06970.07180.05170.07160.05330.08760.14410.04560.03470.04890.06730.06880.05360.0746

Panel B: α=0.0066,μ=0.1

100500.06380.09070.09070.08860.08160.05490.07100.07100.05480.06470.06420.08720.08720.08300.0762
200.05960.08880.08880.08440.08240.05380.07230.07230.05520.06320.05670.08470.08470.08240.0755
100.05830.09010.09010.08660.07720.05580.07170.07210.05380.05590.05720.09050.09050.08340.0801
50.05500.08790.08790.08030.07590.06000.07770.08180.05700.05130.05920.09340.09340.08360.0765
00.05650.08390.08420.07150.05690.05090.08920.16360.06450.04530.05880.08390.08400.07240.0595
−10.05980.07670.07700.06130.06710.05450.08500.18750.05950.04470.05560.07800.07810.06390.0689
−30.05800.09170.09400.05240.08920.05880.10040.23430.05090.04250.05690.08950.09300.05320.0896
250500.05770.07420.07420.07490.07140.04980.05640.05640.04990.05260.05730.07040.07040.06950.0675
200.05150.07130.07130.07150.07240.05280.06080.06090.05450.05490.05570.07110.07110.07030.0733
100.04980.06850.06850.06580.07120.04590.06200.06250.05390.04940.05080.06980.06980.06980.0714
50.05170.06890.06890.06730.07080.05060.07000.07370.05710.04490.04990.06870.06870.06450.0707
00.05230.05580.05580.05130.05150.05160.08070.15180.06380.04120.05390.05750.05750.05470.0522
−10.05270.05260.05300.04810.06580.05310.08310.17100.06210.04390.05390.05690.05710.05040.0682
−30.05380.06270.06620.04170.07120.04890.09480.18170.04600.03920.05360.06640.06900.04080.0773
500500.05290.06290.06290.06510.06840.05420.05900.05900.05780.05670.05220.06430.06430.06580.0693
200.05500.06430.06430.06550.07440.04830.06050.06060.05840.05230.04920.05680.05680.05730.0661
100.05010.05550.05550.05420.06760.05230.06400.06500.05760.04990.04910.05630.05630.05620.0677
50.04880.04360.04360.04160.05520.05370.06750.07460.06270.04540.05090.04670.04670.04490.0540
00.04900.02890.02930.02830.03940.04970.08350.15220.06740.04290.04530.02870.02870.02800.0362
−10.04800.02550.02600.02330.05100.05390.08880.16920.06220.04230.05280.03010.03050.02910.0571
−30.04830.04480.04840.02750.05360.05180.09380.15130.04510.04020.05320.04620.04900.03010.0534
xt=μ+(1c/T)xt1+et,et=ϕvt1+vt with ϕ=0
θ=2
θ = 0
θ = 2
TcRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWild
Panel A: α=0.0066, μ = 0

100500.06480.09110.09110.08810.08330.06070.07610.07610.05670.07200.06040.08790.08790.08470.0812
200.05730.08180.08180.07760.07440.05400.06950.06950.05230.06280.05430.07950.07950.07590.0733
100.05590.08900.08900.08370.07810.05510.06970.07010.05110.05780.05430.08250.08250.07450.0714
50.05580.09260.09260.08150.07730.05390.07310.07640.05060.05230.05640.08990.08990.07740.0729
00.06230.08760.08760.07170.06320.05430.08660.15300.06410.04790.05950.08350.08380.07090.0620
−10.06310.08640.08650.07190.06910.05380.08460.18120.06010.04380.06050.07990.08040.06510.0645
−30.05740.09110.09390.05610.08580.05420.09990.22810.05500.04610.05550.09660.09980.05930.0866
250500.05270.07490.07490.07460.07180.05230.06140.06140.05610.05970.05620.07460.07460.07530.0674
200.05170.07960.07960.07920.07500.05180.06240.06240.05660.06110.04860.07760.07760.07700.0724
100.05000.08080.08080.07860.07100.05440.05610.05620.04840.05060.05220.08320.08320.07970.0746
50.05250.08800.08800.08380.07770.05060.06270.06540.05420.04860.04980.08300.08300.07880.0675
00.05180.07720.07730.06990.06140.05320.07650.13020.06230.04810.05200.07570.07580.06880.0627
−10.05110.06910.06910.06180.06520.05060.08600.16470.06350.04230.05150.07680.07690.06790.0714
−30.04860.07640.07910.05260.08260.05200.09550.18620.04970.03870.05170.07950.08120.05450.0804
500500.05350.06970.06970.07260.06580.05080.05600.05600.05330.05510.05420.07090.07090.07300.0660
200.04940.07800.07800.07950.07170.04870.05270.05280.05030.05230.05100.07190.07190.07310.0687
100.04970.08690.08690.08480.07750.04880.05580.05600.05240.05260.05230.08530.08530.08310.0750
50.05410.08280.08280.08030.06840.04940.05840.05940.05270.04930.04990.08530.08540.08360.0665
00.05130.07080.07080.06770.06010.04680.07140.10990.06320.04650.05100.07060.07060.06700.0590
−10.05100.06600.06610.06090.06660.05010.07570.13840.06050.04280.05110.07030.07050.06340.0679
−30.05010.06970.07180.05170.07160.05330.08760.14410.04560.03470.04890.06730.06880.05360.0746

Panel B: α=0.0066,μ=0.1

100500.06380.09070.09070.08860.08160.05490.07100.07100.05480.06470.06420.08720.08720.08300.0762
200.05960.08880.08880.08440.08240.05380.07230.07230.05520.06320.05670.08470.08470.08240.0755
100.05830.09010.09010.08660.07720.05580.07170.07210.05380.05590.05720.09050.09050.08340.0801
50.05500.08790.08790.08030.07590.06000.07770.08180.05700.05130.05920.09340.09340.08360.0765
00.05650.08390.08420.07150.05690.05090.08920.16360.06450.04530.05880.08390.08400.07240.0595
−10.05980.07670.07700.06130.06710.05450.08500.18750.05950.04470.05560.07800.07810.06390.0689
−30.05800.09170.09400.05240.08920.05880.10040.23430.05090.04250.05690.08950.09300.05320.0896
250500.05770.07420.07420.07490.07140.04980.05640.05640.04990.05260.05730.07040.07040.06950.0675
200.05150.07130.07130.07150.07240.05280.06080.06090.05450.05490.05570.07110.07110.07030.0733
100.04980.06850.06850.06580.07120.04590.06200.06250.05390.04940.05080.06980.06980.06980.0714
50.05170.06890.06890.06730.07080.05060.07000.07370.05710.04490.04990.06870.06870.06450.0707
00.05230.05580.05580.05130.05150.05160.08070.15180.06380.04120.05390.05750.05750.05470.0522
−10.05270.05260.05300.04810.06580.05310.08310.17100.06210.04390.05390.05690.05710.05040.0682
−30.05380.06270.06620.04170.07120.04890.09480.18170.04600.03920.05360.06640.06900.04080.0773
500500.05290.06290.06290.06510.06840.05420.05900.05900.05780.05670.05220.06430.06430.06580.0693
200.05500.06430.06430.06550.07440.04830.06050.06060.05840.05230.04920.05680.05680.05730.0661
100.05010.05550.05550.05420.06760.05230.06400.06500.05760.04990.04910.05630.05630.05620.0677
50.04880.04360.04360.04160.05520.05370.06750.07460.06270.04540.05090.04670.04670.04490.0540
00.04900.02890.02930.02830.03940.04970.08350.15220.06740.04290.04530.02870.02870.02800.0362
−10.04800.02550.02600.02330.05100.05390.08880.16920.06220.04230.05280.03010.03050.02910.0571
−30.04830.04480.04840.02750.05360.05180.09380.15130.04510.04020.05320.04620.04900.03010.0534

Notes: This table presents finite-sample sizes in Case 1 with ϕ=0 for testing the null hypothesis H0: β = 0 versus the alternative H1: β0 by the proposed RWB in Equation (14), IVX, and IVX-based bootstrap tests under 5% nominal level. RWB denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by RWB. IVX1 denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by Kostakis, Magdalinos, and Stamatogiannis (2015). IVX2 denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by Kostakis, Magdalinos, and Stamatogiannis (2015) with possible negative Wald statistics included. Wild denotes the rejection rate for the residual wild bootstrap algorithm by Demetrescu et al. (2022). FWild denotes the rejection rate for the fixed regressor wild bootstrap algorithm by Demetrescu et al. (2022). Results are reported for different combinations of μ{0,0.1},θ{2,0,2},T{100,250,500}, and c{50,20,10,5,0,1,3}. The average rejection rates are calculated over 10,000 replications.

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