Table 3

Case 2: Comparison of empirical sizes with ϕ=0

xt=μ+(1c/T)xt1+et,et=ϕvt1+vt with ϕ=0
θ=2
θ = 0
θ = 2
TcRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWild
Panel A: α=0.0066, μ = 0

100500.05950.08250.08250.08340.07710.05050.05890.05890.04600.05530.05980.08390.08390.08610.0779
200.05310.09110.09110.08650.08410.04510.06080.06080.04470.05250.05220.08220.08220.08070.0758
100.05060.09210.09210.08430.08330.04340.06290.06420.04700.04830.05090.08980.08980.08280.0824
50.05200.09180.09180.08400.08170.05010.06630.07440.04860.04300.05360.09040.09040.08190.0768
00.05990.09280.09290.07960.06740.05430.06850.16560.05180.03770.05460.08490.08510.07240.0663
−10.05340.08610.08660.07210.07430.05540.06270.19950.04560.03590.05650.08750.08810.07110.0720
−30.04810.10140.10370.05600.09860.05680.06300.25700.03700.03040.04730.09910.10310.05780.0952
250500.05040.07340.07340.07390.07120.05410.04690.04690.04140.04780.05360.07230.07230.07450.0713
200.05090.07940.07940.07840.07770.05790.04960.04970.04330.04720.04800.07910.07910.08000.0760
100.04670.08410.08410.08100.07850.05400.04870.05000.04040.03940.04550.08460.08460.08190.0789
50.04540.08490.08490.08170.07630.04770.05150.05730.04200.03700.04510.08480.08480.08050.0778
00.05530.07670.07680.07190.06520.04990.05830.14280.04720.03000.05560.07360.07380.06820.0627
−10.05850.07330.07350.06600.06840.05100.05210.16800.04220.02980.06080.07170.07220.06380.0672
−30.04930.08610.08830.05580.08960.05450.06160.21480.03840.02890.05230.08070.08380.05160.0872
500500.05000.07210.07210.07400.07000.05200.04430.04430.04300.04420.04930.07660.07660.07590.0757
200.04680.08130.08130.08350.07510.04640.04070.04070.03890.03950.04860.08050.08050.08170.0781
100.04970.08980.08980.08830.08300.04600.04670.04780.04120.03700.04700.07870.07870.07800.0752
50.04510.08530.08530.08340.07590.04670.04800.05370.04270.03240.04420.08640.08640.08270.0786
00.05470.07640.07650.07240.06750.05220.05610.12270.04680.02880.05770.07360.07370.07070.0651
−10.05480.07080.07090.06820.06760.05230.05720.16050.04440.03000.05510.06920.06950.06150.0708
−30.04980.07280.07500.05100.07620.05540.07020.19110.04140.03160.05240.07880.08120.05650.0817

Panel B: α=0.0066,μ=0.1

100500.06140.06010.06010.06050.05840.05230.06680.06680.05020.04920.06110.07580.07580.07550.0544
200.05720.03760.03760.03580.03210.04800.07830.09000.06540.03660.05570.06160.06160.06100.0211
100.04680.02290.02310.02110.01510.04150.08380.14240.07090.03650.04820.03310.03310.03110.0074
50.04360.01490.01530.01340.01270.04700.06750.22290.05530.03610.04570.01210.01210.01120.0044
00.05270.01150.01350.00530.03700.05490.04330.29650.02930.03490.05130.00490.00600.00330.0395
−10.05580.01370.01610.00370.04200.05430.04850.29500.03100.03140.05440.01450.01540.00780.0691
−30.05340.03170.03590.00840.05270.05480.06430.28740.03190.03020.05570.04520.05150.00850.0640
250500.05360.04900.04900.05110.03290.05530.06230.06390.05580.04030.05330.04700.04700.04720.0376
200.04890.03230.03230.03270.00750.04810.08090.12030.07750.03510.04690.01950.01950.02110.0097
100.04520.01630.01630.01540.01370.04830.07150.19310.06560.03110.04610.00260.00270.00240.0023
50.05280.01110.01160.00920.05930.05290.05170.25670.04580.03350.04970.00090.00110.00090.0033
00.05240.01010.01280.00520.05720.05240.04100.27890.02970.02940.05230.00300.00410.00180.0488
−10.05540.01130.01480.00320.06030.04990.04510.26730.02760.02790.05290.01070.01230.00530.0627
−30.05130.02430.02850.00700.04850.05420.06780.24300.03110.02710.05220.03270.03720.00840.0558
500500.04680.04530.04530.04740.01330.04400.07030.07930.06920.03430.04750.02030.02030.02070.0266
200.04610.02110.02110.02170.00980.04790.07560.15070.07480.02980.04510.00270.00270.00280.0057
100.04480.01590.01630.01520.07300.04510.05730.21550.05630.03200.04460.00050.00050.00060.0019
50.04430.01380.01650.01300.14520.05030.04480.28510.04100.03480.04740.00030.00040.00020.0043
00.05140.00880.01150.00480.06620.05750.04440.26450.03090.02930.05170.00320.00390.00230.0534
−10.05310.01070.01400.00410.05540.05000.04810.23740.03060.02610.05450.00860.01020.00410.0596
−30.05330.02490.02890.00880.03870.05640.06830.20410.02830.02480.05210.02800.03200.00970.0447
xt=μ+(1c/T)xt1+et,et=ϕvt1+vt with ϕ=0
θ=2
θ = 0
θ = 2
TcRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWild
Panel A: α=0.0066, μ = 0

100500.05950.08250.08250.08340.07710.05050.05890.05890.04600.05530.05980.08390.08390.08610.0779
200.05310.09110.09110.08650.08410.04510.06080.06080.04470.05250.05220.08220.08220.08070.0758
100.05060.09210.09210.08430.08330.04340.06290.06420.04700.04830.05090.08980.08980.08280.0824
50.05200.09180.09180.08400.08170.05010.06630.07440.04860.04300.05360.09040.09040.08190.0768
00.05990.09280.09290.07960.06740.05430.06850.16560.05180.03770.05460.08490.08510.07240.0663
−10.05340.08610.08660.07210.07430.05540.06270.19950.04560.03590.05650.08750.08810.07110.0720
−30.04810.10140.10370.05600.09860.05680.06300.25700.03700.03040.04730.09910.10310.05780.0952
250500.05040.07340.07340.07390.07120.05410.04690.04690.04140.04780.05360.07230.07230.07450.0713
200.05090.07940.07940.07840.07770.05790.04960.04970.04330.04720.04800.07910.07910.08000.0760
100.04670.08410.08410.08100.07850.05400.04870.05000.04040.03940.04550.08460.08460.08190.0789
50.04540.08490.08490.08170.07630.04770.05150.05730.04200.03700.04510.08480.08480.08050.0778
00.05530.07670.07680.07190.06520.04990.05830.14280.04720.03000.05560.07360.07380.06820.0627
−10.05850.07330.07350.06600.06840.05100.05210.16800.04220.02980.06080.07170.07220.06380.0672
−30.04930.08610.08830.05580.08960.05450.06160.21480.03840.02890.05230.08070.08380.05160.0872
500500.05000.07210.07210.07400.07000.05200.04430.04430.04300.04420.04930.07660.07660.07590.0757
200.04680.08130.08130.08350.07510.04640.04070.04070.03890.03950.04860.08050.08050.08170.0781
100.04970.08980.08980.08830.08300.04600.04670.04780.04120.03700.04700.07870.07870.07800.0752
50.04510.08530.08530.08340.07590.04670.04800.05370.04270.03240.04420.08640.08640.08270.0786
00.05470.07640.07650.07240.06750.05220.05610.12270.04680.02880.05770.07360.07370.07070.0651
−10.05480.07080.07090.06820.06760.05230.05720.16050.04440.03000.05510.06920.06950.06150.0708
−30.04980.07280.07500.05100.07620.05540.07020.19110.04140.03160.05240.07880.08120.05650.0817

Panel B: α=0.0066,μ=0.1

100500.06140.06010.06010.06050.05840.05230.06680.06680.05020.04920.06110.07580.07580.07550.0544
200.05720.03760.03760.03580.03210.04800.07830.09000.06540.03660.05570.06160.06160.06100.0211
100.04680.02290.02310.02110.01510.04150.08380.14240.07090.03650.04820.03310.03310.03110.0074
50.04360.01490.01530.01340.01270.04700.06750.22290.05530.03610.04570.01210.01210.01120.0044
00.05270.01150.01350.00530.03700.05490.04330.29650.02930.03490.05130.00490.00600.00330.0395
−10.05580.01370.01610.00370.04200.05430.04850.29500.03100.03140.05440.01450.01540.00780.0691
−30.05340.03170.03590.00840.05270.05480.06430.28740.03190.03020.05570.04520.05150.00850.0640
250500.05360.04900.04900.05110.03290.05530.06230.06390.05580.04030.05330.04700.04700.04720.0376
200.04890.03230.03230.03270.00750.04810.08090.12030.07750.03510.04690.01950.01950.02110.0097
100.04520.01630.01630.01540.01370.04830.07150.19310.06560.03110.04610.00260.00270.00240.0023
50.05280.01110.01160.00920.05930.05290.05170.25670.04580.03350.04970.00090.00110.00090.0033
00.05240.01010.01280.00520.05720.05240.04100.27890.02970.02940.05230.00300.00410.00180.0488
−10.05540.01130.01480.00320.06030.04990.04510.26730.02760.02790.05290.01070.01230.00530.0627
−30.05130.02430.02850.00700.04850.05420.06780.24300.03110.02710.05220.03270.03720.00840.0558
500500.04680.04530.04530.04740.01330.04400.07030.07930.06920.03430.04750.02030.02030.02070.0266
200.04610.02110.02110.02170.00980.04790.07560.15070.07480.02980.04510.00270.00270.00280.0057
100.04480.01590.01630.01520.07300.04510.05730.21550.05630.03200.04460.00050.00050.00060.0019
50.04430.01380.01650.01300.14520.05030.04480.28510.04100.03480.04740.00030.00040.00020.0043
00.05140.00880.01150.00480.06620.05750.04440.26450.03090.02930.05170.00320.00390.00230.0534
−10.05310.01070.01400.00410.05540.05000.04810.23740.03060.02610.05450.00860.01020.00410.0596
−30.05330.02490.02890.00880.03870.05640.06830.20410.02830.02480.05210.02800.03200.00970.0447

Notes: This table presents finite-sample sizes in Case 2 with ϕ=0 for testing the null hypothesis H0: β = 0 versus the alternative H1: β0 by the proposed RWB in Equation (14), IVX, and IVX-based bootstrap tests under 5% nominal level. RWB denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by RWB. IVX1 denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by Kostakis, Magdalinos, and Stamatogiannis (2015). IVX2 denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by Kostakis, Magdalinos, and Stamatogiannis (2015) with possible negative Wald statistics included. Wild denotes the rejection rate for the residual wild bootstrap algorithm by Demetrescu et al. (2022). FWild denotes the rejection rate for the fixed regressor wild bootstrap algorithm by Demetrescu et al. (2022). Results are reported for different combinations of μ{0,0.1},θ{2,0,2},T{100,250,500}, and c{50,20,10,5,0,1,3}. The average rejection rates are calculated over 10,000 replications.

Table 3

Case 2: Comparison of empirical sizes with ϕ=0

xt=μ+(1c/T)xt1+et,et=ϕvt1+vt with ϕ=0
θ=2
θ = 0
θ = 2
TcRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWild
Panel A: α=0.0066, μ = 0

100500.05950.08250.08250.08340.07710.05050.05890.05890.04600.05530.05980.08390.08390.08610.0779
200.05310.09110.09110.08650.08410.04510.06080.06080.04470.05250.05220.08220.08220.08070.0758
100.05060.09210.09210.08430.08330.04340.06290.06420.04700.04830.05090.08980.08980.08280.0824
50.05200.09180.09180.08400.08170.05010.06630.07440.04860.04300.05360.09040.09040.08190.0768
00.05990.09280.09290.07960.06740.05430.06850.16560.05180.03770.05460.08490.08510.07240.0663
−10.05340.08610.08660.07210.07430.05540.06270.19950.04560.03590.05650.08750.08810.07110.0720
−30.04810.10140.10370.05600.09860.05680.06300.25700.03700.03040.04730.09910.10310.05780.0952
250500.05040.07340.07340.07390.07120.05410.04690.04690.04140.04780.05360.07230.07230.07450.0713
200.05090.07940.07940.07840.07770.05790.04960.04970.04330.04720.04800.07910.07910.08000.0760
100.04670.08410.08410.08100.07850.05400.04870.05000.04040.03940.04550.08460.08460.08190.0789
50.04540.08490.08490.08170.07630.04770.05150.05730.04200.03700.04510.08480.08480.08050.0778
00.05530.07670.07680.07190.06520.04990.05830.14280.04720.03000.05560.07360.07380.06820.0627
−10.05850.07330.07350.06600.06840.05100.05210.16800.04220.02980.06080.07170.07220.06380.0672
−30.04930.08610.08830.05580.08960.05450.06160.21480.03840.02890.05230.08070.08380.05160.0872
500500.05000.07210.07210.07400.07000.05200.04430.04430.04300.04420.04930.07660.07660.07590.0757
200.04680.08130.08130.08350.07510.04640.04070.04070.03890.03950.04860.08050.08050.08170.0781
100.04970.08980.08980.08830.08300.04600.04670.04780.04120.03700.04700.07870.07870.07800.0752
50.04510.08530.08530.08340.07590.04670.04800.05370.04270.03240.04420.08640.08640.08270.0786
00.05470.07640.07650.07240.06750.05220.05610.12270.04680.02880.05770.07360.07370.07070.0651
−10.05480.07080.07090.06820.06760.05230.05720.16050.04440.03000.05510.06920.06950.06150.0708
−30.04980.07280.07500.05100.07620.05540.07020.19110.04140.03160.05240.07880.08120.05650.0817

Panel B: α=0.0066,μ=0.1

100500.06140.06010.06010.06050.05840.05230.06680.06680.05020.04920.06110.07580.07580.07550.0544
200.05720.03760.03760.03580.03210.04800.07830.09000.06540.03660.05570.06160.06160.06100.0211
100.04680.02290.02310.02110.01510.04150.08380.14240.07090.03650.04820.03310.03310.03110.0074
50.04360.01490.01530.01340.01270.04700.06750.22290.05530.03610.04570.01210.01210.01120.0044
00.05270.01150.01350.00530.03700.05490.04330.29650.02930.03490.05130.00490.00600.00330.0395
−10.05580.01370.01610.00370.04200.05430.04850.29500.03100.03140.05440.01450.01540.00780.0691
−30.05340.03170.03590.00840.05270.05480.06430.28740.03190.03020.05570.04520.05150.00850.0640
250500.05360.04900.04900.05110.03290.05530.06230.06390.05580.04030.05330.04700.04700.04720.0376
200.04890.03230.03230.03270.00750.04810.08090.12030.07750.03510.04690.01950.01950.02110.0097
100.04520.01630.01630.01540.01370.04830.07150.19310.06560.03110.04610.00260.00270.00240.0023
50.05280.01110.01160.00920.05930.05290.05170.25670.04580.03350.04970.00090.00110.00090.0033
00.05240.01010.01280.00520.05720.05240.04100.27890.02970.02940.05230.00300.00410.00180.0488
−10.05540.01130.01480.00320.06030.04990.04510.26730.02760.02790.05290.01070.01230.00530.0627
−30.05130.02430.02850.00700.04850.05420.06780.24300.03110.02710.05220.03270.03720.00840.0558
500500.04680.04530.04530.04740.01330.04400.07030.07930.06920.03430.04750.02030.02030.02070.0266
200.04610.02110.02110.02170.00980.04790.07560.15070.07480.02980.04510.00270.00270.00280.0057
100.04480.01590.01630.01520.07300.04510.05730.21550.05630.03200.04460.00050.00050.00060.0019
50.04430.01380.01650.01300.14520.05030.04480.28510.04100.03480.04740.00030.00040.00020.0043
00.05140.00880.01150.00480.06620.05750.04440.26450.03090.02930.05170.00320.00390.00230.0534
−10.05310.01070.01400.00410.05540.05000.04810.23740.03060.02610.05450.00860.01020.00410.0596
−30.05330.02490.02890.00880.03870.05640.06830.20410.02830.02480.05210.02800.03200.00970.0447
xt=μ+(1c/T)xt1+et,et=ϕvt1+vt with ϕ=0
θ=2
θ = 0
θ = 2
TcRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWild
Panel A: α=0.0066, μ = 0

100500.05950.08250.08250.08340.07710.05050.05890.05890.04600.05530.05980.08390.08390.08610.0779
200.05310.09110.09110.08650.08410.04510.06080.06080.04470.05250.05220.08220.08220.08070.0758
100.05060.09210.09210.08430.08330.04340.06290.06420.04700.04830.05090.08980.08980.08280.0824
50.05200.09180.09180.08400.08170.05010.06630.07440.04860.04300.05360.09040.09040.08190.0768
00.05990.09280.09290.07960.06740.05430.06850.16560.05180.03770.05460.08490.08510.07240.0663
−10.05340.08610.08660.07210.07430.05540.06270.19950.04560.03590.05650.08750.08810.07110.0720
−30.04810.10140.10370.05600.09860.05680.06300.25700.03700.03040.04730.09910.10310.05780.0952
250500.05040.07340.07340.07390.07120.05410.04690.04690.04140.04780.05360.07230.07230.07450.0713
200.05090.07940.07940.07840.07770.05790.04960.04970.04330.04720.04800.07910.07910.08000.0760
100.04670.08410.08410.08100.07850.05400.04870.05000.04040.03940.04550.08460.08460.08190.0789
50.04540.08490.08490.08170.07630.04770.05150.05730.04200.03700.04510.08480.08480.08050.0778
00.05530.07670.07680.07190.06520.04990.05830.14280.04720.03000.05560.07360.07380.06820.0627
−10.05850.07330.07350.06600.06840.05100.05210.16800.04220.02980.06080.07170.07220.06380.0672
−30.04930.08610.08830.05580.08960.05450.06160.21480.03840.02890.05230.08070.08380.05160.0872
500500.05000.07210.07210.07400.07000.05200.04430.04430.04300.04420.04930.07660.07660.07590.0757
200.04680.08130.08130.08350.07510.04640.04070.04070.03890.03950.04860.08050.08050.08170.0781
100.04970.08980.08980.08830.08300.04600.04670.04780.04120.03700.04700.07870.07870.07800.0752
50.04510.08530.08530.08340.07590.04670.04800.05370.04270.03240.04420.08640.08640.08270.0786
00.05470.07640.07650.07240.06750.05220.05610.12270.04680.02880.05770.07360.07370.07070.0651
−10.05480.07080.07090.06820.06760.05230.05720.16050.04440.03000.05510.06920.06950.06150.0708
−30.04980.07280.07500.05100.07620.05540.07020.19110.04140.03160.05240.07880.08120.05650.0817

Panel B: α=0.0066,μ=0.1

100500.06140.06010.06010.06050.05840.05230.06680.06680.05020.04920.06110.07580.07580.07550.0544
200.05720.03760.03760.03580.03210.04800.07830.09000.06540.03660.05570.06160.06160.06100.0211
100.04680.02290.02310.02110.01510.04150.08380.14240.07090.03650.04820.03310.03310.03110.0074
50.04360.01490.01530.01340.01270.04700.06750.22290.05530.03610.04570.01210.01210.01120.0044
00.05270.01150.01350.00530.03700.05490.04330.29650.02930.03490.05130.00490.00600.00330.0395
−10.05580.01370.01610.00370.04200.05430.04850.29500.03100.03140.05440.01450.01540.00780.0691
−30.05340.03170.03590.00840.05270.05480.06430.28740.03190.03020.05570.04520.05150.00850.0640
250500.05360.04900.04900.05110.03290.05530.06230.06390.05580.04030.05330.04700.04700.04720.0376
200.04890.03230.03230.03270.00750.04810.08090.12030.07750.03510.04690.01950.01950.02110.0097
100.04520.01630.01630.01540.01370.04830.07150.19310.06560.03110.04610.00260.00270.00240.0023
50.05280.01110.01160.00920.05930.05290.05170.25670.04580.03350.04970.00090.00110.00090.0033
00.05240.01010.01280.00520.05720.05240.04100.27890.02970.02940.05230.00300.00410.00180.0488
−10.05540.01130.01480.00320.06030.04990.04510.26730.02760.02790.05290.01070.01230.00530.0627
−30.05130.02430.02850.00700.04850.05420.06780.24300.03110.02710.05220.03270.03720.00840.0558
500500.04680.04530.04530.04740.01330.04400.07030.07930.06920.03430.04750.02030.02030.02070.0266
200.04610.02110.02110.02170.00980.04790.07560.15070.07480.02980.04510.00270.00270.00280.0057
100.04480.01590.01630.01520.07300.04510.05730.21550.05630.03200.04460.00050.00050.00060.0019
50.04430.01380.01650.01300.14520.05030.04480.28510.04100.03480.04740.00030.00040.00020.0043
00.05140.00880.01150.00480.06620.05750.04440.26450.03090.02930.05170.00320.00390.00230.0534
−10.05310.01070.01400.00410.05540.05000.04810.23740.03060.02610.05450.00860.01020.00410.0596
−30.05330.02490.02890.00880.03870.05640.06830.20410.02830.02480.05210.02800.03200.00970.0447

Notes: This table presents finite-sample sizes in Case 2 with ϕ=0 for testing the null hypothesis H0: β = 0 versus the alternative H1: β0 by the proposed RWB in Equation (14), IVX, and IVX-based bootstrap tests under 5% nominal level. RWB denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by RWB. IVX1 denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by Kostakis, Magdalinos, and Stamatogiannis (2015). IVX2 denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by Kostakis, Magdalinos, and Stamatogiannis (2015) with possible negative Wald statistics included. Wild denotes the rejection rate for the residual wild bootstrap algorithm by Demetrescu et al. (2022). FWild denotes the rejection rate for the fixed regressor wild bootstrap algorithm by Demetrescu et al. (2022). Results are reported for different combinations of μ{0,0.1},θ{2,0,2},T{100,250,500}, and c{50,20,10,5,0,1,3}. The average rejection rates are calculated over 10,000 replications.

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