Table 4

Case 2: Comparison of empirical sizes with ϕ=0.5

xt=μ+(1c/T)xt1+et,et=ϕvt1+vt with ϕ=0.5
θ=2
θ = 0
θ = 2
TcRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWild
Panel A: α=0.0066, μ = 0

100500.05660.08140.08140.07780.07660.04890.06370.06370.04800.06150.05910.07980.07980.07650.0764
200.04870.08160.08160.07190.07660.05860.05530.05560.03950.04770.05290.08920.08920.07780.0820
100.04660.09020.09020.07760.08370.05830.05870.06050.03730.04250.05010.08790.08790.07580.0825
50.04940.09130.09130.07570.07690.05170.06820.07830.04330.04330.05110.09610.09610.07940.0806
00.06020.10150.10220.07980.07530.05560.06850.17100.04760.03800.06230.10540.10580.08050.0786
−10.06350.10950.11180.08200.07810.05310.06220.20660.04210.03620.06070.10790.10990.07840.0804
−30.04450.12020.13970.06270.09480.05340.06130.25310.03790.03180.04810.13250.14820.06790.1019
250500.05560.07700.07700.07580.07290.05240.04780.04780.04260.04780.05130.07930.07930.07950.0774
200.04770.08000.08000.07690.07710.05490.05050.05060.04160.04440.04640.08180.08180.07950.0797
100.04530.08910.08910.08320.08310.05180.04660.04840.03650.03900.04520.08930.08930.08460.0827
50.04510.09030.09030.08250.07910.04720.05490.06280.03890.03700.04420.09450.09450.08620.0813
00.05190.09310.09330.08170.07430.05360.06470.15020.04810.03880.05400.09170.09210.08010.0717
−10.05270.08480.08620.07210.07670.05530.05330.17160.04050.03220.05280.09060.09180.07800.0807
−30.05060.10530.11690.06290.09080.05280.06240.22390.03610.02890.05210.10650.11640.06280.0909
500500.04680.07510.07510.07470.07360.04420.04870.04870.04730.04980.04820.07370.07370.07490.0701
200.04350.08350.08350.08360.07840.04400.03800.03810.03430.03710.04590.08110.08110.07920.0776
100.04860.08820.08820.08420.07790.04630.04540.04620.03710.03870.04420.07980.07980.07650.0747
50.04520.09490.09490.08970.08680.04490.04840.05400.03740.03270.04320.08400.08400.08000.0759
00.04930.08350.08370.07580.07270.05120.06100.13620.04700.03280.04800.07880.07900.07220.0707
−10.05020.08180.08270.07200.08070.05340.05810.15360.04510.03160.04970.08430.08540.07580.0832
−30.04810.09400.10170.05690.08310.05100.06420.18560.03410.02770.05080.08960.09710.05550.0779

Panel B: α=0.0066,μ=0.1

100500.05560.06880.06880.06400.06170.04960.07070.07080.05290.05720.05730.08080.08080.07730.0657
200.05450.05720.05720.04950.04530.04280.07680.08130.06010.04750.05100.07850.07850.07150.0495
100.05170.04710.04720.03830.03230.04150.08060.10860.06110.03340.05120.06910.06910.05900.0285
50.04680.03400.03450.02600.02170.04560.07140.16750.05260.03520.04750.05450.05450.04450.0158
00.04740.02470.03000.01380.03170.04540.05500.26980.03760.03760.04320.02580.02840.01700.0397
−10.04740.02350.03240.00910.03670.04250.05380.27400.03600.03440.04520.03870.04400.02120.0668
−30.04700.04890.06460.01800.05160.04620.06200.27730.03290.02870.04340.06890.09160.01600.0625
250500.04950.06450.06450.06500.05020.04330.06080.06150.05540.04710.05130.06160.06160.06200.0616
200.04530.05240.05240.05000.02320.04800.07080.08230.06530.03350.04600.04440.04440.04270.0355
100.04250.03720.03750.03300.01190.04750.07390.12620.06560.02990.04630.02360.02370.02280.0109
50.04670.02870.03000.02430.02590.04280.06610.20250.05600.03120.04840.01030.01060.00950.0043
00.05090.01270.01910.00590.04150.04490.04270.26210.03210.02980.04520.00790.01000.00600.0439
−10.05590.01610.02240.00430.04750.05150.04680.26290.03010.02770.04990.01730.02320.00990.0572
−30.04950.03070.04220.00900.04010.05400.06520.24110.03430.02910.04920.04530.05920.00910.0494
500500.04820.07130.07130.07210.03580.04620.05520.05760.05440.04040.04870.04010.04010.04060.0506
200.04660.05180.05190.04980.01130.04830.06870.09420.06590.03110.04460.01640.01640.01660.0215
100.04910.03280.03360.03150.02410.05330.06980.15920.06570.03200.04700.00500.00500.00490.0060
50.05000.02220.02580.01960.07450.05180.05190.22980.04650.02820.05120.00120.00130.00120.0022
00.05530.01330.02000.00530.05670.05170.03990.24230.02950.02710.05260.00620.00890.00510.0456
−10.05190.01500.02270.00440.04480.05250.04840.23020.03120.02550.05050.01640.02100.00770.0532
−30.05230.02860.03740.00680.03600.05680.07330.20470.03230.02670.05350.03820.04960.01020.0387
xt=μ+(1c/T)xt1+et,et=ϕvt1+vt with ϕ=0.5
θ=2
θ = 0
θ = 2
TcRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWild
Panel A: α=0.0066, μ = 0

100500.05660.08140.08140.07780.07660.04890.06370.06370.04800.06150.05910.07980.07980.07650.0764
200.04870.08160.08160.07190.07660.05860.05530.05560.03950.04770.05290.08920.08920.07780.0820
100.04660.09020.09020.07760.08370.05830.05870.06050.03730.04250.05010.08790.08790.07580.0825
50.04940.09130.09130.07570.07690.05170.06820.07830.04330.04330.05110.09610.09610.07940.0806
00.06020.10150.10220.07980.07530.05560.06850.17100.04760.03800.06230.10540.10580.08050.0786
−10.06350.10950.11180.08200.07810.05310.06220.20660.04210.03620.06070.10790.10990.07840.0804
−30.04450.12020.13970.06270.09480.05340.06130.25310.03790.03180.04810.13250.14820.06790.1019
250500.05560.07700.07700.07580.07290.05240.04780.04780.04260.04780.05130.07930.07930.07950.0774
200.04770.08000.08000.07690.07710.05490.05050.05060.04160.04440.04640.08180.08180.07950.0797
100.04530.08910.08910.08320.08310.05180.04660.04840.03650.03900.04520.08930.08930.08460.0827
50.04510.09030.09030.08250.07910.04720.05490.06280.03890.03700.04420.09450.09450.08620.0813
00.05190.09310.09330.08170.07430.05360.06470.15020.04810.03880.05400.09170.09210.08010.0717
−10.05270.08480.08620.07210.07670.05530.05330.17160.04050.03220.05280.09060.09180.07800.0807
−30.05060.10530.11690.06290.09080.05280.06240.22390.03610.02890.05210.10650.11640.06280.0909
500500.04680.07510.07510.07470.07360.04420.04870.04870.04730.04980.04820.07370.07370.07490.0701
200.04350.08350.08350.08360.07840.04400.03800.03810.03430.03710.04590.08110.08110.07920.0776
100.04860.08820.08820.08420.07790.04630.04540.04620.03710.03870.04420.07980.07980.07650.0747
50.04520.09490.09490.08970.08680.04490.04840.05400.03740.03270.04320.08400.08400.08000.0759
00.04930.08350.08370.07580.07270.05120.06100.13620.04700.03280.04800.07880.07900.07220.0707
−10.05020.08180.08270.07200.08070.05340.05810.15360.04510.03160.04970.08430.08540.07580.0832
−30.04810.09400.10170.05690.08310.05100.06420.18560.03410.02770.05080.08960.09710.05550.0779

Panel B: α=0.0066,μ=0.1

100500.05560.06880.06880.06400.06170.04960.07070.07080.05290.05720.05730.08080.08080.07730.0657
200.05450.05720.05720.04950.04530.04280.07680.08130.06010.04750.05100.07850.07850.07150.0495
100.05170.04710.04720.03830.03230.04150.08060.10860.06110.03340.05120.06910.06910.05900.0285
50.04680.03400.03450.02600.02170.04560.07140.16750.05260.03520.04750.05450.05450.04450.0158
00.04740.02470.03000.01380.03170.04540.05500.26980.03760.03760.04320.02580.02840.01700.0397
−10.04740.02350.03240.00910.03670.04250.05380.27400.03600.03440.04520.03870.04400.02120.0668
−30.04700.04890.06460.01800.05160.04620.06200.27730.03290.02870.04340.06890.09160.01600.0625
250500.04950.06450.06450.06500.05020.04330.06080.06150.05540.04710.05130.06160.06160.06200.0616
200.04530.05240.05240.05000.02320.04800.07080.08230.06530.03350.04600.04440.04440.04270.0355
100.04250.03720.03750.03300.01190.04750.07390.12620.06560.02990.04630.02360.02370.02280.0109
50.04670.02870.03000.02430.02590.04280.06610.20250.05600.03120.04840.01030.01060.00950.0043
00.05090.01270.01910.00590.04150.04490.04270.26210.03210.02980.04520.00790.01000.00600.0439
−10.05590.01610.02240.00430.04750.05150.04680.26290.03010.02770.04990.01730.02320.00990.0572
−30.04950.03070.04220.00900.04010.05400.06520.24110.03430.02910.04920.04530.05920.00910.0494
500500.04820.07130.07130.07210.03580.04620.05520.05760.05440.04040.04870.04010.04010.04060.0506
200.04660.05180.05190.04980.01130.04830.06870.09420.06590.03110.04460.01640.01640.01660.0215
100.04910.03280.03360.03150.02410.05330.06980.15920.06570.03200.04700.00500.00500.00490.0060
50.05000.02220.02580.01960.07450.05180.05190.22980.04650.02820.05120.00120.00130.00120.0022
00.05530.01330.02000.00530.05670.05170.03990.24230.02950.02710.05260.00620.00890.00510.0456
−10.05190.01500.02270.00440.04480.05250.04840.23020.03120.02550.05050.01640.02100.00770.0532
−30.05230.02860.03740.00680.03600.05680.07330.20470.03230.02670.05350.03820.04960.01020.0387

Notes: This table presents finite-sample sizes in Case 2 with ϕ=0.5 for testing the null hypothesis H0: β = 0 versus the alternative H1: β0 by the proposed RWB in Equation (14), IVX, and IVX-based bootstrap tests under 5% nominal level. RWB denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by RWB. IVX1 denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by Kostakis, Magdalinos, and Stamatogiannis (2015). IVX2 denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by Kostakis, Magdalinos, and Stamatogiannis (2015) with possible negative Wald statistics included. Wild denotes the rejection rate for the residual wild bootstrap algorithm by Demetrescu et al. (2022). FWild denotes the rejection rate for the fixed regressor wild bootstrap algorithm by Demetrescu et al. (2022). Results are reported for different combinations of μ{0,0.1},θ{2,0,2},T{100,250,500}, and c{50,20,10,5,0,1,3}. The average rejection rates are calculated over 10,000 replications.

Table 4

Case 2: Comparison of empirical sizes with ϕ=0.5

xt=μ+(1c/T)xt1+et,et=ϕvt1+vt with ϕ=0.5
θ=2
θ = 0
θ = 2
TcRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWild
Panel A: α=0.0066, μ = 0

100500.05660.08140.08140.07780.07660.04890.06370.06370.04800.06150.05910.07980.07980.07650.0764
200.04870.08160.08160.07190.07660.05860.05530.05560.03950.04770.05290.08920.08920.07780.0820
100.04660.09020.09020.07760.08370.05830.05870.06050.03730.04250.05010.08790.08790.07580.0825
50.04940.09130.09130.07570.07690.05170.06820.07830.04330.04330.05110.09610.09610.07940.0806
00.06020.10150.10220.07980.07530.05560.06850.17100.04760.03800.06230.10540.10580.08050.0786
−10.06350.10950.11180.08200.07810.05310.06220.20660.04210.03620.06070.10790.10990.07840.0804
−30.04450.12020.13970.06270.09480.05340.06130.25310.03790.03180.04810.13250.14820.06790.1019
250500.05560.07700.07700.07580.07290.05240.04780.04780.04260.04780.05130.07930.07930.07950.0774
200.04770.08000.08000.07690.07710.05490.05050.05060.04160.04440.04640.08180.08180.07950.0797
100.04530.08910.08910.08320.08310.05180.04660.04840.03650.03900.04520.08930.08930.08460.0827
50.04510.09030.09030.08250.07910.04720.05490.06280.03890.03700.04420.09450.09450.08620.0813
00.05190.09310.09330.08170.07430.05360.06470.15020.04810.03880.05400.09170.09210.08010.0717
−10.05270.08480.08620.07210.07670.05530.05330.17160.04050.03220.05280.09060.09180.07800.0807
−30.05060.10530.11690.06290.09080.05280.06240.22390.03610.02890.05210.10650.11640.06280.0909
500500.04680.07510.07510.07470.07360.04420.04870.04870.04730.04980.04820.07370.07370.07490.0701
200.04350.08350.08350.08360.07840.04400.03800.03810.03430.03710.04590.08110.08110.07920.0776
100.04860.08820.08820.08420.07790.04630.04540.04620.03710.03870.04420.07980.07980.07650.0747
50.04520.09490.09490.08970.08680.04490.04840.05400.03740.03270.04320.08400.08400.08000.0759
00.04930.08350.08370.07580.07270.05120.06100.13620.04700.03280.04800.07880.07900.07220.0707
−10.05020.08180.08270.07200.08070.05340.05810.15360.04510.03160.04970.08430.08540.07580.0832
−30.04810.09400.10170.05690.08310.05100.06420.18560.03410.02770.05080.08960.09710.05550.0779

Panel B: α=0.0066,μ=0.1

100500.05560.06880.06880.06400.06170.04960.07070.07080.05290.05720.05730.08080.08080.07730.0657
200.05450.05720.05720.04950.04530.04280.07680.08130.06010.04750.05100.07850.07850.07150.0495
100.05170.04710.04720.03830.03230.04150.08060.10860.06110.03340.05120.06910.06910.05900.0285
50.04680.03400.03450.02600.02170.04560.07140.16750.05260.03520.04750.05450.05450.04450.0158
00.04740.02470.03000.01380.03170.04540.05500.26980.03760.03760.04320.02580.02840.01700.0397
−10.04740.02350.03240.00910.03670.04250.05380.27400.03600.03440.04520.03870.04400.02120.0668
−30.04700.04890.06460.01800.05160.04620.06200.27730.03290.02870.04340.06890.09160.01600.0625
250500.04950.06450.06450.06500.05020.04330.06080.06150.05540.04710.05130.06160.06160.06200.0616
200.04530.05240.05240.05000.02320.04800.07080.08230.06530.03350.04600.04440.04440.04270.0355
100.04250.03720.03750.03300.01190.04750.07390.12620.06560.02990.04630.02360.02370.02280.0109
50.04670.02870.03000.02430.02590.04280.06610.20250.05600.03120.04840.01030.01060.00950.0043
00.05090.01270.01910.00590.04150.04490.04270.26210.03210.02980.04520.00790.01000.00600.0439
−10.05590.01610.02240.00430.04750.05150.04680.26290.03010.02770.04990.01730.02320.00990.0572
−30.04950.03070.04220.00900.04010.05400.06520.24110.03430.02910.04920.04530.05920.00910.0494
500500.04820.07130.07130.07210.03580.04620.05520.05760.05440.04040.04870.04010.04010.04060.0506
200.04660.05180.05190.04980.01130.04830.06870.09420.06590.03110.04460.01640.01640.01660.0215
100.04910.03280.03360.03150.02410.05330.06980.15920.06570.03200.04700.00500.00500.00490.0060
50.05000.02220.02580.01960.07450.05180.05190.22980.04650.02820.05120.00120.00130.00120.0022
00.05530.01330.02000.00530.05670.05170.03990.24230.02950.02710.05260.00620.00890.00510.0456
−10.05190.01500.02270.00440.04480.05250.04840.23020.03120.02550.05050.01640.02100.00770.0532
−30.05230.02860.03740.00680.03600.05680.07330.20470.03230.02670.05350.03820.04960.01020.0387
xt=μ+(1c/T)xt1+et,et=ϕvt1+vt with ϕ=0.5
θ=2
θ = 0
θ = 2
TcRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWildRWBIVX1IVX2WildFWild
Panel A: α=0.0066, μ = 0

100500.05660.08140.08140.07780.07660.04890.06370.06370.04800.06150.05910.07980.07980.07650.0764
200.04870.08160.08160.07190.07660.05860.05530.05560.03950.04770.05290.08920.08920.07780.0820
100.04660.09020.09020.07760.08370.05830.05870.06050.03730.04250.05010.08790.08790.07580.0825
50.04940.09130.09130.07570.07690.05170.06820.07830.04330.04330.05110.09610.09610.07940.0806
00.06020.10150.10220.07980.07530.05560.06850.17100.04760.03800.06230.10540.10580.08050.0786
−10.06350.10950.11180.08200.07810.05310.06220.20660.04210.03620.06070.10790.10990.07840.0804
−30.04450.12020.13970.06270.09480.05340.06130.25310.03790.03180.04810.13250.14820.06790.1019
250500.05560.07700.07700.07580.07290.05240.04780.04780.04260.04780.05130.07930.07930.07950.0774
200.04770.08000.08000.07690.07710.05490.05050.05060.04160.04440.04640.08180.08180.07950.0797
100.04530.08910.08910.08320.08310.05180.04660.04840.03650.03900.04520.08930.08930.08460.0827
50.04510.09030.09030.08250.07910.04720.05490.06280.03890.03700.04420.09450.09450.08620.0813
00.05190.09310.09330.08170.07430.05360.06470.15020.04810.03880.05400.09170.09210.08010.0717
−10.05270.08480.08620.07210.07670.05530.05330.17160.04050.03220.05280.09060.09180.07800.0807
−30.05060.10530.11690.06290.09080.05280.06240.22390.03610.02890.05210.10650.11640.06280.0909
500500.04680.07510.07510.07470.07360.04420.04870.04870.04730.04980.04820.07370.07370.07490.0701
200.04350.08350.08350.08360.07840.04400.03800.03810.03430.03710.04590.08110.08110.07920.0776
100.04860.08820.08820.08420.07790.04630.04540.04620.03710.03870.04420.07980.07980.07650.0747
50.04520.09490.09490.08970.08680.04490.04840.05400.03740.03270.04320.08400.08400.08000.0759
00.04930.08350.08370.07580.07270.05120.06100.13620.04700.03280.04800.07880.07900.07220.0707
−10.05020.08180.08270.07200.08070.05340.05810.15360.04510.03160.04970.08430.08540.07580.0832
−30.04810.09400.10170.05690.08310.05100.06420.18560.03410.02770.05080.08960.09710.05550.0779

Panel B: α=0.0066,μ=0.1

100500.05560.06880.06880.06400.06170.04960.07070.07080.05290.05720.05730.08080.08080.07730.0657
200.05450.05720.05720.04950.04530.04280.07680.08130.06010.04750.05100.07850.07850.07150.0495
100.05170.04710.04720.03830.03230.04150.08060.10860.06110.03340.05120.06910.06910.05900.0285
50.04680.03400.03450.02600.02170.04560.07140.16750.05260.03520.04750.05450.05450.04450.0158
00.04740.02470.03000.01380.03170.04540.05500.26980.03760.03760.04320.02580.02840.01700.0397
−10.04740.02350.03240.00910.03670.04250.05380.27400.03600.03440.04520.03870.04400.02120.0668
−30.04700.04890.06460.01800.05160.04620.06200.27730.03290.02870.04340.06890.09160.01600.0625
250500.04950.06450.06450.06500.05020.04330.06080.06150.05540.04710.05130.06160.06160.06200.0616
200.04530.05240.05240.05000.02320.04800.07080.08230.06530.03350.04600.04440.04440.04270.0355
100.04250.03720.03750.03300.01190.04750.07390.12620.06560.02990.04630.02360.02370.02280.0109
50.04670.02870.03000.02430.02590.04280.06610.20250.05600.03120.04840.01030.01060.00950.0043
00.05090.01270.01910.00590.04150.04490.04270.26210.03210.02980.04520.00790.01000.00600.0439
−10.05590.01610.02240.00430.04750.05150.04680.26290.03010.02770.04990.01730.02320.00990.0572
−30.04950.03070.04220.00900.04010.05400.06520.24110.03430.02910.04920.04530.05920.00910.0494
500500.04820.07130.07130.07210.03580.04620.05520.05760.05440.04040.04870.04010.04010.04060.0506
200.04660.05180.05190.04980.01130.04830.06870.09420.06590.03110.04460.01640.01640.01660.0215
100.04910.03280.03360.03150.02410.05330.06980.15920.06570.03200.04700.00500.00500.00490.0060
50.05000.02220.02580.01960.07450.05180.05190.22980.04650.02820.05120.00120.00130.00120.0022
00.05530.01330.02000.00530.05670.05170.03990.24230.02950.02710.05260.00620.00890.00510.0456
−10.05190.01500.02270.00440.04480.05250.04840.23020.03120.02550.05050.01640.02100.00770.0532
−30.05230.02860.03740.00680.03600.05680.07330.20470.03230.02670.05350.03820.04960.01020.0387

Notes: This table presents finite-sample sizes in Case 2 with ϕ=0.5 for testing the null hypothesis H0: β = 0 versus the alternative H1: β0 by the proposed RWB in Equation (14), IVX, and IVX-based bootstrap tests under 5% nominal level. RWB denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by RWB. IVX1 denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by Kostakis, Magdalinos, and Stamatogiannis (2015). IVX2 denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by Kostakis, Magdalinos, and Stamatogiannis (2015) with possible negative Wald statistics included. Wild denotes the rejection rate for the residual wild bootstrap algorithm by Demetrescu et al. (2022). FWild denotes the rejection rate for the fixed regressor wild bootstrap algorithm by Demetrescu et al. (2022). Results are reported for different combinations of μ{0,0.1},θ{2,0,2},T{100,250,500}, and c{50,20,10,5,0,1,3}. The average rejection rates are calculated over 10,000 replications.

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