with . | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. | θ = 0 . | θ = 2 . | ||||||||||||||
T . | c . | RWB . | IVX1 . | IVX2 . | Wild . | FWild . | RWB . | IVX1 . | IVX2 . | Wild . | FWild . | RWB . | IVX1 . | IVX2 . | Wild . | FWild . |
Panel A: , μ = 0 | ||||||||||||||||
100 | 50 | 0.0566 | 0.0814 | 0.0814 | 0.0778 | 0.0766 | 0.0489 | 0.0637 | 0.0637 | 0.0480 | 0.0615 | 0.0591 | 0.0798 | 0.0798 | 0.0765 | 0.0764 |
20 | 0.0487 | 0.0816 | 0.0816 | 0.0719 | 0.0766 | 0.0586 | 0.0553 | 0.0556 | 0.0395 | 0.0477 | 0.0529 | 0.0892 | 0.0892 | 0.0778 | 0.0820 | |
10 | 0.0466 | 0.0902 | 0.0902 | 0.0776 | 0.0837 | 0.0583 | 0.0587 | 0.0605 | 0.0373 | 0.0425 | 0.0501 | 0.0879 | 0.0879 | 0.0758 | 0.0825 | |
5 | 0.0494 | 0.0913 | 0.0913 | 0.0757 | 0.0769 | 0.0517 | 0.0682 | 0.0783 | 0.0433 | 0.0433 | 0.0511 | 0.0961 | 0.0961 | 0.0794 | 0.0806 | |
0 | 0.0602 | 0.1015 | 0.1022 | 0.0798 | 0.0753 | 0.0556 | 0.0685 | 0.1710 | 0.0476 | 0.0380 | 0.0623 | 0.1054 | 0.1058 | 0.0805 | 0.0786 | |
−1 | 0.0635 | 0.1095 | 0.1118 | 0.0820 | 0.0781 | 0.0531 | 0.0622 | 0.2066 | 0.0421 | 0.0362 | 0.0607 | 0.1079 | 0.1099 | 0.0784 | 0.0804 | |
−3 | 0.0445 | 0.1202 | 0.1397 | 0.0627 | 0.0948 | 0.0534 | 0.0613 | 0.2531 | 0.0379 | 0.0318 | 0.0481 | 0.1325 | 0.1482 | 0.0679 | 0.1019 | |
250 | 50 | 0.0556 | 0.0770 | 0.0770 | 0.0758 | 0.0729 | 0.0524 | 0.0478 | 0.0478 | 0.0426 | 0.0478 | 0.0513 | 0.0793 | 0.0793 | 0.0795 | 0.0774 |
20 | 0.0477 | 0.0800 | 0.0800 | 0.0769 | 0.0771 | 0.0549 | 0.0505 | 0.0506 | 0.0416 | 0.0444 | 0.0464 | 0.0818 | 0.0818 | 0.0795 | 0.0797 | |
10 | 0.0453 | 0.0891 | 0.0891 | 0.0832 | 0.0831 | 0.0518 | 0.0466 | 0.0484 | 0.0365 | 0.0390 | 0.0452 | 0.0893 | 0.0893 | 0.0846 | 0.0827 | |
5 | 0.0451 | 0.0903 | 0.0903 | 0.0825 | 0.0791 | 0.0472 | 0.0549 | 0.0628 | 0.0389 | 0.0370 | 0.0442 | 0.0945 | 0.0945 | 0.0862 | 0.0813 | |
0 | 0.0519 | 0.0931 | 0.0933 | 0.0817 | 0.0743 | 0.0536 | 0.0647 | 0.1502 | 0.0481 | 0.0388 | 0.0540 | 0.0917 | 0.0921 | 0.0801 | 0.0717 | |
−1 | 0.0527 | 0.0848 | 0.0862 | 0.0721 | 0.0767 | 0.0553 | 0.0533 | 0.1716 | 0.0405 | 0.0322 | 0.0528 | 0.0906 | 0.0918 | 0.0780 | 0.0807 | |
−3 | 0.0506 | 0.1053 | 0.1169 | 0.0629 | 0.0908 | 0.0528 | 0.0624 | 0.2239 | 0.0361 | 0.0289 | 0.0521 | 0.1065 | 0.1164 | 0.0628 | 0.0909 | |
500 | 50 | 0.0468 | 0.0751 | 0.0751 | 0.0747 | 0.0736 | 0.0442 | 0.0487 | 0.0487 | 0.0473 | 0.0498 | 0.0482 | 0.0737 | 0.0737 | 0.0749 | 0.0701 |
20 | 0.0435 | 0.0835 | 0.0835 | 0.0836 | 0.0784 | 0.0440 | 0.0380 | 0.0381 | 0.0343 | 0.0371 | 0.0459 | 0.0811 | 0.0811 | 0.0792 | 0.0776 | |
10 | 0.0486 | 0.0882 | 0.0882 | 0.0842 | 0.0779 | 0.0463 | 0.0454 | 0.0462 | 0.0371 | 0.0387 | 0.0442 | 0.0798 | 0.0798 | 0.0765 | 0.0747 | |
5 | 0.0452 | 0.0949 | 0.0949 | 0.0897 | 0.0868 | 0.0449 | 0.0484 | 0.0540 | 0.0374 | 0.0327 | 0.0432 | 0.0840 | 0.0840 | 0.0800 | 0.0759 | |
0 | 0.0493 | 0.0835 | 0.0837 | 0.0758 | 0.0727 | 0.0512 | 0.0610 | 0.1362 | 0.0470 | 0.0328 | 0.0480 | 0.0788 | 0.0790 | 0.0722 | 0.0707 | |
−1 | 0.0502 | 0.0818 | 0.0827 | 0.0720 | 0.0807 | 0.0534 | 0.0581 | 0.1536 | 0.0451 | 0.0316 | 0.0497 | 0.0843 | 0.0854 | 0.0758 | 0.0832 | |
−3 | 0.0481 | 0.0940 | 0.1017 | 0.0569 | 0.0831 | 0.0510 | 0.0642 | 0.1856 | 0.0341 | 0.0277 | 0.0508 | 0.0896 | 0.0971 | 0.0555 | 0.0779 | |
Panel B: | ||||||||||||||||
100 | 50 | 0.0556 | 0.0688 | 0.0688 | 0.0640 | 0.0617 | 0.0496 | 0.0707 | 0.0708 | 0.0529 | 0.0572 | 0.0573 | 0.0808 | 0.0808 | 0.0773 | 0.0657 |
20 | 0.0545 | 0.0572 | 0.0572 | 0.0495 | 0.0453 | 0.0428 | 0.0768 | 0.0813 | 0.0601 | 0.0475 | 0.0510 | 0.0785 | 0.0785 | 0.0715 | 0.0495 | |
10 | 0.0517 | 0.0471 | 0.0472 | 0.0383 | 0.0323 | 0.0415 | 0.0806 | 0.1086 | 0.0611 | 0.0334 | 0.0512 | 0.0691 | 0.0691 | 0.0590 | 0.0285 | |
5 | 0.0468 | 0.0340 | 0.0345 | 0.0260 | 0.0217 | 0.0456 | 0.0714 | 0.1675 | 0.0526 | 0.0352 | 0.0475 | 0.0545 | 0.0545 | 0.0445 | 0.0158 | |
0 | 0.0474 | 0.0247 | 0.0300 | 0.0138 | 0.0317 | 0.0454 | 0.0550 | 0.2698 | 0.0376 | 0.0376 | 0.0432 | 0.0258 | 0.0284 | 0.0170 | 0.0397 | |
−1 | 0.0474 | 0.0235 | 0.0324 | 0.0091 | 0.0367 | 0.0425 | 0.0538 | 0.2740 | 0.0360 | 0.0344 | 0.0452 | 0.0387 | 0.0440 | 0.0212 | 0.0668 | |
−3 | 0.0470 | 0.0489 | 0.0646 | 0.0180 | 0.0516 | 0.0462 | 0.0620 | 0.2773 | 0.0329 | 0.0287 | 0.0434 | 0.0689 | 0.0916 | 0.0160 | 0.0625 | |
250 | 50 | 0.0495 | 0.0645 | 0.0645 | 0.0650 | 0.0502 | 0.0433 | 0.0608 | 0.0615 | 0.0554 | 0.0471 | 0.0513 | 0.0616 | 0.0616 | 0.0620 | 0.0616 |
20 | 0.0453 | 0.0524 | 0.0524 | 0.0500 | 0.0232 | 0.0480 | 0.0708 | 0.0823 | 0.0653 | 0.0335 | 0.0460 | 0.0444 | 0.0444 | 0.0427 | 0.0355 | |
10 | 0.0425 | 0.0372 | 0.0375 | 0.0330 | 0.0119 | 0.0475 | 0.0739 | 0.1262 | 0.0656 | 0.0299 | 0.0463 | 0.0236 | 0.0237 | 0.0228 | 0.0109 | |
5 | 0.0467 | 0.0287 | 0.0300 | 0.0243 | 0.0259 | 0.0428 | 0.0661 | 0.2025 | 0.0560 | 0.0312 | 0.0484 | 0.0103 | 0.0106 | 0.0095 | 0.0043 | |
0 | 0.0509 | 0.0127 | 0.0191 | 0.0059 | 0.0415 | 0.0449 | 0.0427 | 0.2621 | 0.0321 | 0.0298 | 0.0452 | 0.0079 | 0.0100 | 0.0060 | 0.0439 | |
−1 | 0.0559 | 0.0161 | 0.0224 | 0.0043 | 0.0475 | 0.0515 | 0.0468 | 0.2629 | 0.0301 | 0.0277 | 0.0499 | 0.0173 | 0.0232 | 0.0099 | 0.0572 | |
−3 | 0.0495 | 0.0307 | 0.0422 | 0.0090 | 0.0401 | 0.0540 | 0.0652 | 0.2411 | 0.0343 | 0.0291 | 0.0492 | 0.0453 | 0.0592 | 0.0091 | 0.0494 | |
500 | 50 | 0.0482 | 0.0713 | 0.0713 | 0.0721 | 0.0358 | 0.0462 | 0.0552 | 0.0576 | 0.0544 | 0.0404 | 0.0487 | 0.0401 | 0.0401 | 0.0406 | 0.0506 |
20 | 0.0466 | 0.0518 | 0.0519 | 0.0498 | 0.0113 | 0.0483 | 0.0687 | 0.0942 | 0.0659 | 0.0311 | 0.0446 | 0.0164 | 0.0164 | 0.0166 | 0.0215 | |
10 | 0.0491 | 0.0328 | 0.0336 | 0.0315 | 0.0241 | 0.0533 | 0.0698 | 0.1592 | 0.0657 | 0.0320 | 0.0470 | 0.0050 | 0.0050 | 0.0049 | 0.0060 | |
5 | 0.0500 | 0.0222 | 0.0258 | 0.0196 | 0.0745 | 0.0518 | 0.0519 | 0.2298 | 0.0465 | 0.0282 | 0.0512 | 0.0012 | 0.0013 | 0.0012 | 0.0022 | |
0 | 0.0553 | 0.0133 | 0.0200 | 0.0053 | 0.0567 | 0.0517 | 0.0399 | 0.2423 | 0.0295 | 0.0271 | 0.0526 | 0.0062 | 0.0089 | 0.0051 | 0.0456 | |
−1 | 0.0519 | 0.0150 | 0.0227 | 0.0044 | 0.0448 | 0.0525 | 0.0484 | 0.2302 | 0.0312 | 0.0255 | 0.0505 | 0.0164 | 0.0210 | 0.0077 | 0.0532 | |
−3 | 0.0523 | 0.0286 | 0.0374 | 0.0068 | 0.0360 | 0.0568 | 0.0733 | 0.2047 | 0.0323 | 0.0267 | 0.0535 | 0.0382 | 0.0496 | 0.0102 | 0.0387 |
with . | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. | θ = 0 . | θ = 2 . | ||||||||||||||
T . | c . | RWB . | IVX1 . | IVX2 . | Wild . | FWild . | RWB . | IVX1 . | IVX2 . | Wild . | FWild . | RWB . | IVX1 . | IVX2 . | Wild . | FWild . |
Panel A: , μ = 0 | ||||||||||||||||
100 | 50 | 0.0566 | 0.0814 | 0.0814 | 0.0778 | 0.0766 | 0.0489 | 0.0637 | 0.0637 | 0.0480 | 0.0615 | 0.0591 | 0.0798 | 0.0798 | 0.0765 | 0.0764 |
20 | 0.0487 | 0.0816 | 0.0816 | 0.0719 | 0.0766 | 0.0586 | 0.0553 | 0.0556 | 0.0395 | 0.0477 | 0.0529 | 0.0892 | 0.0892 | 0.0778 | 0.0820 | |
10 | 0.0466 | 0.0902 | 0.0902 | 0.0776 | 0.0837 | 0.0583 | 0.0587 | 0.0605 | 0.0373 | 0.0425 | 0.0501 | 0.0879 | 0.0879 | 0.0758 | 0.0825 | |
5 | 0.0494 | 0.0913 | 0.0913 | 0.0757 | 0.0769 | 0.0517 | 0.0682 | 0.0783 | 0.0433 | 0.0433 | 0.0511 | 0.0961 | 0.0961 | 0.0794 | 0.0806 | |
0 | 0.0602 | 0.1015 | 0.1022 | 0.0798 | 0.0753 | 0.0556 | 0.0685 | 0.1710 | 0.0476 | 0.0380 | 0.0623 | 0.1054 | 0.1058 | 0.0805 | 0.0786 | |
−1 | 0.0635 | 0.1095 | 0.1118 | 0.0820 | 0.0781 | 0.0531 | 0.0622 | 0.2066 | 0.0421 | 0.0362 | 0.0607 | 0.1079 | 0.1099 | 0.0784 | 0.0804 | |
−3 | 0.0445 | 0.1202 | 0.1397 | 0.0627 | 0.0948 | 0.0534 | 0.0613 | 0.2531 | 0.0379 | 0.0318 | 0.0481 | 0.1325 | 0.1482 | 0.0679 | 0.1019 | |
250 | 50 | 0.0556 | 0.0770 | 0.0770 | 0.0758 | 0.0729 | 0.0524 | 0.0478 | 0.0478 | 0.0426 | 0.0478 | 0.0513 | 0.0793 | 0.0793 | 0.0795 | 0.0774 |
20 | 0.0477 | 0.0800 | 0.0800 | 0.0769 | 0.0771 | 0.0549 | 0.0505 | 0.0506 | 0.0416 | 0.0444 | 0.0464 | 0.0818 | 0.0818 | 0.0795 | 0.0797 | |
10 | 0.0453 | 0.0891 | 0.0891 | 0.0832 | 0.0831 | 0.0518 | 0.0466 | 0.0484 | 0.0365 | 0.0390 | 0.0452 | 0.0893 | 0.0893 | 0.0846 | 0.0827 | |
5 | 0.0451 | 0.0903 | 0.0903 | 0.0825 | 0.0791 | 0.0472 | 0.0549 | 0.0628 | 0.0389 | 0.0370 | 0.0442 | 0.0945 | 0.0945 | 0.0862 | 0.0813 | |
0 | 0.0519 | 0.0931 | 0.0933 | 0.0817 | 0.0743 | 0.0536 | 0.0647 | 0.1502 | 0.0481 | 0.0388 | 0.0540 | 0.0917 | 0.0921 | 0.0801 | 0.0717 | |
−1 | 0.0527 | 0.0848 | 0.0862 | 0.0721 | 0.0767 | 0.0553 | 0.0533 | 0.1716 | 0.0405 | 0.0322 | 0.0528 | 0.0906 | 0.0918 | 0.0780 | 0.0807 | |
−3 | 0.0506 | 0.1053 | 0.1169 | 0.0629 | 0.0908 | 0.0528 | 0.0624 | 0.2239 | 0.0361 | 0.0289 | 0.0521 | 0.1065 | 0.1164 | 0.0628 | 0.0909 | |
500 | 50 | 0.0468 | 0.0751 | 0.0751 | 0.0747 | 0.0736 | 0.0442 | 0.0487 | 0.0487 | 0.0473 | 0.0498 | 0.0482 | 0.0737 | 0.0737 | 0.0749 | 0.0701 |
20 | 0.0435 | 0.0835 | 0.0835 | 0.0836 | 0.0784 | 0.0440 | 0.0380 | 0.0381 | 0.0343 | 0.0371 | 0.0459 | 0.0811 | 0.0811 | 0.0792 | 0.0776 | |
10 | 0.0486 | 0.0882 | 0.0882 | 0.0842 | 0.0779 | 0.0463 | 0.0454 | 0.0462 | 0.0371 | 0.0387 | 0.0442 | 0.0798 | 0.0798 | 0.0765 | 0.0747 | |
5 | 0.0452 | 0.0949 | 0.0949 | 0.0897 | 0.0868 | 0.0449 | 0.0484 | 0.0540 | 0.0374 | 0.0327 | 0.0432 | 0.0840 | 0.0840 | 0.0800 | 0.0759 | |
0 | 0.0493 | 0.0835 | 0.0837 | 0.0758 | 0.0727 | 0.0512 | 0.0610 | 0.1362 | 0.0470 | 0.0328 | 0.0480 | 0.0788 | 0.0790 | 0.0722 | 0.0707 | |
−1 | 0.0502 | 0.0818 | 0.0827 | 0.0720 | 0.0807 | 0.0534 | 0.0581 | 0.1536 | 0.0451 | 0.0316 | 0.0497 | 0.0843 | 0.0854 | 0.0758 | 0.0832 | |
−3 | 0.0481 | 0.0940 | 0.1017 | 0.0569 | 0.0831 | 0.0510 | 0.0642 | 0.1856 | 0.0341 | 0.0277 | 0.0508 | 0.0896 | 0.0971 | 0.0555 | 0.0779 | |
Panel B: | ||||||||||||||||
100 | 50 | 0.0556 | 0.0688 | 0.0688 | 0.0640 | 0.0617 | 0.0496 | 0.0707 | 0.0708 | 0.0529 | 0.0572 | 0.0573 | 0.0808 | 0.0808 | 0.0773 | 0.0657 |
20 | 0.0545 | 0.0572 | 0.0572 | 0.0495 | 0.0453 | 0.0428 | 0.0768 | 0.0813 | 0.0601 | 0.0475 | 0.0510 | 0.0785 | 0.0785 | 0.0715 | 0.0495 | |
10 | 0.0517 | 0.0471 | 0.0472 | 0.0383 | 0.0323 | 0.0415 | 0.0806 | 0.1086 | 0.0611 | 0.0334 | 0.0512 | 0.0691 | 0.0691 | 0.0590 | 0.0285 | |
5 | 0.0468 | 0.0340 | 0.0345 | 0.0260 | 0.0217 | 0.0456 | 0.0714 | 0.1675 | 0.0526 | 0.0352 | 0.0475 | 0.0545 | 0.0545 | 0.0445 | 0.0158 | |
0 | 0.0474 | 0.0247 | 0.0300 | 0.0138 | 0.0317 | 0.0454 | 0.0550 | 0.2698 | 0.0376 | 0.0376 | 0.0432 | 0.0258 | 0.0284 | 0.0170 | 0.0397 | |
−1 | 0.0474 | 0.0235 | 0.0324 | 0.0091 | 0.0367 | 0.0425 | 0.0538 | 0.2740 | 0.0360 | 0.0344 | 0.0452 | 0.0387 | 0.0440 | 0.0212 | 0.0668 | |
−3 | 0.0470 | 0.0489 | 0.0646 | 0.0180 | 0.0516 | 0.0462 | 0.0620 | 0.2773 | 0.0329 | 0.0287 | 0.0434 | 0.0689 | 0.0916 | 0.0160 | 0.0625 | |
250 | 50 | 0.0495 | 0.0645 | 0.0645 | 0.0650 | 0.0502 | 0.0433 | 0.0608 | 0.0615 | 0.0554 | 0.0471 | 0.0513 | 0.0616 | 0.0616 | 0.0620 | 0.0616 |
20 | 0.0453 | 0.0524 | 0.0524 | 0.0500 | 0.0232 | 0.0480 | 0.0708 | 0.0823 | 0.0653 | 0.0335 | 0.0460 | 0.0444 | 0.0444 | 0.0427 | 0.0355 | |
10 | 0.0425 | 0.0372 | 0.0375 | 0.0330 | 0.0119 | 0.0475 | 0.0739 | 0.1262 | 0.0656 | 0.0299 | 0.0463 | 0.0236 | 0.0237 | 0.0228 | 0.0109 | |
5 | 0.0467 | 0.0287 | 0.0300 | 0.0243 | 0.0259 | 0.0428 | 0.0661 | 0.2025 | 0.0560 | 0.0312 | 0.0484 | 0.0103 | 0.0106 | 0.0095 | 0.0043 | |
0 | 0.0509 | 0.0127 | 0.0191 | 0.0059 | 0.0415 | 0.0449 | 0.0427 | 0.2621 | 0.0321 | 0.0298 | 0.0452 | 0.0079 | 0.0100 | 0.0060 | 0.0439 | |
−1 | 0.0559 | 0.0161 | 0.0224 | 0.0043 | 0.0475 | 0.0515 | 0.0468 | 0.2629 | 0.0301 | 0.0277 | 0.0499 | 0.0173 | 0.0232 | 0.0099 | 0.0572 | |
−3 | 0.0495 | 0.0307 | 0.0422 | 0.0090 | 0.0401 | 0.0540 | 0.0652 | 0.2411 | 0.0343 | 0.0291 | 0.0492 | 0.0453 | 0.0592 | 0.0091 | 0.0494 | |
500 | 50 | 0.0482 | 0.0713 | 0.0713 | 0.0721 | 0.0358 | 0.0462 | 0.0552 | 0.0576 | 0.0544 | 0.0404 | 0.0487 | 0.0401 | 0.0401 | 0.0406 | 0.0506 |
20 | 0.0466 | 0.0518 | 0.0519 | 0.0498 | 0.0113 | 0.0483 | 0.0687 | 0.0942 | 0.0659 | 0.0311 | 0.0446 | 0.0164 | 0.0164 | 0.0166 | 0.0215 | |
10 | 0.0491 | 0.0328 | 0.0336 | 0.0315 | 0.0241 | 0.0533 | 0.0698 | 0.1592 | 0.0657 | 0.0320 | 0.0470 | 0.0050 | 0.0050 | 0.0049 | 0.0060 | |
5 | 0.0500 | 0.0222 | 0.0258 | 0.0196 | 0.0745 | 0.0518 | 0.0519 | 0.2298 | 0.0465 | 0.0282 | 0.0512 | 0.0012 | 0.0013 | 0.0012 | 0.0022 | |
0 | 0.0553 | 0.0133 | 0.0200 | 0.0053 | 0.0567 | 0.0517 | 0.0399 | 0.2423 | 0.0295 | 0.0271 | 0.0526 | 0.0062 | 0.0089 | 0.0051 | 0.0456 | |
−1 | 0.0519 | 0.0150 | 0.0227 | 0.0044 | 0.0448 | 0.0525 | 0.0484 | 0.2302 | 0.0312 | 0.0255 | 0.0505 | 0.0164 | 0.0210 | 0.0077 | 0.0532 | |
−3 | 0.0523 | 0.0286 | 0.0374 | 0.0068 | 0.0360 | 0.0568 | 0.0733 | 0.2047 | 0.0323 | 0.0267 | 0.0535 | 0.0382 | 0.0496 | 0.0102 | 0.0387 |
Notes: This table presents finite-sample sizes in Case 2 with for testing the null hypothesis H0: β = 0 versus the alternative H1: by the proposed RWB in Equation (14), IVX, and IVX-based bootstrap tests under 5% nominal level. RWB denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by RWB. IVX1 denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by Kostakis, Magdalinos, and Stamatogiannis (2015). IVX2 denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by Kostakis, Magdalinos, and Stamatogiannis (2015) with possible negative Wald statistics included. Wild denotes the rejection rate for the residual wild bootstrap algorithm by Demetrescu et al. (2022). FWild denotes the rejection rate for the fixed regressor wild bootstrap algorithm by Demetrescu et al. (2022). Results are reported for different combinations of , and . The average rejection rates are calculated over 10,000 replications.
with . | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. | θ = 0 . | θ = 2 . | ||||||||||||||
T . | c . | RWB . | IVX1 . | IVX2 . | Wild . | FWild . | RWB . | IVX1 . | IVX2 . | Wild . | FWild . | RWB . | IVX1 . | IVX2 . | Wild . | FWild . |
Panel A: , μ = 0 | ||||||||||||||||
100 | 50 | 0.0566 | 0.0814 | 0.0814 | 0.0778 | 0.0766 | 0.0489 | 0.0637 | 0.0637 | 0.0480 | 0.0615 | 0.0591 | 0.0798 | 0.0798 | 0.0765 | 0.0764 |
20 | 0.0487 | 0.0816 | 0.0816 | 0.0719 | 0.0766 | 0.0586 | 0.0553 | 0.0556 | 0.0395 | 0.0477 | 0.0529 | 0.0892 | 0.0892 | 0.0778 | 0.0820 | |
10 | 0.0466 | 0.0902 | 0.0902 | 0.0776 | 0.0837 | 0.0583 | 0.0587 | 0.0605 | 0.0373 | 0.0425 | 0.0501 | 0.0879 | 0.0879 | 0.0758 | 0.0825 | |
5 | 0.0494 | 0.0913 | 0.0913 | 0.0757 | 0.0769 | 0.0517 | 0.0682 | 0.0783 | 0.0433 | 0.0433 | 0.0511 | 0.0961 | 0.0961 | 0.0794 | 0.0806 | |
0 | 0.0602 | 0.1015 | 0.1022 | 0.0798 | 0.0753 | 0.0556 | 0.0685 | 0.1710 | 0.0476 | 0.0380 | 0.0623 | 0.1054 | 0.1058 | 0.0805 | 0.0786 | |
−1 | 0.0635 | 0.1095 | 0.1118 | 0.0820 | 0.0781 | 0.0531 | 0.0622 | 0.2066 | 0.0421 | 0.0362 | 0.0607 | 0.1079 | 0.1099 | 0.0784 | 0.0804 | |
−3 | 0.0445 | 0.1202 | 0.1397 | 0.0627 | 0.0948 | 0.0534 | 0.0613 | 0.2531 | 0.0379 | 0.0318 | 0.0481 | 0.1325 | 0.1482 | 0.0679 | 0.1019 | |
250 | 50 | 0.0556 | 0.0770 | 0.0770 | 0.0758 | 0.0729 | 0.0524 | 0.0478 | 0.0478 | 0.0426 | 0.0478 | 0.0513 | 0.0793 | 0.0793 | 0.0795 | 0.0774 |
20 | 0.0477 | 0.0800 | 0.0800 | 0.0769 | 0.0771 | 0.0549 | 0.0505 | 0.0506 | 0.0416 | 0.0444 | 0.0464 | 0.0818 | 0.0818 | 0.0795 | 0.0797 | |
10 | 0.0453 | 0.0891 | 0.0891 | 0.0832 | 0.0831 | 0.0518 | 0.0466 | 0.0484 | 0.0365 | 0.0390 | 0.0452 | 0.0893 | 0.0893 | 0.0846 | 0.0827 | |
5 | 0.0451 | 0.0903 | 0.0903 | 0.0825 | 0.0791 | 0.0472 | 0.0549 | 0.0628 | 0.0389 | 0.0370 | 0.0442 | 0.0945 | 0.0945 | 0.0862 | 0.0813 | |
0 | 0.0519 | 0.0931 | 0.0933 | 0.0817 | 0.0743 | 0.0536 | 0.0647 | 0.1502 | 0.0481 | 0.0388 | 0.0540 | 0.0917 | 0.0921 | 0.0801 | 0.0717 | |
−1 | 0.0527 | 0.0848 | 0.0862 | 0.0721 | 0.0767 | 0.0553 | 0.0533 | 0.1716 | 0.0405 | 0.0322 | 0.0528 | 0.0906 | 0.0918 | 0.0780 | 0.0807 | |
−3 | 0.0506 | 0.1053 | 0.1169 | 0.0629 | 0.0908 | 0.0528 | 0.0624 | 0.2239 | 0.0361 | 0.0289 | 0.0521 | 0.1065 | 0.1164 | 0.0628 | 0.0909 | |
500 | 50 | 0.0468 | 0.0751 | 0.0751 | 0.0747 | 0.0736 | 0.0442 | 0.0487 | 0.0487 | 0.0473 | 0.0498 | 0.0482 | 0.0737 | 0.0737 | 0.0749 | 0.0701 |
20 | 0.0435 | 0.0835 | 0.0835 | 0.0836 | 0.0784 | 0.0440 | 0.0380 | 0.0381 | 0.0343 | 0.0371 | 0.0459 | 0.0811 | 0.0811 | 0.0792 | 0.0776 | |
10 | 0.0486 | 0.0882 | 0.0882 | 0.0842 | 0.0779 | 0.0463 | 0.0454 | 0.0462 | 0.0371 | 0.0387 | 0.0442 | 0.0798 | 0.0798 | 0.0765 | 0.0747 | |
5 | 0.0452 | 0.0949 | 0.0949 | 0.0897 | 0.0868 | 0.0449 | 0.0484 | 0.0540 | 0.0374 | 0.0327 | 0.0432 | 0.0840 | 0.0840 | 0.0800 | 0.0759 | |
0 | 0.0493 | 0.0835 | 0.0837 | 0.0758 | 0.0727 | 0.0512 | 0.0610 | 0.1362 | 0.0470 | 0.0328 | 0.0480 | 0.0788 | 0.0790 | 0.0722 | 0.0707 | |
−1 | 0.0502 | 0.0818 | 0.0827 | 0.0720 | 0.0807 | 0.0534 | 0.0581 | 0.1536 | 0.0451 | 0.0316 | 0.0497 | 0.0843 | 0.0854 | 0.0758 | 0.0832 | |
−3 | 0.0481 | 0.0940 | 0.1017 | 0.0569 | 0.0831 | 0.0510 | 0.0642 | 0.1856 | 0.0341 | 0.0277 | 0.0508 | 0.0896 | 0.0971 | 0.0555 | 0.0779 | |
Panel B: | ||||||||||||||||
100 | 50 | 0.0556 | 0.0688 | 0.0688 | 0.0640 | 0.0617 | 0.0496 | 0.0707 | 0.0708 | 0.0529 | 0.0572 | 0.0573 | 0.0808 | 0.0808 | 0.0773 | 0.0657 |
20 | 0.0545 | 0.0572 | 0.0572 | 0.0495 | 0.0453 | 0.0428 | 0.0768 | 0.0813 | 0.0601 | 0.0475 | 0.0510 | 0.0785 | 0.0785 | 0.0715 | 0.0495 | |
10 | 0.0517 | 0.0471 | 0.0472 | 0.0383 | 0.0323 | 0.0415 | 0.0806 | 0.1086 | 0.0611 | 0.0334 | 0.0512 | 0.0691 | 0.0691 | 0.0590 | 0.0285 | |
5 | 0.0468 | 0.0340 | 0.0345 | 0.0260 | 0.0217 | 0.0456 | 0.0714 | 0.1675 | 0.0526 | 0.0352 | 0.0475 | 0.0545 | 0.0545 | 0.0445 | 0.0158 | |
0 | 0.0474 | 0.0247 | 0.0300 | 0.0138 | 0.0317 | 0.0454 | 0.0550 | 0.2698 | 0.0376 | 0.0376 | 0.0432 | 0.0258 | 0.0284 | 0.0170 | 0.0397 | |
−1 | 0.0474 | 0.0235 | 0.0324 | 0.0091 | 0.0367 | 0.0425 | 0.0538 | 0.2740 | 0.0360 | 0.0344 | 0.0452 | 0.0387 | 0.0440 | 0.0212 | 0.0668 | |
−3 | 0.0470 | 0.0489 | 0.0646 | 0.0180 | 0.0516 | 0.0462 | 0.0620 | 0.2773 | 0.0329 | 0.0287 | 0.0434 | 0.0689 | 0.0916 | 0.0160 | 0.0625 | |
250 | 50 | 0.0495 | 0.0645 | 0.0645 | 0.0650 | 0.0502 | 0.0433 | 0.0608 | 0.0615 | 0.0554 | 0.0471 | 0.0513 | 0.0616 | 0.0616 | 0.0620 | 0.0616 |
20 | 0.0453 | 0.0524 | 0.0524 | 0.0500 | 0.0232 | 0.0480 | 0.0708 | 0.0823 | 0.0653 | 0.0335 | 0.0460 | 0.0444 | 0.0444 | 0.0427 | 0.0355 | |
10 | 0.0425 | 0.0372 | 0.0375 | 0.0330 | 0.0119 | 0.0475 | 0.0739 | 0.1262 | 0.0656 | 0.0299 | 0.0463 | 0.0236 | 0.0237 | 0.0228 | 0.0109 | |
5 | 0.0467 | 0.0287 | 0.0300 | 0.0243 | 0.0259 | 0.0428 | 0.0661 | 0.2025 | 0.0560 | 0.0312 | 0.0484 | 0.0103 | 0.0106 | 0.0095 | 0.0043 | |
0 | 0.0509 | 0.0127 | 0.0191 | 0.0059 | 0.0415 | 0.0449 | 0.0427 | 0.2621 | 0.0321 | 0.0298 | 0.0452 | 0.0079 | 0.0100 | 0.0060 | 0.0439 | |
−1 | 0.0559 | 0.0161 | 0.0224 | 0.0043 | 0.0475 | 0.0515 | 0.0468 | 0.2629 | 0.0301 | 0.0277 | 0.0499 | 0.0173 | 0.0232 | 0.0099 | 0.0572 | |
−3 | 0.0495 | 0.0307 | 0.0422 | 0.0090 | 0.0401 | 0.0540 | 0.0652 | 0.2411 | 0.0343 | 0.0291 | 0.0492 | 0.0453 | 0.0592 | 0.0091 | 0.0494 | |
500 | 50 | 0.0482 | 0.0713 | 0.0713 | 0.0721 | 0.0358 | 0.0462 | 0.0552 | 0.0576 | 0.0544 | 0.0404 | 0.0487 | 0.0401 | 0.0401 | 0.0406 | 0.0506 |
20 | 0.0466 | 0.0518 | 0.0519 | 0.0498 | 0.0113 | 0.0483 | 0.0687 | 0.0942 | 0.0659 | 0.0311 | 0.0446 | 0.0164 | 0.0164 | 0.0166 | 0.0215 | |
10 | 0.0491 | 0.0328 | 0.0336 | 0.0315 | 0.0241 | 0.0533 | 0.0698 | 0.1592 | 0.0657 | 0.0320 | 0.0470 | 0.0050 | 0.0050 | 0.0049 | 0.0060 | |
5 | 0.0500 | 0.0222 | 0.0258 | 0.0196 | 0.0745 | 0.0518 | 0.0519 | 0.2298 | 0.0465 | 0.0282 | 0.0512 | 0.0012 | 0.0013 | 0.0012 | 0.0022 | |
0 | 0.0553 | 0.0133 | 0.0200 | 0.0053 | 0.0567 | 0.0517 | 0.0399 | 0.2423 | 0.0295 | 0.0271 | 0.0526 | 0.0062 | 0.0089 | 0.0051 | 0.0456 | |
−1 | 0.0519 | 0.0150 | 0.0227 | 0.0044 | 0.0448 | 0.0525 | 0.0484 | 0.2302 | 0.0312 | 0.0255 | 0.0505 | 0.0164 | 0.0210 | 0.0077 | 0.0532 | |
−3 | 0.0523 | 0.0286 | 0.0374 | 0.0068 | 0.0360 | 0.0568 | 0.0733 | 0.2047 | 0.0323 | 0.0267 | 0.0535 | 0.0382 | 0.0496 | 0.0102 | 0.0387 |
with . | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. | θ = 0 . | θ = 2 . | ||||||||||||||
T . | c . | RWB . | IVX1 . | IVX2 . | Wild . | FWild . | RWB . | IVX1 . | IVX2 . | Wild . | FWild . | RWB . | IVX1 . | IVX2 . | Wild . | FWild . |
Panel A: , μ = 0 | ||||||||||||||||
100 | 50 | 0.0566 | 0.0814 | 0.0814 | 0.0778 | 0.0766 | 0.0489 | 0.0637 | 0.0637 | 0.0480 | 0.0615 | 0.0591 | 0.0798 | 0.0798 | 0.0765 | 0.0764 |
20 | 0.0487 | 0.0816 | 0.0816 | 0.0719 | 0.0766 | 0.0586 | 0.0553 | 0.0556 | 0.0395 | 0.0477 | 0.0529 | 0.0892 | 0.0892 | 0.0778 | 0.0820 | |
10 | 0.0466 | 0.0902 | 0.0902 | 0.0776 | 0.0837 | 0.0583 | 0.0587 | 0.0605 | 0.0373 | 0.0425 | 0.0501 | 0.0879 | 0.0879 | 0.0758 | 0.0825 | |
5 | 0.0494 | 0.0913 | 0.0913 | 0.0757 | 0.0769 | 0.0517 | 0.0682 | 0.0783 | 0.0433 | 0.0433 | 0.0511 | 0.0961 | 0.0961 | 0.0794 | 0.0806 | |
0 | 0.0602 | 0.1015 | 0.1022 | 0.0798 | 0.0753 | 0.0556 | 0.0685 | 0.1710 | 0.0476 | 0.0380 | 0.0623 | 0.1054 | 0.1058 | 0.0805 | 0.0786 | |
−1 | 0.0635 | 0.1095 | 0.1118 | 0.0820 | 0.0781 | 0.0531 | 0.0622 | 0.2066 | 0.0421 | 0.0362 | 0.0607 | 0.1079 | 0.1099 | 0.0784 | 0.0804 | |
−3 | 0.0445 | 0.1202 | 0.1397 | 0.0627 | 0.0948 | 0.0534 | 0.0613 | 0.2531 | 0.0379 | 0.0318 | 0.0481 | 0.1325 | 0.1482 | 0.0679 | 0.1019 | |
250 | 50 | 0.0556 | 0.0770 | 0.0770 | 0.0758 | 0.0729 | 0.0524 | 0.0478 | 0.0478 | 0.0426 | 0.0478 | 0.0513 | 0.0793 | 0.0793 | 0.0795 | 0.0774 |
20 | 0.0477 | 0.0800 | 0.0800 | 0.0769 | 0.0771 | 0.0549 | 0.0505 | 0.0506 | 0.0416 | 0.0444 | 0.0464 | 0.0818 | 0.0818 | 0.0795 | 0.0797 | |
10 | 0.0453 | 0.0891 | 0.0891 | 0.0832 | 0.0831 | 0.0518 | 0.0466 | 0.0484 | 0.0365 | 0.0390 | 0.0452 | 0.0893 | 0.0893 | 0.0846 | 0.0827 | |
5 | 0.0451 | 0.0903 | 0.0903 | 0.0825 | 0.0791 | 0.0472 | 0.0549 | 0.0628 | 0.0389 | 0.0370 | 0.0442 | 0.0945 | 0.0945 | 0.0862 | 0.0813 | |
0 | 0.0519 | 0.0931 | 0.0933 | 0.0817 | 0.0743 | 0.0536 | 0.0647 | 0.1502 | 0.0481 | 0.0388 | 0.0540 | 0.0917 | 0.0921 | 0.0801 | 0.0717 | |
−1 | 0.0527 | 0.0848 | 0.0862 | 0.0721 | 0.0767 | 0.0553 | 0.0533 | 0.1716 | 0.0405 | 0.0322 | 0.0528 | 0.0906 | 0.0918 | 0.0780 | 0.0807 | |
−3 | 0.0506 | 0.1053 | 0.1169 | 0.0629 | 0.0908 | 0.0528 | 0.0624 | 0.2239 | 0.0361 | 0.0289 | 0.0521 | 0.1065 | 0.1164 | 0.0628 | 0.0909 | |
500 | 50 | 0.0468 | 0.0751 | 0.0751 | 0.0747 | 0.0736 | 0.0442 | 0.0487 | 0.0487 | 0.0473 | 0.0498 | 0.0482 | 0.0737 | 0.0737 | 0.0749 | 0.0701 |
20 | 0.0435 | 0.0835 | 0.0835 | 0.0836 | 0.0784 | 0.0440 | 0.0380 | 0.0381 | 0.0343 | 0.0371 | 0.0459 | 0.0811 | 0.0811 | 0.0792 | 0.0776 | |
10 | 0.0486 | 0.0882 | 0.0882 | 0.0842 | 0.0779 | 0.0463 | 0.0454 | 0.0462 | 0.0371 | 0.0387 | 0.0442 | 0.0798 | 0.0798 | 0.0765 | 0.0747 | |
5 | 0.0452 | 0.0949 | 0.0949 | 0.0897 | 0.0868 | 0.0449 | 0.0484 | 0.0540 | 0.0374 | 0.0327 | 0.0432 | 0.0840 | 0.0840 | 0.0800 | 0.0759 | |
0 | 0.0493 | 0.0835 | 0.0837 | 0.0758 | 0.0727 | 0.0512 | 0.0610 | 0.1362 | 0.0470 | 0.0328 | 0.0480 | 0.0788 | 0.0790 | 0.0722 | 0.0707 | |
−1 | 0.0502 | 0.0818 | 0.0827 | 0.0720 | 0.0807 | 0.0534 | 0.0581 | 0.1536 | 0.0451 | 0.0316 | 0.0497 | 0.0843 | 0.0854 | 0.0758 | 0.0832 | |
−3 | 0.0481 | 0.0940 | 0.1017 | 0.0569 | 0.0831 | 0.0510 | 0.0642 | 0.1856 | 0.0341 | 0.0277 | 0.0508 | 0.0896 | 0.0971 | 0.0555 | 0.0779 | |
Panel B: | ||||||||||||||||
100 | 50 | 0.0556 | 0.0688 | 0.0688 | 0.0640 | 0.0617 | 0.0496 | 0.0707 | 0.0708 | 0.0529 | 0.0572 | 0.0573 | 0.0808 | 0.0808 | 0.0773 | 0.0657 |
20 | 0.0545 | 0.0572 | 0.0572 | 0.0495 | 0.0453 | 0.0428 | 0.0768 | 0.0813 | 0.0601 | 0.0475 | 0.0510 | 0.0785 | 0.0785 | 0.0715 | 0.0495 | |
10 | 0.0517 | 0.0471 | 0.0472 | 0.0383 | 0.0323 | 0.0415 | 0.0806 | 0.1086 | 0.0611 | 0.0334 | 0.0512 | 0.0691 | 0.0691 | 0.0590 | 0.0285 | |
5 | 0.0468 | 0.0340 | 0.0345 | 0.0260 | 0.0217 | 0.0456 | 0.0714 | 0.1675 | 0.0526 | 0.0352 | 0.0475 | 0.0545 | 0.0545 | 0.0445 | 0.0158 | |
0 | 0.0474 | 0.0247 | 0.0300 | 0.0138 | 0.0317 | 0.0454 | 0.0550 | 0.2698 | 0.0376 | 0.0376 | 0.0432 | 0.0258 | 0.0284 | 0.0170 | 0.0397 | |
−1 | 0.0474 | 0.0235 | 0.0324 | 0.0091 | 0.0367 | 0.0425 | 0.0538 | 0.2740 | 0.0360 | 0.0344 | 0.0452 | 0.0387 | 0.0440 | 0.0212 | 0.0668 | |
−3 | 0.0470 | 0.0489 | 0.0646 | 0.0180 | 0.0516 | 0.0462 | 0.0620 | 0.2773 | 0.0329 | 0.0287 | 0.0434 | 0.0689 | 0.0916 | 0.0160 | 0.0625 | |
250 | 50 | 0.0495 | 0.0645 | 0.0645 | 0.0650 | 0.0502 | 0.0433 | 0.0608 | 0.0615 | 0.0554 | 0.0471 | 0.0513 | 0.0616 | 0.0616 | 0.0620 | 0.0616 |
20 | 0.0453 | 0.0524 | 0.0524 | 0.0500 | 0.0232 | 0.0480 | 0.0708 | 0.0823 | 0.0653 | 0.0335 | 0.0460 | 0.0444 | 0.0444 | 0.0427 | 0.0355 | |
10 | 0.0425 | 0.0372 | 0.0375 | 0.0330 | 0.0119 | 0.0475 | 0.0739 | 0.1262 | 0.0656 | 0.0299 | 0.0463 | 0.0236 | 0.0237 | 0.0228 | 0.0109 | |
5 | 0.0467 | 0.0287 | 0.0300 | 0.0243 | 0.0259 | 0.0428 | 0.0661 | 0.2025 | 0.0560 | 0.0312 | 0.0484 | 0.0103 | 0.0106 | 0.0095 | 0.0043 | |
0 | 0.0509 | 0.0127 | 0.0191 | 0.0059 | 0.0415 | 0.0449 | 0.0427 | 0.2621 | 0.0321 | 0.0298 | 0.0452 | 0.0079 | 0.0100 | 0.0060 | 0.0439 | |
−1 | 0.0559 | 0.0161 | 0.0224 | 0.0043 | 0.0475 | 0.0515 | 0.0468 | 0.2629 | 0.0301 | 0.0277 | 0.0499 | 0.0173 | 0.0232 | 0.0099 | 0.0572 | |
−3 | 0.0495 | 0.0307 | 0.0422 | 0.0090 | 0.0401 | 0.0540 | 0.0652 | 0.2411 | 0.0343 | 0.0291 | 0.0492 | 0.0453 | 0.0592 | 0.0091 | 0.0494 | |
500 | 50 | 0.0482 | 0.0713 | 0.0713 | 0.0721 | 0.0358 | 0.0462 | 0.0552 | 0.0576 | 0.0544 | 0.0404 | 0.0487 | 0.0401 | 0.0401 | 0.0406 | 0.0506 |
20 | 0.0466 | 0.0518 | 0.0519 | 0.0498 | 0.0113 | 0.0483 | 0.0687 | 0.0942 | 0.0659 | 0.0311 | 0.0446 | 0.0164 | 0.0164 | 0.0166 | 0.0215 | |
10 | 0.0491 | 0.0328 | 0.0336 | 0.0315 | 0.0241 | 0.0533 | 0.0698 | 0.1592 | 0.0657 | 0.0320 | 0.0470 | 0.0050 | 0.0050 | 0.0049 | 0.0060 | |
5 | 0.0500 | 0.0222 | 0.0258 | 0.0196 | 0.0745 | 0.0518 | 0.0519 | 0.2298 | 0.0465 | 0.0282 | 0.0512 | 0.0012 | 0.0013 | 0.0012 | 0.0022 | |
0 | 0.0553 | 0.0133 | 0.0200 | 0.0053 | 0.0567 | 0.0517 | 0.0399 | 0.2423 | 0.0295 | 0.0271 | 0.0526 | 0.0062 | 0.0089 | 0.0051 | 0.0456 | |
−1 | 0.0519 | 0.0150 | 0.0227 | 0.0044 | 0.0448 | 0.0525 | 0.0484 | 0.2302 | 0.0312 | 0.0255 | 0.0505 | 0.0164 | 0.0210 | 0.0077 | 0.0532 | |
−3 | 0.0523 | 0.0286 | 0.0374 | 0.0068 | 0.0360 | 0.0568 | 0.0733 | 0.2047 | 0.0323 | 0.0267 | 0.0535 | 0.0382 | 0.0496 | 0.0102 | 0.0387 |
Notes: This table presents finite-sample sizes in Case 2 with for testing the null hypothesis H0: β = 0 versus the alternative H1: by the proposed RWB in Equation (14), IVX, and IVX-based bootstrap tests under 5% nominal level. RWB denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by RWB. IVX1 denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by Kostakis, Magdalinos, and Stamatogiannis (2015). IVX2 denotes the rejection rate for the Wald statistic by Kostakis, Magdalinos, and Stamatogiannis (2015) with possible negative Wald statistics included. Wild denotes the rejection rate for the residual wild bootstrap algorithm by Demetrescu et al. (2022). FWild denotes the rejection rate for the fixed regressor wild bootstrap algorithm by Demetrescu et al. (2022). Results are reported for different combinations of , and . The average rejection rates are calculated over 10,000 replications.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.