Table 1. Open in new tab Descriptive...

Variable

Mean

Min

Max

Source and description

Fiscal rule (total)

1.174

1.251

0.000

4.000

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Description: Sum of ER, RR, BBR, and DR.

Fiscal rule (ER)

0.203

0.403

0.000

1.000

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Description: 1 for adoption and 0 otherwise.

Fiscal rule (RR)

0.088

0.284

0.000

1.000

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Description: 1 for adoption and 0 otherwise.

Fiscal rule (BBR)

0.486

0.500

0.000

1.000

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Description: 1 for adoption and 0 otherwise.

Fiscal rule (DR)

0.396

0.489

0.000

1.000

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Description: 1 for adoption and 0 otherwise.

Fiscal rule (monitoring of compliance)

0.065

0.171

0.000

1.000

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Description: 1 for adoption and o otherwise for each specific rule, and sum of ER, RR, BBR, and DR

Fiscal rule (enforcement)

0.059

0.157

0.000

1.500

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Description: 1 for adoption and o otherwise for each specific rule, and sum of ER, RR, BBR, and DR

Fiscal rule (legal basis)

0.448

0.687

0.000

3.750

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Description: 5 (Constitutional), 4 (International Treaty), 3 (Statutory), 2 (Coalition agreement), 1 (Political commitment).

Presidential election

0.114

0.318

0.000

1.000

3269

Source: Cruz et al. (2021)

Legislative election

0.239

0.427

0.000

1.000

3267

Source: Cruz et al. (2021)

Advanced country

0.321

0.467

0.000

1.000

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Government gross debt

55.548

42.901

0.488

600.130

2449

Source: Kose et al. (2022)

Fiscal balance

−2.245

4.286

−32.119

31.045

2660

Source: Kose et al. (2022)

Presidential system

0.483

0.500

0.000

1.000

3345

Source: Cruz et al. (2021)

All houses

0.505

0.500

0.000

1.000

2983

Source: Cruz et al. (2021).

Description: 1 for the case controlled by the executive party and 0 otherwise.

Share of seats

0.521

0.243

0.000

1.000

3164

Source: Cruz et al. (2021)

Description: 1 for ‘Ruling party > Opposition party’ and 0 otherwise.

First party

0.784

0.411

0.000

1.000

3345

Source: Cruz et al. (2021)

Description: 1 for ‘First party = Ruling party’ and 0 otherwise.

Electoral democracy index

0.613

0.266

0.070

0.926

3153

Source: Varieties of Democracy (V-dem) https://www.v-dem.net/

GDP growth rate

3.341

6.071

−50.248

149.973

3167

Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

GDP per capita

13273

18079

123678

3213

Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Inflation rate

31.557

356.289

−31.566

15444.384

3166

Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Trade

81.010

54.954

9.136

437.327

3064

Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Chinn–Ito index

0.560

0.368

0.000

1.000

3115

Source: Chinn and Ito (2006).

KOF globalization index

59.345

17.752

19.558

90.906

3169

Source: Gygli et al. (2019).

Population growth rate

1.339

1.435

−16.881

16.626

3344

Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Age dependency ratio

63.328

19.332

27.311

115.888

3345

Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Description: % of working-age population.

Senior population ratio

0.090

0.057

0.015

0.296

3345

Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Description: % of ages 65 and above.

Variable

Mean

Min

Max

Source and description

Fiscal rule (total)

1.174

1.251

0.000

4.000

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Description: Sum of ER, RR, BBR, and DR.

Fiscal rule (ER)

0.203

0.403

0.000

1.000

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Description: 1 for adoption and 0 otherwise.

Fiscal rule (RR)

0.088

0.284

0.000

1.000

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Description: 1 for adoption and 0 otherwise.

Fiscal rule (BBR)

0.486

0.500

0.000

1.000

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Description: 1 for adoption and 0 otherwise.

Fiscal rule (DR)

0.396

0.489

0.000

1.000

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Description: 1 for adoption and 0 otherwise.

Fiscal rule (monitoring of compliance)

0.065

0.171

0.000

1.000

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Description: 1 for adoption and o otherwise for each specific rule, and sum of ER, RR, BBR, and DR

Fiscal rule (enforcement)

0.059

0.157

0.000

1.500

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Description: 1 for adoption and o otherwise for each specific rule, and sum of ER, RR, BBR, and DR

Fiscal rule (legal basis)

0.448

0.687

0.000

3.750

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Description: 5 (Constitutional), 4 (International Treaty), 3 (Statutory), 2 (Coalition agreement), 1 (Political commitment).

Presidential election

0.114

0.318

0.000

1.000

3269

Source: Cruz et al. (2021)

Legislative election

0.239

0.427

0.000

1.000

3267

Source: Cruz et al. (2021)

Advanced country

0.321

0.467

0.000

1.000

3345

Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)

Government gross debt

55.548

42.901

0.488

600.130

2449

Source: Kose et al. (2022)

Fiscal balance

−2.245

4.286

−32.119

31.045

2660

Source: Kose et al. (2022)

Presidential system

0.483

0.500

0.000

1.000

3345

Source: Cruz et al. (2021)

All houses

0.505

0.500

0.000

1.000

2983

Source: Cruz et al. (2021).

Description: 1 for the case controlled by the executive party and 0 otherwise.

Share of seats

0.521

0.243

0.000

1.000

3164

Source: Cruz et al. (2021)

Description: 1 for ‘Ruling party > Opposition party’ and 0 otherwise.

First party

0.784

0.411

0.000

1.000

3345

Source: Cruz et al. (2021)

Description: 1 for ‘First party = Ruling party’ and 0 otherwise.

Electoral democracy index

0.613

0.266

0.070

0.926

3153

Source: Varieties of Democracy (V-dem) https://www.v-dem.net/

GDP growth rate

3.341

6.071

−50.248

149.973

3167

Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

GDP per capita

13273

18079

123678

3213

Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Inflation rate

31.557

356.289

−31.566

15444.384

3166

Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Trade

81.010

54.954

9.136

437.327

3064

Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Chinn–Ito index

0.560

0.368

0.000

1.000

3115

Source: Chinn and Ito (2006).

KOF globalization index

59.345

17.752

19.558

90.906

3169

Source: Gygli et al. (2019).

Population growth rate

1.339

1.435

−16.881

16.626

3344

Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Age dependency ratio

63.328

19.332

27.311

115.888

3345

Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Description: % of working-age population.

Senior population ratio

0.090

0.057

0.015

0.296

3345

Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

Description: % of ages 65 and above.

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Descriptive statistics

Variable	Mean	SD	Min	Max	N	Source and description
Fiscal rule (total)	1.174	1.251	0.000	4.000	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Fiscal rule (total)	1.174	1.251	0.000	4.000	3345	Description: Sum of ER, RR, BBR, and DR.
Fiscal rule (ER)	0.203	0.403	0.000	1.000	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Fiscal rule (ER)	0.203	0.403	0.000	1.000	3345	Description: 1 for adoption and 0 otherwise.
Fiscal rule (RR)	0.088	0.284	0.000	1.000	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Fiscal rule (RR)	0.088	0.284	0.000	1.000	3345	Description: 1 for adoption and 0 otherwise.
Fiscal rule (BBR)	0.486	0.500	0.000	1.000	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Fiscal rule (BBR)	0.486	0.500	0.000	1.000	3345	Description: 1 for adoption and 0 otherwise.
Fiscal rule (DR)	0.396	0.489	0.000	1.000	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Fiscal rule (DR)	0.396	0.489	0.000	1.000	3345	Description: 1 for adoption and 0 otherwise.
Fiscal rule (monitoring of compliance)	0.065	0.171	0.000	1.000	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Fiscal rule (monitoring of compliance)	0.065	0.171	0.000	1.000	3345	Description: 1 for adoption and o otherwise for each specific rule, and sum of ER, RR, BBR, and DR
Fiscal rule (enforcement)	0.059	0.157	0.000	1.500	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Fiscal rule (enforcement)	0.059	0.157	0.000	1.500	3345	Description: 1 for adoption and o otherwise for each specific rule, and sum of ER, RR, BBR, and DR
Fiscal rule (legal basis)	0.448	0.687	0.000	3.750	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Fiscal rule (legal basis)	0.448	0.687	0.000	3.750	3345	Description: 5 (Constitutional), 4 (International Treaty), 3 (Statutory), 2 (Coalition agreement), 1 (Political commitment).
Presidential election	0.114	0.318	0.000	1.000	3269	Source: Cruz et al. (2021)
Legislative election	0.239	0.427	0.000	1.000	3267	Source: Cruz et al. (2021)
Advanced country	0.321	0.467	0.000	1.000	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Government gross debt	55.548	42.901	0.488	600.130	2449	Source: Kose et al. (2022)
Fiscal balance	−2.245	4.286	−32.119	31.045	2660	Source: Kose et al. (2022)
Presidential system	0.483	0.500	0.000	1.000	3345	Source: Cruz et al. (2021)
All houses	0.505	0.500	0.000	1.000	2983	Source: Cruz et al. (2021).
All houses	0.505	0.500	0.000	1.000	2983	Description: 1 for the case controlled by the executive party and 0 otherwise.
Share of seats	0.521	0.243	0.000	1.000	3164	Source: Cruz et al. (2021)
Share of seats	0.521	0.243	0.000	1.000	3164	Description: 1 for ‘Ruling party > Opposition party’ and 0 otherwise.
First party	0.784	0.411	0.000	1.000	3345	Source: Cruz et al. (2021)
First party	0.784	0.411	0.000	1.000	3345	Description: 1 for ‘First party = Ruling party’ and 0 otherwise.
Electoral democracy index	0.613	0.266	0.070	0.926	3153	Source: Varieties of Democracy (V-dem) https://www.v-dem.net/
GDP growth rate	3.341	6.071	−50.248	149.973	3167	Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
GDP per capita	13273	18079	60	123678	3213	Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Inflation rate	31.557	356.289	−31.566	15444.384	3166	Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Trade	81.010	54.954	9.136	437.327	3064	Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Chinn–Ito index	0.560	0.368	0.000	1.000	3115	Source: Chinn and Ito (2006).
KOF globalization index	59.345	17.752	19.558	90.906	3169	Source: Gygli et al. (2019).
Population growth rate	1.339	1.435	−16.881	16.626	3344	Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Age dependency ratio	63.328	19.332	27.311	115.888	3345	Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Age dependency ratio	63.328	19.332	27.311	115.888	3345	Description: % of working-age population.
Senior population ratio	0.090	0.057	0.015	0.296	3345	Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Senior population ratio	0.090	0.057	0.015	0.296	3345	Description: % of ages 65 and above.

Variable	Mean	SD	Min	Max	N	Source and description
Fiscal rule (total)	1.174	1.251	0.000	4.000	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Fiscal rule (total)	1.174	1.251	0.000	4.000	3345	Description: Sum of ER, RR, BBR, and DR.
Fiscal rule (ER)	0.203	0.403	0.000	1.000	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Fiscal rule (ER)	0.203	0.403	0.000	1.000	3345	Description: 1 for adoption and 0 otherwise.
Fiscal rule (RR)	0.088	0.284	0.000	1.000	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Fiscal rule (RR)	0.088	0.284	0.000	1.000	3345	Description: 1 for adoption and 0 otherwise.
Fiscal rule (BBR)	0.486	0.500	0.000	1.000	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Fiscal rule (BBR)	0.486	0.500	0.000	1.000	3345	Description: 1 for adoption and 0 otherwise.
Fiscal rule (DR)	0.396	0.489	0.000	1.000	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Fiscal rule (DR)	0.396	0.489	0.000	1.000	3345	Description: 1 for adoption and 0 otherwise.
Fiscal rule (monitoring of compliance)	0.065	0.171	0.000	1.000	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Fiscal rule (monitoring of compliance)	0.065	0.171	0.000	1.000	3345	Description: 1 for adoption and o otherwise for each specific rule, and sum of ER, RR, BBR, and DR
Fiscal rule (enforcement)	0.059	0.157	0.000	1.500	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Fiscal rule (enforcement)	0.059	0.157	0.000	1.500	3345	Description: 1 for adoption and o otherwise for each specific rule, and sum of ER, RR, BBR, and DR
Fiscal rule (legal basis)	0.448	0.687	0.000	3.750	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Fiscal rule (legal basis)	0.448	0.687	0.000	3.750	3345	Description: 5 (Constitutional), 4 (International Treaty), 3 (Statutory), 2 (Coalition agreement), 1 (Political commitment).
Presidential election	0.114	0.318	0.000	1.000	3269	Source: Cruz et al. (2021)
Legislative election	0.239	0.427	0.000	1.000	3267	Source: Cruz et al. (2021)
Advanced country	0.321	0.467	0.000	1.000	3345	Source: IMF (Davoodi et al. 2022)
Government gross debt	55.548	42.901	0.488	600.130	2449	Source: Kose et al. (2022)
Fiscal balance	−2.245	4.286	−32.119	31.045	2660	Source: Kose et al. (2022)
Presidential system	0.483	0.500	0.000	1.000	3345	Source: Cruz et al. (2021)
All houses	0.505	0.500	0.000	1.000	2983	Source: Cruz et al. (2021).
All houses	0.505	0.500	0.000	1.000	2983	Description: 1 for the case controlled by the executive party and 0 otherwise.
Share of seats	0.521	0.243	0.000	1.000	3164	Source: Cruz et al. (2021)
Share of seats	0.521	0.243	0.000	1.000	3164	Description: 1 for ‘Ruling party > Opposition party’ and 0 otherwise.
First party	0.784	0.411	0.000	1.000	3345	Source: Cruz et al. (2021)
First party	0.784	0.411	0.000	1.000	3345	Description: 1 for ‘First party = Ruling party’ and 0 otherwise.
Electoral democracy index	0.613	0.266	0.070	0.926	3153	Source: Varieties of Democracy (V-dem) https://www.v-dem.net/
GDP growth rate	3.341	6.071	−50.248	149.973	3167	Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
GDP per capita	13273	18079	60	123678	3213	Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Inflation rate	31.557	356.289	−31.566	15444.384	3166	Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Trade	81.010	54.954	9.136	437.327	3064	Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Chinn–Ito index	0.560	0.368	0.000	1.000	3115	Source: Chinn and Ito (2006).
KOF globalization index	59.345	17.752	19.558	90.906	3169	Source: Gygli et al. (2019).
Population growth rate	1.339	1.435	−16.881	16.626	3344	Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Age dependency ratio	63.328	19.332	27.311	115.888	3345	Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Age dependency ratio	63.328	19.332	27.311	115.888	3345	Description: % of working-age population.
Senior population ratio	0.090	0.057	0.015	0.296	3345	Source: World Development Indicators (WDI) https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Senior population ratio	0.090	0.057	0.015	0.296	3345	Description: % of ages 65 and above.

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