Table 2. Open in new tab Metallomic...

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Metallomic analysis of PD cases and controls

(a)

MED

Controls

Cases

P-value

S-value

E-value

RR lower CI E-value

RR upper CI E-value

Effect size

298.1 ± 79.5
(237.0–359.3)

285.0 ± 44.9
(226.5–343.5)

1.0

0.0

2.4

1.5

0.32

6.9

−0.17

19.6 ± 1.6
(18.4–20.8)

18.8 ± 0.8
(17.8–19.9)

0.6

0.7

2.0

1.3

0.4

4.3

−0.49

205.2 ± 33.0
(179.9–230.6)

192.4 ± 8.6
(181.2–203.7)

0.3

1.7

1.0

0.7

13.6

−0.39

9.0 ± 4.3
(5.4–12.5)

6.4 ± 1.5
(4.6–8.2)

0.6

0.7

4.8

2.7

0.05

2.922

−0.60

20.2 ± 7.6
(14.4–26.0)

16.1 ± 2.6
(12.8–19.4)

0.4

1.3

11.5

6.0

0.4

118.7

−0.54

2.8 ± 0.7
(2.2–3.4)

2.2 ± 0.3
(1.9–2.6)

0.3

1.7

2.0

1.3

0.8

9.6

−0.75

237.6 ± 103.3
(158.3–317.0)

129.1 ± 30.8
(89.1–169.2)

0.03

5.1

5.4

3.0

0.81

11.1

−1.05

773.0 ± 137.9
(667.0–879.0)

709.9 ± 85.2
(599.0–820.8)

0.8

0.3

3.4

2.0

0.5

8.3

−0.46

7.1 ± 0.8
(6.5.7.7)

7.8 ± 0.8
(6.8–8.8)

0.8

0.3

9.5

5.0

0.7

34.7

0.89

(b)

Controls

Cases

P-value

S-value

E-value

RR lower CI E-value

RR upper CI E-value

Effect size

471.9 ± 73.2
(410.7–533.1)

380.2 ± 64.2
(296.7–463.7)

0.2

2.3

1.5

0.5

4.3

−1.25

26.2 ± 3.1
(23.7–28.8)

25.0 ± 5.7
(17.6–32.3)

0.5

1.0

3.0

1.8

0.1

3.0

−0.42

287.8 ± 46.7
(248.8–326.9)

309.7 ± 78.4
(207.7–411.6)

1.0

0.0

4.8

2.7

0.3

20.8

0.47

10.6 ± 3.4
(7.4–13.8)

9.8 ± 4.4
(5.0–14.6)

1.0

0.0

0.3

0.9

0.1

11.0

−0.22

26.1 ± 6.4
(19.4–32.8)

23.4 ± 4.3
(17.8–28.9)

0.70

0.5

6.6

3.6

0.2

81.8

−0.43

4.4 ± 1.0
(3.6–5.2)

4.6 ± 1.3
(2.9–6.2)

1.0

0.0

2.0

1.3

0.3

6.0

0.21

196.6 ± 65.6
(141.8–251.5)

183.8 ± 55.6
(111.4–256.1)

0.5

1.0

4.8

2.7

0.3

20.8

−0.20

1220.3 ± 96.9 (1139.4–1301.3)

1222.0 ± 318.2
(808.1–1635.9)

0.7

0.5

2.0

1.3

0.3

6.1

0.02

10.2 ± 1.6
(8.9–11.6)

9.3 ± 2.5
(6.0–12.6)

0.5

1.0

3.9

2.2

0.6

8.4

−0.57

(c)

Controls

Cases

P-value

S-value

E-value

RR lower CI
E-value

RR upper CI E-value

Effect size

333.3 ± 70.2
(279.3–387.3)

349.0 ± 39.8
(297.3–400.7)

1.0

0.0

1.0

0.18

5.6

0.22

21.5 ± 4.1
(18.4–24.7)

22.7 ± 2.5
(19.4–26.0)

0.6

0.7

3.4

2.0

0.2

18.3

0.28

266.1 ± 43.3
(232.8–299.4)

286.3 ± 31.8
(244.9–327.7)

0.5

1.0

3.4

2.0

0.5

8.3

0.47

6.1 ± 1.7
(4.8–7.5)

6.3 ± 0.9
(5.2–7.4)

0.9

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.62

5.1

0.09

17.9 ± 4.2
(14.6–21.2)

20.9 ± 4.0
(15.7–26.1)

0.7

0.5

3.4

2.0

0.5

8.3

0.70

3.5 ± 0.7
(3.0–4.1)

3.8 ± 1.0
(2.6–5.1)

1.0

0.0

2.4

1.5

0.3

6.9

0.45

214.5 ± 84.7
(149.4–279.6)

245.1 ± 80.8
(139.9–350.3)

0.5

1.0

0.18

5.6

0.36

802.7 ± 166.4
(674.8–930.6)

789.0 ± 128.4
(621.9–956.1)

1.0

0.0

1.4

3.0

0.3

23.7

−0.08

7.7 ± 2.1
(6.1–9.3)

8.3 ± 1.5
(6.3–10.2)

0.8

0.3

2.4

1.5

0.3

6.9

0.26

(d)

Controls

Cases

P-value

S-value

E-value

RR lower CI
E-value

RR upper CI E-value

Effect size

260.7 ± 38.6
(220.2–301.2)

234.4 ± 43.1
(178.4–290.5)

0.6

0.7

7.5

4.0

0.30

80.7

−0.68

19.2 ± 2.3
(16.8–21.6)

19.7 ± 2.6
(16.3–23.1)

0.7

0.5

3.4

2.0

0.3

15.0

0.21

232.6 ± 32.5
(198.5–266.7)

233.1 ± 38.6
(182.9–283.2)

0.8

0.3

3.4

2.0

0.3

15.0

0.01

5.9 ± 1.4
(4.4–7.3)

6.0 ± 1.3
(4.3–7.7)

1.0

0.0

2.0

1.3

0.2

11.6

0.07

17.7 ± 3.8
(13.7–21.7)

20.1 ± 3.5
(15.5–24.6)

0.7

0.5

4.8

2.7

0.4

18.4

0.61

3.9 ± 1.0
(2.8–5.0)

7.4 ± 3.3
(3.2–11.7)

0.2

2.3

6.1

3.3

0.5

21.9

3.38

266.9 ± 57.9
(206.2–327.7)

224.9 ± 56.7
(151.1–298.7)

0.60

0.7

4.8

2.7

0.4

18.4

−0.73

658.8 ± 150.5
(500.8–816.8)

671.7 ± 102.8
(538.0–805.4)

0.8

0.3

0.7

0.1

8.7

0.09

7.6 ± 1.1
(6.5–8.7)

8.0 ± 1.2
(6.5–9.5)

0.9

0.2

3.4

2.0

0.3

15.0

0.38

(e)

Controls

Cases

P-value

S-value

E-value

RR lower CI
E-value

RR upper CI E-value

Effect size

204.2 ± 32.2
(179.4–229.0)

187.7 ± 28.3
(150.9–224.4)

1.0

0.0

2.4

1.5

0.3

6.9

−0.51

18.1 ± 3.0
(15.8–20.4)

17.2 ± 2.2
(14.3–20.1)

0.9

0.2

0.4

0.5

0.1

4.6

−0.30

234.4 ± 39.5
(204.1–264.8)

224.5 ± 34.5
(179.6 ± 269.4)

1.0

0.0

0.3

0.7

0.1

3.1

−0.25

4.7 ± 1.3
(3.6–5.7)

4.5 ± 0.6
(3.8–5.3)

0.9

0.2

1.0

0.07

13.6

−0.12

13.5 ± 3.1
(11.1–15.9)

12.6 ± 2.2
(9.8–15.5)

0.7

0.5

2.0

1.3

0.5

29.2

−0.29

2.8 ± 0.7
(2.2–3.3)

2.9 ± 0.5
(2.2–3.6)

1.0

0.0

3.4

2.0

0.2

18.3

0.21

164.7 ± 72.6
(108.9–220.5)

115.9 ± 28.7
(78.5–153.3)

0.2

2.3

2.0

1.3

0.2

2.4

−0.67

571.3 ± 144.9
(459.9–682.6)

508.2 ± 87.6
(394.3–622.1)

0.8

0.3

2.0

1.3

0.4

4.3

−0.44

7.3 ± 1.8
(5.9–8.7)

6.5 ± 1.3
(4.8–8.2)

0.9

0.2

3.4

2.0

0.2

18.3

−0.43

(f)

Controls

Cases

P-value

S-value

E-value

RR lower CI
E-value

RR upper CI E-value

Effect size

444.1 ± 134.6
(340.6–547.6)

475.1 ± 82.2
(368.1–582.0)

1.0

0.0

2.4

1.5

0.3

6.9

0.2

25.3 ± 5.2
(21.3–29.3)

28.7 ± 4.4
(22.9–34.4)

0.6

0.7

3.4

2.0

0.5

8.3

0.6

352.0 ± 96.0
(278.2–425.8)

407.5 ± 66.2
(321.5–493.6)

0.5

1.0

3.4

2.0

0.5

8.3

0.6

9.9 ± 4.2
(6.6–13.1)

11.5 ± 5.5
(4.9–18.1)

0.9

0.2

1.5

1.1

0.2

6.2

0.4

31.6 ± 5.8
(27.1–36.1)

33.8 ± 4.8
(27.6–40.1)

0.7

0.5

1.0

0.3

3.7

0.4

3.5 ± 0.8
(3.0–4.1)

4.7 ± 1.0
(3.5–6.0)

0.2

2.3

5.4

3.0

0.8

11.1

1.5

374.7 ± 108.3
(291.5–457.9)

465.7 ± 76.8
(365.8–565.6)

0.1

3.3

2.7

1.7

0.6

5.0

0.8

946.6 ± 187.7
(802.3–1090.9)

1092.1 ± 194.3
(839.3–1345.0)

0.8

0.3

3.4

2.0

0.5

8.3

0.8

10.6 ± 1.8
(9.2–12.0)

11.5 ± 2.4
(8.4–14.6)

0.9

0.2

4.4

2.5

0.6

9.7

0.5

(g)

MCX

Controls

Cases

P-value

S-value

E-value

RR lower CI
E-value

RR upper CI E-value

Effect size

265.0 ± 49.2
(227.2–302.9)

252.2 ± 45.0
(193.6–310.7)

1.0

0.0

2.4

1.5

0.3

6.9

−0.3

18.8 ± 2.5
(16.9–20.8)

17.1 ± 2.3
(14.2–20.1)

0.6

0.7

3.4

2.0

0.5

8.3

−0.7

228.0 ± 39.4
(197.8–258.3)

206.9 ± 29.2
(168.9–244.9)

0.5

1.0

4.4

2.5

0.6

9.7

−0.5

4.4 ± 0.5
(3.9–4.9)

4.3 ± 0.8
(3.3–5.3)

0.9

0.2

4.1

2.3

0.3

17.9

−0.1

14.6 ± 4.7
(11.0–18.1)

13.5 ± 2.4
(10.4–16.6)

0.9

0.2

3.4

2.0

0.2

18.3

−0.2

3.8 ± 0.5
(3.4–4.2)

3.7 ± 0.7
(2.8–4.5)

0.9

0.2

2.4

1.5

0.3

6.9

−0.3

223.3 ± 81.3
(160.8–285.7)

195.2 ± 41.9
(140.6–249.8)

0.5

1.0

2.4

1.5

0.3

6.9

−0.3

666.2 ± 106.5
(584.3–748.0)

619.3 ± 79.9
(515.4–723.2)

0.9

0.2

1.0

0.2

5.6

−0.4

7.2 ± 1.5
(6.0–8.3)

7.6 ± 1.2
(6.0–9.2)

0.9

0.2

1.0

0.3

3.7

0.3

(a)	MED	Controls	Cases	P-value	S-value	E-value	RR	RR lower CI E-value	RR upper CI E-value	Effect size
	Na	298.1 ± 79.5 (237.0–359.3)	285.0 ± 44.9 (226.5–343.5)	1.0	0.0	2.4	1.5	0.32	6.9	−0.17
	Mg	19.6 ± 1.6 (18.4–20.8)	18.8 ± 0.8 (17.8–19.9)	0.6	0.7	2.0	1.3	0.4	4.3	−0.49
	K	205.2 ± 33.0 (179.9–230.6)	192.4 ± 8.6 (181.2–203.7)	0.3	1.7	1.0	1.0	0.7	13.6	−0.39
	Ca	9.0 ± 4.3 (5.4–12.5)	6.4 ± 1.5 (4.6–8.2)	0.6	0.7	4.8	2.7	0.05	2.922	−0.60
	Mn	20.2 ± 7.6 (14.4–26.0)	16.1 ± 2.6 (12.8–19.4)	0.4	1.3	11.5	6.0	0.4	118.7	−0.54
	Fe	2.8 ± 0.7 (2.2–3.4)	2.2 ± 0.3 (1.9–2.6)	0.3	1.7	2.0	1.3	0.8	9.6	−0.75
	Cu	237.6 ± 103.3 (158.3–317.0)	129.1 ± 30.8 (89.1–169.2)	0.03	5.1	5.4	3.0	0.81	11.1	−1.05
	Zn	773.0 ± 137.9 (667.0–879.0)	709.9 ± 85.2 (599.0–820.8)	0.8	0.3	3.4	2.0	0.5	8.3	−0.46
	Se	7.1 ± 0.8 (6.5.7.7)	7.8 ± 0.8 (6.8–8.8)	0.8	0.3	9.5	5.0	0.7	34.7	0.89
(b)	HP	Controls	Cases	P-value	S-value	E-value	RR	RR lower CI E-value	RR upper CI E-value	Effect size
	Na	471.9 ± 73.2 (410.7–533.1)	380.2 ± 64.2 (296.7–463.7)	0.2	2.3	2.3	1.5	0.5	4.3	−1.25
	Mg	26.2 ± 3.1 (23.7–28.8)	25.0 ± 5.7 (17.6–32.3)	0.5	1.0	3.0	1.8	0.1	3.0	−0.42
	K	287.8 ± 46.7 (248.8–326.9)	309.7 ± 78.4 (207.7–411.6)	1.0	0.0	4.8	2.7	0.3	20.8	0.47
	Ca	10.6 ± 3.4 (7.4–13.8)	9.8 ± 4.4 (5.0–14.6)	1.0	0.0	0.3	0.9	0.1	11.0	−0.22
	Mn	26.1 ± 6.4 (19.4–32.8)	23.4 ± 4.3 (17.8–28.9)	0.70	0.5	6.6	3.6	0.2	81.8	−0.43
	Fe	4.4 ± 1.0 (3.6–5.2)	4.6 ± 1.3 (2.9–6.2)	1.0	0.0	2.0	1.3	0.3	6.0	0.21
	Cu	196.6 ± 65.6 (141.8–251.5)	183.8 ± 55.6 (111.4–256.1)	0.5	1.0	4.8	2.7	0.3	20.8	−0.20
	Zn	1220.3 ± 96.9 (1139.4–1301.3)	1222.0 ± 318.2 (808.1–1635.9)	0.7	0.5	2.0	1.3	0.3	6.1	0.02
	Se	10.2 ± 1.6 (8.9–11.6)	9.3 ± 2.5 (6.0–12.6)	0.5	1.0	3.9	2.2	0.6	8.4	−0.57
(c)	CG	Controls	Cases	P-value	S-value	E-value	RR	RR lower CI E-value	RR upper CI E-value	Effect size
	Na	333.3 ± 70.2 (279.3–387.3)	349.0 ± 39.8 (297.3–400.7)	1.0	0.0	1.0	1.0	0.18	5.6	0.22
	Mg	21.5 ± 4.1 (18.4–24.7)	22.7 ± 2.5 (19.4–26.0)	0.6	0.7	3.4	2.0	0.2	18.3	0.28
	K	266.1 ± 43.3 (232.8–299.4)	286.3 ± 31.8 (244.9–327.7)	0.5	1.0	3.4	2.0	0.5	8.3	0.47
	Ca	6.1 ± 1.7 (4.8–7.5)	6.3 ± 0.9 (5.2–7.4)	0.9	0.2	0.4	0.6	0.62	5.1	0.09
	Mn	17.9 ± 4.2 (14.6–21.2)	20.9 ± 4.0 (15.7–26.1)	0.7	0.5	3.4	2.0	0.5	8.3	0.70
	Fe	3.5 ± 0.7 (3.0–4.1)	3.8 ± 1.0 (2.6–5.1)	1.0	0.0	2.4	1.5	0.3	6.9	0.45
	Cu	214.5 ± 84.7 (149.4–279.6)	245.1 ± 80.8 (139.9–350.3)	0.5	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.18	5.6	0.36
	Zn	802.7 ± 166.4 (674.8–930.6)	789.0 ± 128.4 (621.9–956.1)	1.0	0.0	1.4	3.0	0.3	23.7	−0.08
	Se	7.7 ± 2.1 (6.1–9.3)	8.3 ± 1.5 (6.3–10.2)	0.8	0.3	2.4	1.5	0.3	6.9	0.26
(d)	SN	Controls	Cases	P-value	S-value	E-value	RR	RR lower CI E-value	RR upper CI E-value	Effect size
	Na	260.7 ± 38.6 (220.2–301.2)	234.4 ± 43.1 (178.4–290.5)	0.6	0.7	7.5	4.0	0.30	80.7	−0.68
	Mg	19.2 ± 2.3 (16.8–21.6)	19.7 ± 2.6 (16.3–23.1)	0.7	0.5	3.4	2.0	0.3	15.0	0.21
	K	232.6 ± 32.5 (198.5–266.7)	233.1 ± 38.6 (182.9–283.2)	0.8	0.3	3.4	2.0	0.3	15.0	0.01
	Ca	5.9 ± 1.4 (4.4–7.3)	6.0 ± 1.3 (4.3–7.7)	1.0	0.0	2.0	1.3	0.2	11.6	0.07
	Mn	17.7 ± 3.8 (13.7–21.7)	20.1 ± 3.5 (15.5–24.6)	0.7	0.5	4.8	2.7	0.4	18.4	0.61
	Fe	3.9 ± 1.0 (2.8–5.0)	7.4 ± 3.3 (3.2–11.7)	0.2	2.3	6.1	3.3	0.5	21.9	3.38
	Cu	266.9 ± 57.9 (206.2–327.7)	224.9 ± 56.7 (151.1–298.7)	0.60	0.7	4.8	2.7	0.4	18.4	−0.73
	Zn	658.8 ± 150.5 (500.8–816.8)	671.7 ± 102.8 (538.0–805.4)	0.8	0.3	0.3	0.7	0.1	8.7	0.09
	Se	7.6 ± 1.1 (6.5–8.7)	8.0 ± 1.2 (6.5–9.5)	0.9	0.2	3.4	2.0	0.3	15.0	0.38
(e)	LC	Controls	Cases	P-value	S-value	E-value	RR	RR lower CI E-value	RR upper CI E-value	Effect size
	Na	204.2 ± 32.2 (179.4–229.0)	187.7 ± 28.3 (150.9–224.4)	1.0	0.0	2.4	1.5	0.3	6.9	−0.51
	Mg	18.1 ± 3.0 (15.8–20.4)	17.2 ± 2.2 (14.3–20.1)	0.9	0.2	0.4	0.5	0.1	4.6	−0.30
	K	234.4 ± 39.5 (204.1–264.8)	224.5 ± 34.5 (179.6 ± 269.4)	1.0	0.0	0.3	0.7	0.1	3.1	−0.25
	Ca	4.7 ± 1.3 (3.6–5.7)	4.5 ± 0.6 (3.8–5.3)	0.9	0.2	1.0	1.0	0.07	13.6	−0.12
	Mn	13.5 ± 3.1 (11.1–15.9)	12.6 ± 2.2 (9.8–15.5)	0.7	0.5	2.0	1.3	0.5	29.2	−0.29
	Fe	2.8 ± 0.7 (2.2–3.3)	2.9 ± 0.5 (2.2–3.6)	1.0	0.0	3.4	2.0	0.2	18.3	0.21
	Cu	164.7 ± 72.6 (108.9–220.5)	115.9 ± 28.7 (78.5–153.3)	0.2	2.3	2.0	1.3	0.2	2.4	−0.67
	Zn	571.3 ± 144.9 (459.9–682.6)	508.2 ± 87.6 (394.3–622.1)	0.8	0.3	2.0	1.3	0.4	4.3	−0.44
	Se	7.3 ± 1.8 (5.9–8.7)	6.5 ± 1.3 (4.8–8.2)	0.9	0.2	3.4	2.0	0.2	18.3	−0.43
(f)	CB	Controls	Cases	P-value	S-value	E-value	RR	RR lower CI E-value	RR upper CI E-value	Effect size
	Na	444.1 ± 134.6 (340.6–547.6)	475.1 ± 82.2 (368.1–582.0)	1.0	0.0	2.4	1.5	0.3	6.9	0.2
	Mg	25.3 ± 5.2 (21.3–29.3)	28.7 ± 4.4 (22.9–34.4)	0.6	0.7	3.4	2.0	0.5	8.3	0.6
	K	352.0 ± 96.0 (278.2–425.8)	407.5 ± 66.2 (321.5–493.6)	0.5	1.0	3.4	2.0	0.5	8.3	0.6
	Ca	9.9 ± 4.2 (6.6–13.1)	11.5 ± 5.5 (4.9–18.1)	0.9	0.2	1.5	1.1	0.2	6.2	0.4
	Mn	31.6 ± 5.8 (27.1–36.1)	33.8 ± 4.8 (27.6–40.1)	0.7	0.5	1.0	1.0	0.3	3.7	0.4
	Fe	3.5 ± 0.8 (3.0–4.1)	4.7 ± 1.0 (3.5–6.0)	0.2	2.3	5.4	3.0	0.8	11.1	1.5
	Cu	374.7 ± 108.3 (291.5–457.9)	465.7 ± 76.8 (365.8–565.6)	0.1	3.3	2.7	1.7	0.6	5.0	0.8
	Zn	946.6 ± 187.7 (802.3–1090.9)	1092.1 ± 194.3 (839.3–1345.0)	0.8	0.3	3.4	2.0	0.5	8.3	0.8
	Se	10.6 ± 1.8 (9.2–12.0)	11.5 ± 2.4 (8.4–14.6)	0.9	0.2	4.4	2.5	0.6	9.7	0.5
(g)	MCX	Controls	Cases	P-value	S-value	E-value	RR	RR lower CI E-value	RR upper CI E-value	Effect size
	Na	265.0 ± 49.2 (227.2–302.9)	252.2 ± 45.0 (193.6–310.7)	1.0	0.0	2.4	1.5	0.3	6.9	−0.3
	Mg	18.8 ± 2.5 (16.9–20.8)	17.1 ± 2.3 (14.2–20.1)	0.6	0.7	3.4	2.0	0.5	8.3	−0.7
	K	228.0 ± 39.4 (197.8–258.3)	206.9 ± 29.2 (168.9–244.9)	0.5	1.0	4.4	2.5	0.6	9.7	−0.5
	Ca	4.4 ± 0.5 (3.9–4.9)	4.3 ± 0.8 (3.3–5.3)	0.9	0.2	4.1	2.3	0.3	17.9	−0.1
	Mn	14.6 ± 4.7 (11.0–18.1)	13.5 ± 2.4 (10.4–16.6)	0.9	0.2	3.4	2.0	0.2	18.3	−0.2
	Fe	3.8 ± 0.5 (3.4–4.2)	3.7 ± 0.7 (2.8–4.5)	0.9	0.2	2.4	1.5	0.3	6.9	−0.3
	Cu	223.3 ± 81.3 (160.8–285.7)	195.2 ± 41.9 (140.6–249.8)	0.5	1.0	2.4	1.5	0.3	6.9	−0.3
	Zn	666.2 ± 106.5 (584.3–748.0)	619.3 ± 79.9 (515.4–723.2)	0.9	0.2	1.0	1.0	0.2	5.6	−0.4
	Se	7.2 ± 1.5 (6.0–8.3)	7.6 ± 1.2 (6.0–9.2)	0.9	0.2	1.0	1.0	0.3	3.7	0.3

Tables (a)–(g) show results of metallomic analysis of PD cases and controls. Units for Na, Mg, K, Ca, and Fe are mmol/kg dry weight and unis for Mn, Cu, Zn, and Se are µmol/kg dry weight. Case-control differences were determined by multiple Mann–Whitney U test with 10% FDR correction; P-value < .05 was considered significant. CI, confidence interval.

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