Table 3 Open in new tab Hierarchical...

	Inhibitory control^a	Cognitive flexibility^b
Step 1: Demographic variables alone
Parent educational attainment	0.490	0.180	0.093^**	2.720	[0.14, 0.84]	.007	0.094	0.235	0.018	0.401	[−0.37, 0.56]	.688
Parent having full-time employment	0.039	1.099	0.001	0.038	[−1.95, 2.03]	.970	−1.758	1.252	−0.063	−1.404	[−0.4.22, 0.70]	.161
Mixed immigration status household	−3.811	1.099	−0.114^***	−3.467	[−5.97, −1.65]	<.001	−3.050	1.377	−0.095^*	−2.216	[−5.76, −0.35]	.027
Step 2: Language variables added
Parent educational attainment	0.401	0.194	0.076^*	2.060	[0.02, 0.78]	.040	−0.001	0.254	−0.000	−0.006	[−0.50, 0.50]	.995
Parent having full-time employment	0.238	0.008	1.027	0.232	[−1.78, 2.25]	.817	−1.876	1.321	−0.069	−1.420	[−4.47, 0.72]	.156
Mixed immigration status household	−3.421	1.176	−0.102^**	−2.909	[−5.73, −1.11]	.004	−2.314	1.566	−0.072	−1.477	[−5.39, 0.76]	.140
Parent’s preferred language	−1.537	1.545	−0.046	−0.995	[−1.60, 1.56]	.320	−1.829	2.142	−0.057	−0.854	[−1.88, 2.43]	.394
Primary language spoken at home	−0.020	0.804	−0.001	−0.024	[−4.57, 1.49]	.981	0.271	1.097	0.016	0.247	[−6.04, 2.38]	.805
Step 3: Cultural variables added
Parent educational attainment	0.430	0.198	0.082^*	2.176	[0.04, 0.82]	.030	−0.030	0.275	−0.006	−0.108	[−0.57, 0.51]	.914
Parent having full-time employment	0.419	1.026	0.014	0.408	[−1.59, 2.43]	.683	−1.906	1.384	−0.070	−1.377	[−4.63, 0.81]	.169
Mixed immigration status household	−3.619	1.186	−0.108^**	−3.051	[−5.95, −1.29]	.002	−3.104	1.699	−0.095	−1.827	[−6.44, 0.24]	.068
Parent’s preferred language	−1.518	1.566	−0.046	−0.970	[−4.59, 1.55]	.332	−1.632	2.253	−0.051	−0.724	[−6.06, 2.80]	.469
Primary language spoken at home	−0.298	0.812	−0.017	−0.367	[−1.89, 1.30]	.714	−0.056	1.164	−0.003	−0.048	[−2.34, 2.23]	.962
Youth ethnic identity	−0.076	0.141	−0.021	−0.534	[−0.35, 0.20]	.594	−0.091	0.210	−0.025	−0.435	[−0.50, 0.32]	.664
Youth heritage acculturation	−0.104	0.057	−0.087	−1.817	[−0.22, 0.01]	.070	0.026	0.081	0.023	0.323	[−0.13, 0.18]	.747
Youth USA acculturation	0.087	0.058	0.065	1.509	[−0.03, 0.20]	.132	−0.178	0.080	−0.140^*	−2.205	[−0.34, −0.02]	.028
Parent ethnic identity	−0.023	0.093	−0.008	−0.245	[−0.21, 0.16]	.807	0.345	0.210	0.125^**	−0.435	[0.09, 0.60]	.664
Parent heritage acculturation	0.091	0.046	0.090^*	2.001	[0.002, 0.18]	.046	0.025	0.068	0.025	0.371	[−0.12, 0.16]	.710
Parent USA acculturation	−0.085	0.048	−0.077	−1.754	[−0.18, 0.01]	.079	0.051	0.073	0.046	0.696	[−0.09, 0.19]	.487

Inhibitory control^a

Cognitive flexibility^b

Predictors

95% CI

Step 1: Demographic variables alone

Parent educational attainment

0.490

0.180

0.093^**

2.720

[0.14, 0.84]

.007

0.094

0.235

0.018

0.401

[−0.37, 0.56]

.688

Parent having full-time employment

0.039

1.099

0.001

0.038

[−1.95, 2.03]

.970

−1.758

1.252

−0.063

−1.404

[−0.4.22, 0.70]

.161

Mixed immigration status household

−3.811

1.099

−0.114^***

−3.467

[−5.97, −1.65]

<.001

−3.050

1.377

−0.095^*

−2.216

[−5.76, −0.35]

.027

Step 2: Language variables added

Parent educational attainment

0.401

0.194

0.076^*

2.060

[0.02, 0.78]

.040

−0.001

0.254

−0.000

−0.006

[−0.50, 0.50]

.995

Parent having full-time employment

0.238

0.008

1.027

0.232

[−1.78, 2.25]

.817

−1.876

1.321

−0.069

−1.420

[−4.47, 0.72]

.156

Mixed immigration status household

−3.421

1.176

−0.102^**

−2.909

[−5.73, −1.11]

.004

−2.314

1.566

−0.072

−1.477

[−5.39, 0.76]

.140

Parent’s preferred language

−1.537

1.545

−0.046

−0.995

[−1.60, 1.56]

.320

−1.829

2.142

−0.057

−0.854

[−1.88, 2.43]

.394

Primary language spoken at home

−0.020

0.804

−0.001

−0.024

[−4.57, 1.49]

.981

0.271

1.097

0.016

0.247

[−6.04, 2.38]

.805

Step 3: Cultural variables added

Parent educational attainment

0.430

0.198

0.082^*

2.176

[0.04, 0.82]

.030

−0.030

0.275

−0.006

−0.108

[−0.57, 0.51]

.914

Parent having full-time employment

0.419

1.026

0.014

0.408

[−1.59, 2.43]

.683

−1.906

1.384

−0.070

−1.377

[−4.63, 0.81]

.169

Mixed immigration status household

−3.619

1.186

−0.108^**

−3.051

[−5.95, −1.29]

.002

−3.104

1.699

−0.095

−1.827

[−6.44, 0.24]

.068

Parent’s preferred language

−1.518

1.566

−0.046

−0.970

[−4.59, 1.55]

.332

−1.632

2.253

−0.051

−0.724

[−6.06, 2.80]

.469

Primary language spoken at home

−0.298

0.812

−0.017

−0.367

[−1.89, 1.30]

.714

−0.056

1.164

−0.003

−0.048

[−2.34, 2.23]

.962

Youth ethnic identity

−0.076

0.141

−0.021

−0.534

[−0.35, 0.20]

.594

−0.091

0.210

−0.025

−0.435

[−0.50, 0.32]

.664

Youth heritage acculturation

−0.104

0.057

−0.087

−1.817

[−0.22, 0.01]

.070

0.026

0.081

0.023

0.323

[−0.13, 0.18]

.747

Youth USA acculturation

0.087

0.058

0.065

1.509

[−0.03, 0.20]

.132

−0.178

0.080

−0.140^*

−2.205

[−0.34, −0.02]

.028

Parent ethnic identity

−0.023

0.093

−0.008

−0.245

[−0.21, 0.16]

.807

0.345

0.210

0.125^**

−0.435

[0.09, 0.60]

.664

Parent heritage acculturation

0.091

0.046

0.090^*

2.001

[0.002, 0.18]

.046

0.025

0.068

0.025

0.371

[−0.12, 0.16]

.710

Parent USA acculturation

−0.085

0.048

−0.077

−1.754

[−0.18, 0.01]

.079

0.051

0.073

0.046

0.696

[−0.09, 0.19]

.487

	Inhibitory control^a	Cognitive flexibility^b
Step 1: Demographic variables alone
Parent educational attainment	0.490	0.180	0.093^**	2.720	[0.14, 0.84]	.007	0.094	0.235	0.018	0.401	[−0.37, 0.56]	.688
Parent having full-time employment	0.039	1.099	0.001	0.038	[−1.95, 2.03]	.970	−1.758	1.252	−0.063	−1.404	[−0.4.22, 0.70]	.161
Mixed immigration status household	−3.811	1.099	−0.114^***	−3.467	[−5.97, −1.65]	<.001	−3.050	1.377	−0.095^*	−2.216	[−5.76, −0.35]	.027
Step 2: Language variables added
Parent educational attainment	0.401	0.194	0.076^*	2.060	[0.02, 0.78]	.040	−0.001	0.254	−0.000	−0.006	[−0.50, 0.50]	.995
Parent having full-time employment	0.238	0.008	1.027	0.232	[−1.78, 2.25]	.817	−1.876	1.321	−0.069	−1.420	[−4.47, 0.72]	.156
Mixed immigration status household	−3.421	1.176	−0.102^**	−2.909	[−5.73, −1.11]	.004	−2.314	1.566	−0.072	−1.477	[−5.39, 0.76]	.140
Parent’s preferred language	−1.537	1.545	−0.046	−0.995	[−1.60, 1.56]	.320	−1.829	2.142	−0.057	−0.854	[−1.88, 2.43]	.394
Primary language spoken at home	−0.020	0.804	−0.001	−0.024	[−4.57, 1.49]	.981	0.271	1.097	0.016	0.247	[−6.04, 2.38]	.805
Step 3: Cultural variables added
Parent educational attainment	0.430	0.198	0.082^*	2.176	[0.04, 0.82]	.030	−0.030	0.275	−0.006	−0.108	[−0.57, 0.51]	.914
Parent having full-time employment	0.419	1.026	0.014	0.408	[−1.59, 2.43]	.683	−1.906	1.384	−0.070	−1.377	[−4.63, 0.81]	.169
Mixed immigration status household	−3.619	1.186	−0.108^**	−3.051	[−5.95, −1.29]	.002	−3.104	1.699	−0.095	−1.827	[−6.44, 0.24]	.068
Parent’s preferred language	−1.518	1.566	−0.046	−0.970	[−4.59, 1.55]	.332	−1.632	2.253	−0.051	−0.724	[−6.06, 2.80]	.469
Primary language spoken at home	−0.298	0.812	−0.017	−0.367	[−1.89, 1.30]	.714	−0.056	1.164	−0.003	−0.048	[−2.34, 2.23]	.962
Youth ethnic identity	−0.076	0.141	−0.021	−0.534	[−0.35, 0.20]	.594	−0.091	0.210	−0.025	−0.435	[−0.50, 0.32]	.664
Youth heritage acculturation	−0.104	0.057	−0.087	−1.817	[−0.22, 0.01]	.070	0.026	0.081	0.023	0.323	[−0.13, 0.18]	.747
Youth USA acculturation	0.087	0.058	0.065	1.509	[−0.03, 0.20]	.132	−0.178	0.080	−0.140^*	−2.205	[−0.34, −0.02]	.028
Parent ethnic identity	−0.023	0.093	−0.008	−0.245	[−0.21, 0.16]	.807	0.345	0.210	0.125^**	−0.435	[0.09, 0.60]	.664
Parent heritage acculturation	0.091	0.046	0.090^*	2.001	[0.002, 0.18]	.046	0.025	0.068	0.025	0.371	[−0.12, 0.16]	.710
Parent USA acculturation	−0.085	0.048	−0.077	−1.754	[−0.18, 0.01]	.079	0.051	0.073	0.046	0.696	[−0.09, 0.19]	.487

Inhibitory control^a

Cognitive flexibility^b

Predictors

95% CI

Step 1: Demographic variables alone

Parent educational attainment

0.490

0.180

0.093^**

2.720

[0.14, 0.84]

.007

0.094

0.235

0.018

0.401

[−0.37, 0.56]

.688

Parent having full-time employment

0.039

1.099

0.001

0.038

[−1.95, 2.03]

.970

−1.758

1.252

−0.063

−1.404

[−0.4.22, 0.70]

.161

Mixed immigration status household

−3.811

1.099

−0.114^***

−3.467

[−5.97, −1.65]

<.001

−3.050

1.377

−0.095^*

−2.216

[−5.76, −0.35]

.027

Step 2: Language variables added

Parent educational attainment

0.401

0.194

0.076^*

2.060

[0.02, 0.78]

.040

−0.001

0.254

−0.000

−0.006

[−0.50, 0.50]

.995

Parent having full-time employment

0.238

0.008

1.027

0.232

[−1.78, 2.25]

.817

−1.876

1.321

−0.069

−1.420

[−4.47, 0.72]

.156

Mixed immigration status household

−3.421

1.176

−0.102^**

−2.909

[−5.73, −1.11]

.004

−2.314

1.566

−0.072

−1.477

[−5.39, 0.76]

.140

Parent’s preferred language

−1.537

1.545

−0.046

−0.995

[−1.60, 1.56]

.320

−1.829

2.142

−0.057

−0.854

[−1.88, 2.43]

.394

Primary language spoken at home

−0.020

0.804

−0.001

−0.024

[−4.57, 1.49]

.981

0.271

1.097

0.016

0.247

[−6.04, 2.38]

.805

Step 3: Cultural variables added

Parent educational attainment

0.430

0.198

0.082^*

2.176

[0.04, 0.82]

.030

−0.030

0.275

−0.006

−0.108

[−0.57, 0.51]

.914

Parent having full-time employment

0.419

1.026

0.014

0.408

[−1.59, 2.43]

.683

−1.906

1.384

−0.070

−1.377

[−4.63, 0.81]

.169

Mixed immigration status household

−3.619

1.186

−0.108^**

−3.051

[−5.95, −1.29]

.002

−3.104

1.699

−0.095

−1.827

[−6.44, 0.24]

.068

Parent’s preferred language

−1.518

1.566

−0.046

−0.970

[−4.59, 1.55]

.332

−1.632

2.253

−0.051

−0.724

[−6.06, 2.80]

.469

Primary language spoken at home

−0.298

0.812

−0.017

−0.367

[−1.89, 1.30]

.714

−0.056

1.164

−0.003

−0.048

[−2.34, 2.23]

.962

Youth ethnic identity

−0.076

0.141

−0.021

−0.534

[−0.35, 0.20]

.594

−0.091

0.210

−0.025

−0.435

[−0.50, 0.32]

.664

Youth heritage acculturation

−0.104

0.057

−0.087

−1.817

[−0.22, 0.01]

.070

0.026

0.081

0.023

0.323

[−0.13, 0.18]

.747

Youth USA acculturation

0.087

0.058

0.065

1.509

[−0.03, 0.20]

.132

−0.178

0.080

−0.140^*

−2.205

[−0.34, −0.02]

.028

Parent ethnic identity

−0.023

0.093

−0.008

−0.245

[−0.21, 0.16]

.807

0.345

0.210

0.125^**

−0.435

[0.09, 0.60]

.664

Parent heritage acculturation

0.091

0.046

0.090^*

2.001

[0.002, 0.18]

.046

0.025

0.068

0.025

0.371

[−0.12, 0.16]

.710

Parent USA acculturation

−0.085

0.048

−0.077

−1.754

[−0.18, 0.01]

.079

0.051

0.073

0.046

0.696

[−0.09, 0.19]

.487

Table 3

Open in new tab

Hierarchical linear regression analyses predicting performance on tasks of executive function.

	Inhibitory control^a						Cognitive flexibility^b
Predictors	B	SE	β	t	95% CI	p	B	SE	β	t	95% CI	p
Step 1: Demographic variables alone
Parent educational attainment	0.490	0.180	0.093^**	2.720	[0.14, 0.84]	.007	0.094	0.235	0.018	0.401	[−0.37, 0.56]	.688
Parent having full-time employment	0.039	1.099	0.001	0.038	[−1.95, 2.03]	.970	−1.758	1.252	−0.063	−1.404	[−0.4.22, 0.70]	.161
Mixed immigration status household	−3.811	1.099	−0.114^***	−3.467	[−5.97, −1.65]	<.001	−3.050	1.377	−0.095^*	−2.216	[−5.76, −0.35]	.027
Step 2: Language variables added
Parent educational attainment	0.401	0.194	0.076^*	2.060	[0.02, 0.78]	.040	−0.001	0.254	−0.000	−0.006	[−0.50, 0.50]	.995
Parent having full-time employment	0.238	0.008	1.027	0.232	[−1.78, 2.25]	.817	−1.876	1.321	−0.069	−1.420	[−4.47, 0.72]	.156
Mixed immigration status household	−3.421	1.176	−0.102^**	−2.909	[−5.73, −1.11]	.004	−2.314	1.566	−0.072	−1.477	[−5.39, 0.76]	.140
Parent’s preferred language	−1.537	1.545	−0.046	−0.995	[−1.60, 1.56]	.320	−1.829	2.142	−0.057	−0.854	[−1.88, 2.43]	.394
Primary language spoken at home	−0.020	0.804	−0.001	−0.024	[−4.57, 1.49]	.981	0.271	1.097	0.016	0.247	[−6.04, 2.38]	.805
Step 3: Cultural variables added
Parent educational attainment	0.430	0.198	0.082^*	2.176	[0.04, 0.82]	.030	−0.030	0.275	−0.006	−0.108	[−0.57, 0.51]	.914
Parent having full-time employment	0.419	1.026	0.014	0.408	[−1.59, 2.43]	.683	−1.906	1.384	−0.070	−1.377	[−4.63, 0.81]	.169
Mixed immigration status household	−3.619	1.186	−0.108^**	−3.051	[−5.95, −1.29]	.002	−3.104	1.699	−0.095	−1.827	[−6.44, 0.24]	.068
Parent’s preferred language	−1.518	1.566	−0.046	−0.970	[−4.59, 1.55]	.332	−1.632	2.253	−0.051	−0.724	[−6.06, 2.80]	.469
Primary language spoken at home	−0.298	0.812	−0.017	−0.367	[−1.89, 1.30]	.714	−0.056	1.164	−0.003	−0.048	[−2.34, 2.23]	.962
Youth ethnic identity	−0.076	0.141	−0.021	−0.534	[−0.35, 0.20]	.594	−0.091	0.210	−0.025	−0.435	[−0.50, 0.32]	.664
Youth heritage acculturation	−0.104	0.057	−0.087	−1.817	[−0.22, 0.01]	.070	0.026	0.081	0.023	0.323	[−0.13, 0.18]	.747
Youth USA acculturation	0.087	0.058	0.065	1.509	[−0.03, 0.20]	.132	−0.178	0.080	−0.140^*	−2.205	[−0.34, −0.02]	.028
Parent ethnic identity	−0.023	0.093	−0.008	−0.245	[−0.21, 0.16]	.807	0.345	0.210	0.125^**	−0.435	[0.09, 0.60]	.664
Parent heritage acculturation	0.091	0.046	0.090^*	2.001	[0.002, 0.18]	.046	0.025	0.068	0.025	0.371	[−0.12, 0.16]	.710
Parent USA acculturation	−0.085	0.048	−0.077	−1.754	[−0.18, 0.01]	.079	0.051	0.073	0.046	0.696	[−0.09, 0.19]	.487

	Inhibitory control^a						Cognitive flexibility^b
Predictors	B	SE	β	t	95% CI	p	B	SE	β	t	95% CI	p
Step 1: Demographic variables alone
Parent educational attainment	0.490	0.180	0.093^**	2.720	[0.14, 0.84]	.007	0.094	0.235	0.018	0.401	[−0.37, 0.56]	.688
Parent having full-time employment	0.039	1.099	0.001	0.038	[−1.95, 2.03]	.970	−1.758	1.252	−0.063	−1.404	[−0.4.22, 0.70]	.161
Mixed immigration status household	−3.811	1.099	−0.114^***	−3.467	[−5.97, −1.65]	<.001	−3.050	1.377	−0.095^*	−2.216	[−5.76, −0.35]	.027
Step 2: Language variables added
Parent educational attainment	0.401	0.194	0.076^*	2.060	[0.02, 0.78]	.040	−0.001	0.254	−0.000	−0.006	[−0.50, 0.50]	.995
Parent having full-time employment	0.238	0.008	1.027	0.232	[−1.78, 2.25]	.817	−1.876	1.321	−0.069	−1.420	[−4.47, 0.72]	.156
Mixed immigration status household	−3.421	1.176	−0.102^**	−2.909	[−5.73, −1.11]	.004	−2.314	1.566	−0.072	−1.477	[−5.39, 0.76]	.140
Parent’s preferred language	−1.537	1.545	−0.046	−0.995	[−1.60, 1.56]	.320	−1.829	2.142	−0.057	−0.854	[−1.88, 2.43]	.394
Primary language spoken at home	−0.020	0.804	−0.001	−0.024	[−4.57, 1.49]	.981	0.271	1.097	0.016	0.247	[−6.04, 2.38]	.805
Step 3: Cultural variables added
Parent educational attainment	0.430	0.198	0.082^*	2.176	[0.04, 0.82]	.030	−0.030	0.275	−0.006	−0.108	[−0.57, 0.51]	.914
Parent having full-time employment	0.419	1.026	0.014	0.408	[−1.59, 2.43]	.683	−1.906	1.384	−0.070	−1.377	[−4.63, 0.81]	.169
Mixed immigration status household	−3.619	1.186	−0.108^**	−3.051	[−5.95, −1.29]	.002	−3.104	1.699	−0.095	−1.827	[−6.44, 0.24]	.068
Parent’s preferred language	−1.518	1.566	−0.046	−0.970	[−4.59, 1.55]	.332	−1.632	2.253	−0.051	−0.724	[−6.06, 2.80]	.469
Primary language spoken at home	−0.298	0.812	−0.017	−0.367	[−1.89, 1.30]	.714	−0.056	1.164	−0.003	−0.048	[−2.34, 2.23]	.962
Youth ethnic identity	−0.076	0.141	−0.021	−0.534	[−0.35, 0.20]	.594	−0.091	0.210	−0.025	−0.435	[−0.50, 0.32]	.664
Youth heritage acculturation	−0.104	0.057	−0.087	−1.817	[−0.22, 0.01]	.070	0.026	0.081	0.023	0.323	[−0.13, 0.18]	.747
Youth USA acculturation	0.087	0.058	0.065	1.509	[−0.03, 0.20]	.132	−0.178	0.080	−0.140^*	−2.205	[−0.34, −0.02]	.028
Parent ethnic identity	−0.023	0.093	−0.008	−0.245	[−0.21, 0.16]	.807	0.345	0.210	0.125^**	−0.435	[0.09, 0.60]	.664
Parent heritage acculturation	0.091	0.046	0.090^*	2.001	[0.002, 0.18]	.046	0.025	0.068	0.025	0.371	[−0.12, 0.16]	.710
Parent USA acculturation	−0.085	0.048	−0.077	−1.754	[−0.18, 0.01]	.079	0.051	0.073	0.046	0.696	[−0.09, 0.19]	.487

Note. Variables added in each step are shaded in gray. B = unstandardized beta coefficient, SE = standard error, β = standardized beta coefficient, t = t-statistic, 95% CI = 95% Confidence Interval, p = p-value

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.

^aAdj. R² = 0.019, ∆R² Step 2 = 0.000, ∆R² Step 3 = 0.005.

^bAdj. R² = 0.008, ∆R² Step 2 = −0.003, ∆R² Step 3 = 0.011.

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