Table 3
Open in new tab

Negative binomial estimates of protest events by category.

 Dependent variable:
 RiotsProtests
 Urban centreUrban clusterRuralUrban centreUrban clusterRural
 (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)
Time trend0.095**0.101*0.170***0.177***0.174***0.260***
(0.034)(0.041)(0.040)(0.036)(0.048)(0.060)
Time trend20.0020.003**0.0020.0010.0020.001
(0.001)(0.001)(0.001)(0.001)(0.001)(0.001)
Urbanization−0.0002−0.030−0.0290.073**−0.043−0.111**
(0.023)(0.030)(0.029)(0.023)(0.030)(0.037)
Urban growth−0.163**−0.058−0.127*−0.0330.052−0.010
(0.059)(0.062)(0.051)(0.061)(0.067)(0.061)
Pop (log)−0.5400.273−0.937−2.192**−0.795−1.353
(0.780)(0.771)(0.617)(0.784)(0.921)(1.033)
Polyarchy0.8410.4451.306*0.8310.8460.472
(0.488)(0.538)(0.582)(0.463)(0.572)(0.815)
GDP (log)0.212−0.024−0.041−0.1430.134−0.465*
(0.151)(0.185)(0.180)(0.147)(0.189)(0.221)
Observations1,2251,2251,2251,2251,2251,225
Log Likelihood−4,224−2,068−1,782−6,479−2,547−2,367.9
Akaike Inf. Crit.8,5614,2483,6771,3075,2074,847.9
 Dependent variable:
 RiotsProtests
 Urban centreUrban clusterRuralUrban centreUrban clusterRural
 (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)
Time trend0.095**0.101*0.170***0.177***0.174***0.260***
(0.034)(0.041)(0.040)(0.036)(0.048)(0.060)
Time trend20.0020.003**0.0020.0010.0020.001
(0.001)(0.001)(0.001)(0.001)(0.001)(0.001)
Urbanization−0.0002−0.030−0.0290.073**−0.043−0.111**
(0.023)(0.030)(0.029)(0.023)(0.030)(0.037)
Urban growth−0.163**−0.058−0.127*−0.0330.052−0.010
(0.059)(0.062)(0.051)(0.061)(0.067)(0.061)
Pop (log)−0.5400.273−0.937−2.192**−0.795−1.353
(0.780)(0.771)(0.617)(0.784)(0.921)(1.033)
Polyarchy0.8410.4451.306*0.8310.8460.472
(0.488)(0.538)(0.582)(0.463)(0.572)(0.815)
GDP (log)0.212−0.024−0.041−0.1430.134−0.465*
(0.151)(0.185)(0.180)(0.147)(0.189)(0.221)
Observations1,2251,2251,2251,2251,2251,225
Log Likelihood−4,224−2,068−1,782−6,479−2,547−2,367.9
Akaike Inf. Crit.8,5614,2483,6771,3075,2074,847.9

Note:

*

P < 0.05;

**

P < 0.01;

***

P < 0.001.

Table 3
Open in new tab

Negative binomial estimates of protest events by category.

 Dependent variable:
 RiotsProtests
 Urban centreUrban clusterRuralUrban centreUrban clusterRural
 (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)
Time trend0.095**0.101*0.170***0.177***0.174***0.260***
(0.034)(0.041)(0.040)(0.036)(0.048)(0.060)
Time trend20.0020.003**0.0020.0010.0020.001
(0.001)(0.001)(0.001)(0.001)(0.001)(0.001)
Urbanization−0.0002−0.030−0.0290.073**−0.043−0.111**
(0.023)(0.030)(0.029)(0.023)(0.030)(0.037)
Urban growth−0.163**−0.058−0.127*−0.0330.052−0.010
(0.059)(0.062)(0.051)(0.061)(0.067)(0.061)
Pop (log)−0.5400.273−0.937−2.192**−0.795−1.353
(0.780)(0.771)(0.617)(0.784)(0.921)(1.033)
Polyarchy0.8410.4451.306*0.8310.8460.472
(0.488)(0.538)(0.582)(0.463)(0.572)(0.815)
GDP (log)0.212−0.024−0.041−0.1430.134−0.465*
(0.151)(0.185)(0.180)(0.147)(0.189)(0.221)
Observations1,2251,2251,2251,2251,2251,225
Log Likelihood−4,224−2,068−1,782−6,479−2,547−2,367.9
Akaike Inf. Crit.8,5614,2483,6771,3075,2074,847.9
 Dependent variable:
 RiotsProtests
 Urban centreUrban clusterRuralUrban centreUrban clusterRural
 (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)
Time trend0.095**0.101*0.170***0.177***0.174***0.260***
(0.034)(0.041)(0.040)(0.036)(0.048)(0.060)
Time trend20.0020.003**0.0020.0010.0020.001
(0.001)(0.001)(0.001)(0.001)(0.001)(0.001)
Urbanization−0.0002−0.030−0.0290.073**−0.043−0.111**
(0.023)(0.030)(0.029)(0.023)(0.030)(0.037)
Urban growth−0.163**−0.058−0.127*−0.0330.052−0.010
(0.059)(0.062)(0.051)(0.061)(0.067)(0.061)
Pop (log)−0.5400.273−0.937−2.192**−0.795−1.353
(0.780)(0.771)(0.617)(0.784)(0.921)(1.033)
Polyarchy0.8410.4451.306*0.8310.8460.472
(0.488)(0.538)(0.582)(0.463)(0.572)(0.815)
GDP (log)0.212−0.024−0.041−0.1430.134−0.465*
(0.151)(0.185)(0.180)(0.147)(0.189)(0.221)
Observations1,2251,2251,2251,2251,2251,225
Log Likelihood−4,224−2,068−1,782−6,479−2,547−2,367.9
Akaike Inf. Crit.8,5614,2483,6771,3075,2074,847.9

Note:

*

P < 0.05;

**

P < 0.01;

***

P < 0.001.

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