. | Dependent variable . | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. | State-based . | Non-state . | One-sided . | ||||||
. | Urban centre . | Urban cluster . | Rural . | Urban centre . | Urban cluster . | Rural . | Urban centre . | Urban cluster . | Rural . |
. | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . | (9) . |
Time trend | −0.094 | −0.173*** | −0.215*** | 0.483*** | 0.259*** | 0.132** | −0.023 | −0.025 | 0.095* |
(0.078) | (0.051) | (0.042) | (0.072) | (0.073) | (0.046) | (0.057) | (0.070) | (0.044) | |
Time trend2 | 0.005* | 0.008*** | 0.011*** | −0.004* | 0.004* | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.007*** | 0.003* |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) | |
Urbanization | 0.036 | 0.085* | −0.043 | −0.052 | −0.075 | 0.088** | 0.040 | 0.183*** | 0.036 |
(0.047) | (0.034) | (0.026) | (0.043) | (0.045) | (0.032) | (0.034) | (0.047) | (0.030) | |
Urban growth | −0.165* | −0.013 | −0.131* | 0.007 | 0.041 | 0.107* | −0.059 | 0.206*** | −0.219*** |
(0.068) | (0.052) | (0.055) | (0.062) | (0.081) | (0.052) | (0.066) | (0.046) | (0.057) | |
Pop (log) | −1.678 | −2.480* | −1.199* | −12.881*** | −10.545*** | −4.885*** | 2.113 | −7.855*** | −2.722*** |
(1.802) | (0.962) | (0.596) | (1.832) | (1.782) | (1.027) | (1.475) | (1.946) | (0.774) | |
Polyarchy | −2.035 | 0.592 | −0.727 | −2.388* | −1.279 | 0.113 | −5.176*** | −4.814*** | −3.500*** |
(1.354) | (1.068) | (0.957) | (1.170) | (1.256) | (0.861) | (1.011) | (1.217) | (0.818) | |
GDP (log) | −0.116 | −0.629** | −0.534** | −0.493* | −0.411 | −0.125 | −0.583** | 0.204 | −0.692*** |
(0.293) | (0.242) | (0.196) | (0.212) | (0.222) | (0.171) | (0.204) | (0.279) | (0.187) | |
Observations | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 |
Log Likelihood | −2,564.766 | −2,207.323 | −3,641.516 | −913.262 | −812.766 | −1,218.246 | −1,980.113 | −1,955.873 | −3,115.629 |
Akaike Inf. Crit. | 5,241.531 | 4,526.647 | 7,395.031 | 1,938.523 | 1,737.531 | 2,548.493 | 4,072.227 | 4,023.746 | 6,343.258 |
. | Dependent variable . | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. | State-based . | Non-state . | One-sided . | ||||||
. | Urban centre . | Urban cluster . | Rural . | Urban centre . | Urban cluster . | Rural . | Urban centre . | Urban cluster . | Rural . |
. | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . | (9) . |
Time trend | −0.094 | −0.173*** | −0.215*** | 0.483*** | 0.259*** | 0.132** | −0.023 | −0.025 | 0.095* |
(0.078) | (0.051) | (0.042) | (0.072) | (0.073) | (0.046) | (0.057) | (0.070) | (0.044) | |
Time trend2 | 0.005* | 0.008*** | 0.011*** | −0.004* | 0.004* | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.007*** | 0.003* |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) | |
Urbanization | 0.036 | 0.085* | −0.043 | −0.052 | −0.075 | 0.088** | 0.040 | 0.183*** | 0.036 |
(0.047) | (0.034) | (0.026) | (0.043) | (0.045) | (0.032) | (0.034) | (0.047) | (0.030) | |
Urban growth | −0.165* | −0.013 | −0.131* | 0.007 | 0.041 | 0.107* | −0.059 | 0.206*** | −0.219*** |
(0.068) | (0.052) | (0.055) | (0.062) | (0.081) | (0.052) | (0.066) | (0.046) | (0.057) | |
Pop (log) | −1.678 | −2.480* | −1.199* | −12.881*** | −10.545*** | −4.885*** | 2.113 | −7.855*** | −2.722*** |
(1.802) | (0.962) | (0.596) | (1.832) | (1.782) | (1.027) | (1.475) | (1.946) | (0.774) | |
Polyarchy | −2.035 | 0.592 | −0.727 | −2.388* | −1.279 | 0.113 | −5.176*** | −4.814*** | −3.500*** |
(1.354) | (1.068) | (0.957) | (1.170) | (1.256) | (0.861) | (1.011) | (1.217) | (0.818) | |
GDP (log) | −0.116 | −0.629** | −0.534** | −0.493* | −0.411 | −0.125 | −0.583** | 0.204 | −0.692*** |
(0.293) | (0.242) | (0.196) | (0.212) | (0.222) | (0.171) | (0.204) | (0.279) | (0.187) | |
Observations | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 |
Log Likelihood | −2,564.766 | −2,207.323 | −3,641.516 | −913.262 | −812.766 | −1,218.246 | −1,980.113 | −1,955.873 | −3,115.629 |
Akaike Inf. Crit. | 5,241.531 | 4,526.647 | 7,395.031 | 1,938.523 | 1,737.531 | 2,548.493 | 4,072.227 | 4,023.746 | 6,343.258 |
. | Dependent variable . | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. | State-based . | Non-state . | One-sided . | ||||||
. | Urban centre . | Urban cluster . | Rural . | Urban centre . | Urban cluster . | Rural . | Urban centre . | Urban cluster . | Rural . |
. | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . | (9) . |
Time trend | −0.094 | −0.173*** | −0.215*** | 0.483*** | 0.259*** | 0.132** | −0.023 | −0.025 | 0.095* |
(0.078) | (0.051) | (0.042) | (0.072) | (0.073) | (0.046) | (0.057) | (0.070) | (0.044) | |
Time trend2 | 0.005* | 0.008*** | 0.011*** | −0.004* | 0.004* | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.007*** | 0.003* |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) | |
Urbanization | 0.036 | 0.085* | −0.043 | −0.052 | −0.075 | 0.088** | 0.040 | 0.183*** | 0.036 |
(0.047) | (0.034) | (0.026) | (0.043) | (0.045) | (0.032) | (0.034) | (0.047) | (0.030) | |
Urban growth | −0.165* | −0.013 | −0.131* | 0.007 | 0.041 | 0.107* | −0.059 | 0.206*** | −0.219*** |
(0.068) | (0.052) | (0.055) | (0.062) | (0.081) | (0.052) | (0.066) | (0.046) | (0.057) | |
Pop (log) | −1.678 | −2.480* | −1.199* | −12.881*** | −10.545*** | −4.885*** | 2.113 | −7.855*** | −2.722*** |
(1.802) | (0.962) | (0.596) | (1.832) | (1.782) | (1.027) | (1.475) | (1.946) | (0.774) | |
Polyarchy | −2.035 | 0.592 | −0.727 | −2.388* | −1.279 | 0.113 | −5.176*** | −4.814*** | −3.500*** |
(1.354) | (1.068) | (0.957) | (1.170) | (1.256) | (0.861) | (1.011) | (1.217) | (0.818) | |
GDP (log) | −0.116 | −0.629** | −0.534** | −0.493* | −0.411 | −0.125 | −0.583** | 0.204 | −0.692*** |
(0.293) | (0.242) | (0.196) | (0.212) | (0.222) | (0.171) | (0.204) | (0.279) | (0.187) | |
Observations | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 |
Log Likelihood | −2,564.766 | −2,207.323 | −3,641.516 | −913.262 | −812.766 | −1,218.246 | −1,980.113 | −1,955.873 | −3,115.629 |
Akaike Inf. Crit. | 5,241.531 | 4,526.647 | 7,395.031 | 1,938.523 | 1,737.531 | 2,548.493 | 4,072.227 | 4,023.746 | 6,343.258 |
. | Dependent variable . | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. | State-based . | Non-state . | One-sided . | ||||||
. | Urban centre . | Urban cluster . | Rural . | Urban centre . | Urban cluster . | Rural . | Urban centre . | Urban cluster . | Rural . |
. | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . | (9) . |
Time trend | −0.094 | −0.173*** | −0.215*** | 0.483*** | 0.259*** | 0.132** | −0.023 | −0.025 | 0.095* |
(0.078) | (0.051) | (0.042) | (0.072) | (0.073) | (0.046) | (0.057) | (0.070) | (0.044) | |
Time trend2 | 0.005* | 0.008*** | 0.011*** | −0.004* | 0.004* | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.007*** | 0.003* |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) | |
Urbanization | 0.036 | 0.085* | −0.043 | −0.052 | −0.075 | 0.088** | 0.040 | 0.183*** | 0.036 |
(0.047) | (0.034) | (0.026) | (0.043) | (0.045) | (0.032) | (0.034) | (0.047) | (0.030) | |
Urban growth | −0.165* | −0.013 | −0.131* | 0.007 | 0.041 | 0.107* | −0.059 | 0.206*** | −0.219*** |
(0.068) | (0.052) | (0.055) | (0.062) | (0.081) | (0.052) | (0.066) | (0.046) | (0.057) | |
Pop (log) | −1.678 | −2.480* | −1.199* | −12.881*** | −10.545*** | −4.885*** | 2.113 | −7.855*** | −2.722*** |
(1.802) | (0.962) | (0.596) | (1.832) | (1.782) | (1.027) | (1.475) | (1.946) | (0.774) | |
Polyarchy | −2.035 | 0.592 | −0.727 | −2.388* | −1.279 | 0.113 | −5.176*** | −4.814*** | −3.500*** |
(1.354) | (1.068) | (0.957) | (1.170) | (1.256) | (0.861) | (1.011) | (1.217) | (0.818) | |
GDP (log) | −0.116 | −0.629** | −0.534** | −0.493* | −0.411 | −0.125 | −0.583** | 0.204 | −0.692*** |
(0.293) | (0.242) | (0.196) | (0.212) | (0.222) | (0.171) | (0.204) | (0.279) | (0.187) | |
Observations | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 | 1,225 |
Log Likelihood | −2,564.766 | −2,207.323 | −3,641.516 | −913.262 | −812.766 | −1,218.246 | −1,980.113 | −1,955.873 | −3,115.629 |
Akaike Inf. Crit. | 5,241.531 | 4,526.647 | 7,395.031 | 1,938.523 | 1,737.531 | 2,548.493 | 4,072.227 | 4,023.746 | 6,343.258 |
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