Table 2. Open in new tab Overall effects...

Table 2.

Overall effects of media literacy interventions.

Variable	Time	ρ	k	95% CI	80% CredI	% Variance
Knowledge	Immed	0.28	28	0.20, 0.37	0, 0.56	7.60
	Delay	0.29	9	0.06, 0.52	−0.12, 0.70	3.49
Crit Beliefs	Immed	0.20	79	0.16, 0.24	0, 0.39	16.02
	Delay	0.16	33	0.10, 0.21	−0.03, 0.35	14.78
Expectancies	Immed	0.14	12	0.06, 0.21	−0.02, 0.29	16.20
	Delay	0.13	4	−0.43, 0.69	−0.43, 0.69	3.44
Realism	Immed	0.19	24	0.08, 0.29	−0.12, 0.49	9.35
	Delay	0.34	7	0.16, 0.52	0.08, 0.59	12.71
Attitudes	Immed	0.08	65	0.05, 0.12	−0.07, 0.23	20.90
	Delay	0.08	32	0.04, 0.13	−0.07, 0.24	18.27
Norms	Immed	0.08	17	0.03, 0.14	−0.05, 0.21	28.86
	Delay	0.08	6	−0.04, 0.20	−0.06, 0.22	29.53
Efficacy	Immed	0.09	19	0.04, 0.14	−0.03, 0.21	21.09
	Delay	0.09	8	0.02, 0.16	−0.01, 0.19	33.66
Behavior	Immed	0.15	62	0.10, 0.21	−0.10, 0.41	6.87
	Delay	0.06	37	0.02, 0.09	−0.07, 0.19	14.01

Variable	Time	ρ	k	95% CI	80% CredI	% Variance
Knowledge	Immed	0.28	28	0.20, 0.37	0, 0.56	7.60
	Delay	0.29	9	0.06, 0.52	−0.12, 0.70	3.49
Crit Beliefs	Immed	0.20	79	0.16, 0.24	0, 0.39	16.02
	Delay	0.16	33	0.10, 0.21	−0.03, 0.35	14.78
Expectancies	Immed	0.14	12	0.06, 0.21	−0.02, 0.29	16.20
	Delay	0.13	4	−0.43, 0.69	−0.43, 0.69	3.44
Realism	Immed	0.19	24	0.08, 0.29	−0.12, 0.49	9.35
	Delay	0.34	7	0.16, 0.52	0.08, 0.59	12.71
Attitudes	Immed	0.08	65	0.05, 0.12	−0.07, 0.23	20.90
	Delay	0.08	32	0.04, 0.13	−0.07, 0.24	18.27
Norms	Immed	0.08	17	0.03, 0.14	−0.05, 0.21	28.86
	Delay	0.08	6	−0.04, 0.20	−0.06, 0.22	29.53
Efficacy	Immed	0.09	19	0.04, 0.14	−0.03, 0.21	21.09
	Delay	0.09	8	0.02, 0.16	−0.01, 0.19	33.66
Behavior	Immed	0.15	62	0.10, 0.21	−0.10, 0.41	6.87
	Delay	0.06	37	0.02, 0.09	−0.07, 0.19	14.01

Note. “Variable” refers to the outcome, “Time” refers to whether the outcome was measured immediately after the intervention or at a later time point, “ρ” refers to the estimate of the population correlation, “k” refers to the number of studies in the estimate, “95% CI” refers to the 95% confidence interval around the estimate, “80% CredI” refers to the 80% credibility interval around the estimate, and “% Variance” refers to the amount of the variation in effect sizes explained by sampling and measurement error.

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