Table 1. Open in new tab Articles...

Publication details/study identifiers	Study design	Cohort characteristics	Assessment method	Pulmonary function
1⁴⁷	Nau et al (1995)	USA	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	12	MND 51.3 ± 12.7 Ctrl: 50.9 ± 12.3	MND: 0/12 Ctrl: 0/6	Yes+ (6)	IC	DEXA	No
2⁷	Kasarskis et al (1996)	USA	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	16	58	8/8	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes	FVC	No
3¹⁷	Desport et al (2001)	France	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	62	MND: 63 ± 11 Ctrl: 66 ± 3	MND: 30/32 Ctrl: -	Yes (31)	IC	BIA	Yes	VC
4⁴⁸	Sherman et al (2004)	USA	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	34	61.7 ± 8.85	18/16	No	IC	BIA	No
5⁴⁹	Desport et al (2005)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	168	–	0.97 (5/163)	No	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC
6³⁷	Bouteloup et al (2009)	France	Multi	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	61	64.3 ± 9.9	31/30	No	IC	DEXA	Yes	SVC, FVC, PEFR
7³⁹	Funalot et al (2009)	France	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	11	fALS: 60.7 ± 8.8	fALS: 5/6	Yes+ (33)	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC
								sALS: 60.4 ± 8.7	sALS: 15/18
8⁵⁰	Vaisman et al (2009)	Israel	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	33	MND: 59 ± 12.6	MND: 11/22	Yes+ (33)	IC	DEXA	No
								Ctrl: 57.8 ± 12.3	Ctrl: 11/22
9⁵¹	Siirala et al (2010)	Finland	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	5	55^a	1/4	No	IC		Yes	TIPPV	Permanently on TIPPV
10⁵²	Ellis et al (2011)	USA	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	56	54.89 ± 11.98	25/31	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes	FVC
11⁵³	Ichihara et al (2012)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	10	66 ± 11	3/7	No	DLW, Douglas bag	DLW	No
12⁵⁴	Georges et al (2014)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	16	68^a	4/12	No	IC		Yes		Using NIV for 24 h to 3 mo
13⁵⁵	Kasarskis et al (2014)	USA	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	80	58.7 ± 11.9	28/52	No	IC and DLW	BIA^b	Yes	FVC	FVC ≥50% of predicted
14⁵⁶	Shimizu et al (2017)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	26	64.5 (62.1–70.0)	13/13	No	DLW	DLW	Yes	FVC	Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support
15⁴⁰	Jésus et al (2018)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	315	65.9 (56.5–73.7)	154/161	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes	SVC, FVC, SNIF
16⁵⁷	Lunetta et al (2018)	Italy	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	50	MND: 66 ± 9.81 Ctrl: 62 ± 12.15	MND: 16/34 Ctrl: 14/18	Yes+ (32)	IC	BIA	Yes	%FVC, blood gas analysis (pCO₂/ ${HCO}_{2}^{-}$ ⁠)	Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support
17³⁸	Steyn et al (2018)	Australia	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	58	MND: 61 ± 8 Ctrl: 59 ± 8	MND: 20/38 Ctrl: 21/37	Yes+ (58)	IC	ADP	Yes	FVC	FVC <60%
18⁵⁸	Jésus et al (2019)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	315	65.9 (56.5–73.7)	154/161	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes
19⁵⁹	Jésus et al (2020)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	315	66.6 (56.9–74.1)	154/161	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes	FVC
20⁶⁰	Ngo et al (2020)	Australia	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	49	61.24 ± 8.81	15/34	Yes+ (51)	IC	ANTH, ADP	Yes	FVC	<60% FVC
21⁶¹	Steyn et al (2020)	Australia	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	18	55.4 ± 7.2	4/14	Yes+ (11)	IC	ADP	Yes	FVC
22⁶²	Fayemendy et al (2021)	France	Multi	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	287	MND: 66.4 (56.7–73.1) Ctrl: 75.0 (68.5–86.0)	MND: 142/145 Ctrl: 35/40	Yes (75)	IC	ANTH, BIA	No
23⁶³	Kurihara et al (2021)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Retrospective	Cross-sectional	42	70 (61–74)	20/22	No	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC, FEV, tidal volume
24⁶⁴	Nakamura et al (2021)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Retrospective	Cross-sectional	48	71 (65–75)	23/25	No	IC	BIA	Yes	PEFR, VC	Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support
25⁶⁵	Cattaneo et al (2022)	Italy; France	Multi	Cohort	Retrospective	Longitudinal	847	63.79^a	375/472	No	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC	NIV >16 h/d/invasive ventilation
26⁶⁶	He et al (2022)	China	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	93	MND: 53.0 ± 10.1	MND: 32/61	Yes+ (147)	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC
								Ctrl: 51.4 ± 11.6	Ctrl: 50/97
27⁶⁷	Nakamura et al (2022)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Retrospective	Cross-sectional	78	71 (66–75)	40/38	No	IC	BIA	Yes	VC
28⁶⁸	Dorst et al (2023)	Germany, Sweden	Multi	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	60	MND: 48.7 ± 14.9	MND: 36/24	Yes+ (73)	IC	BIA	No
								Ctrl: 47.2 ± 12.9	Ctrl: 39/34
29⁶⁹	Tandan et al (2023)	USA	Multi	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	10	MND: 55.9 ± 10.2	MND: 2/8	Yes+ (10)	IC, DLW	DEXA	Yes	FVC	Inability to lie supine
								Ctrl: 58.4 ± 6.8	Ctrl: 2/8
30³⁶	Roscoe et al (2023)	UK	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	16	62 ± 12.1	0/16	No	IC	ANTH	No
31⁷⁰	Janse van Mantgem et al (2024)	The Netherlands	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	140	62 ± 10.3	51/89	No	IC	ADP, BIA	Yes	FVC	Permanent assisted ventilation
32⁷¹	Holdom et al (2024)	Australia, the Netherlands, China	Multi	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	606						No
	Australia					140	60.42 ± 9.93	39/101	Yes+ (154)	IC	ADP
	The Netherlands					79	59.95 ± 10.11	26/53	Yes+ (37)	IC	ADP
	China					67	51.95 ± 10.41	27/40	Yes (129)	IC	BIA

Publication details/study identifiers

Study design

Cohort characteristics

Assessment method

Pulmonary function

Identifier (reference no.)

First author, y

Country

No. of Study sites

Case-control or cohort

Prospective or retrospective

Cross-sectional or longitudinal

No. of participants

Age ( median), y

Sex (no. of F/M)

Control group (no.)

Energy expenditure measurement

Body composition assessment

Conducted?

Method

Inclusion/exclusion criteria?

1⁴⁷

Nau et al (1995)

USA

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Longitudinal

MND 51.3 ± 12.7
Ctrl: 50.9 ± 12.3

MND: 0/12
Ctrl: 0/6

Yes+ (6)

DEXA

2⁷

Kasarskis et al (1996)

USA

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Longitudinal

8/8

ANTH, BIA

Yes

FVC

3¹⁷

Desport et al (2001)

France

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Cross-sectional

MND: 63 ± 11
Ctrl: 66 ± 3

MND: 30/32
Ctrl: -

Yes (31)

BIA

Yes

4⁴⁸

Sherman et al (2004)

USA

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

61.7 ± 8.85

18/16

BIA

5⁴⁹

Desport et al (2005)

France

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Longitudinal

168

–

0.97 (5/163)

BIA

Yes

FVC

6³⁷

Bouteloup et al (2009)

France

Multi

Cohort

Prospective

Longitudinal

64.3 ± 9.9

31/30

DEXA

Yes

SVC, FVC, PEFR

7³⁹

Funalot et al (2009)

France

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Cross-sectional

fALS: 60.7 ± 8.8

fALS: 5/6

Yes+ (33)

BIA

Yes

FVC

sALS: 60.4 ± 8.7

sALS: 15/18

8⁵⁰

Vaisman et al (2009)

Israel

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Longitudinal

MND: 59 ± 12.6

MND: 11/22

Yes+ (33)

DEXA

Ctrl: 57.8 ± 12.3

Ctrl: 11/22

9⁵¹

Siirala et al (2010)

Finland

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Longitudinal

55^a

1/4

Yes

TIPPV

Permanently on TIPPV

10⁵²

Ellis et al (2011)

USA

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

54.89 ± 11.98

25/31

ANTH, BIA

Yes

FVC

11⁵³

Ichihara et al (2012)

Japan

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

66 ± 11

3/7

DLW, Douglas bag

DLW

12⁵⁴

Georges et al (2014)

France

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

68^a

4/12

Yes

Using NIV for 24 h to 3 mo

13⁵⁵

Kasarskis et al (2014)

USA

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Longitudinal

58.7 ± 11.9

28/52

IC and DLW

BIA^b

Yes

FVC

FVC ≥50% of predicted

14⁵⁶

Shimizu et al (2017)

Japan

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

64.5 (62.1–70.0)

13/13

DLW

Yes

FVC

Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support

15⁴⁰

Jésus et al (2018)

France

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Longitudinal

315

65.9 (56.5–73.7)

154/161

ANTH, BIA

Yes

SVC, FVC, SNIF

16⁵⁷

Lunetta et al (2018)

Italy

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Cross-sectional

MND: 66 ± 9.81
Ctrl: 62 ± 12.15

MND: 16/34
Ctrl: 14/18

Yes+ (32)

BIA

Yes

%FVC, blood gas analysis (pCO₂/

{HCO}_{2}^{-}

⁠)

Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support

17³⁸

Steyn et al (2018)

Australia

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Longitudinal

MND: 61 ± 8
Ctrl: 59 ± 8

MND: 20/38
Ctrl: 21/37

Yes+ (58)

ADP

Yes

FVC

FVC <60%

18⁵⁸

Jésus et al (2019)

France

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

315

65.9 (56.5–73.7)

154/161

ANTH, BIA

Yes

19⁵⁹

Jésus et al (2020)

France

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

315

66.6 (56.9–74.1)

154/161

ANTH, BIA

Yes

FVC

20⁶⁰

Ngo et al (2020)

Australia

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Longitudinal

61.24 ± 8.81

15/34

Yes+ (51)

ANTH, ADP

Yes

FVC

<60% FVC

21⁶¹

Steyn et al (2020)

Australia

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Cross-sectional

55.4 ± 7.2

4/14

Yes+ (11)

ADP

Yes

FVC

22⁶²

Fayemendy et al (2021)

France

Multi

Case-control

Prospective

Cross-sectional

287

MND: 66.4 (56.7–73.1)
Ctrl: 75.0 (68.5–86.0)

MND: 142/145
Ctrl: 35/40

Yes (75)

ANTH, BIA

23⁶³

Kurihara et al (2021)

Japan

Single

Cohort

Retrospective

Cross-sectional

70 (61–74)

20/22

BIA

Yes

FVC, FEV, tidal volume

24⁶⁴

Nakamura et al (2021)

Japan

Single

Cohort

Retrospective

Cross-sectional

71 (65–75)

23/25

BIA

Yes

PEFR, VC

Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support

25⁶⁵

Cattaneo et al (2022)

Italy; France

Multi

Cohort

Retrospective

Longitudinal

847

63.79^a

375/472

BIA

Yes

FVC

NIV >16 h/d/invasive ventilation

26⁶⁶

He et al (2022)

China

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Longitudinal

MND: 53.0 ± 10.1

MND: 32/61

Yes+ (147)

BIA

Yes

FVC

Ctrl: 51.4 ± 11.6

Ctrl: 50/97

27⁶⁷

Nakamura et al (2022)

Japan

Single

Cohort

Retrospective

Cross-sectional

71 (66–75)

40/38

BIA

Yes

28⁶⁸

Dorst et al (2023)

Germany, Sweden

Multi

Case-control

Prospective

Longitudinal

MND: 48.7 ± 14.9

MND: 36/24

Yes+ (73)

BIA

Ctrl: 47.2 ± 12.9

Ctrl: 39/34

29⁶⁹

Tandan et al (2023)

USA

Multi

Case-control

Prospective

Cross-sectional

MND: 55.9 ± 10.2

MND: 2/8

Yes+ (10)

IC, DLW

DEXA

Yes

FVC

Inability to lie supine

Ctrl: 58.4 ± 6.8

Ctrl: 2/8

30³⁶

Roscoe et al (2023)

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

62 ± 12.1

0/16

ANTH

31⁷⁰

Janse van Mantgem et al (2024)

The Netherlands

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

140

62 ± 10.3

51/89

ADP, BIA

Yes

FVC

Permanent assisted ventilation

32⁷¹

Holdom et al (2024)

Australia, the Netherlands, China

Multi

Case-control

Prospective

Cross-sectional

606

Australia

140

60.42 ± 9.93

39/101

Yes+ (154)

ADP

The Netherlands

59.95 ± 10.11

26/53

Yes+ (37)

ADP

China

51.95 ± 10.41

27/40

Yes (129)

BIA

Publication details/study identifiers	Study design	Cohort characteristics	Assessment method	Pulmonary function
1⁴⁷	Nau et al (1995)	USA	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	12	MND 51.3 ± 12.7 Ctrl: 50.9 ± 12.3	MND: 0/12 Ctrl: 0/6	Yes+ (6)	IC	DEXA	No
2⁷	Kasarskis et al (1996)	USA	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	16	58	8/8	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes	FVC	No
3¹⁷	Desport et al (2001)	France	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	62	MND: 63 ± 11 Ctrl: 66 ± 3	MND: 30/32 Ctrl: -	Yes (31)	IC	BIA	Yes	VC
4⁴⁸	Sherman et al (2004)	USA	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	34	61.7 ± 8.85	18/16	No	IC	BIA	No
5⁴⁹	Desport et al (2005)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	168	–	0.97 (5/163)	No	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC
6³⁷	Bouteloup et al (2009)	France	Multi	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	61	64.3 ± 9.9	31/30	No	IC	DEXA	Yes	SVC, FVC, PEFR
7³⁹	Funalot et al (2009)	France	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	11	fALS: 60.7 ± 8.8	fALS: 5/6	Yes+ (33)	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC
								sALS: 60.4 ± 8.7	sALS: 15/18
8⁵⁰	Vaisman et al (2009)	Israel	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	33	MND: 59 ± 12.6	MND: 11/22	Yes+ (33)	IC	DEXA	No
								Ctrl: 57.8 ± 12.3	Ctrl: 11/22
9⁵¹	Siirala et al (2010)	Finland	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	5	55^a	1/4	No	IC		Yes	TIPPV	Permanently on TIPPV
10⁵²	Ellis et al (2011)	USA	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	56	54.89 ± 11.98	25/31	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes	FVC
11⁵³	Ichihara et al (2012)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	10	66 ± 11	3/7	No	DLW, Douglas bag	DLW	No
12⁵⁴	Georges et al (2014)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	16	68^a	4/12	No	IC		Yes		Using NIV for 24 h to 3 mo
13⁵⁵	Kasarskis et al (2014)	USA	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	80	58.7 ± 11.9	28/52	No	IC and DLW	BIA^b	Yes	FVC	FVC ≥50% of predicted
14⁵⁶	Shimizu et al (2017)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	26	64.5 (62.1–70.0)	13/13	No	DLW	DLW	Yes	FVC	Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support
15⁴⁰	Jésus et al (2018)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	315	65.9 (56.5–73.7)	154/161	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes	SVC, FVC, SNIF
16⁵⁷	Lunetta et al (2018)	Italy	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	50	MND: 66 ± 9.81 Ctrl: 62 ± 12.15	MND: 16/34 Ctrl: 14/18	Yes+ (32)	IC	BIA	Yes	%FVC, blood gas analysis (pCO₂/ ${HCO}_{2}^{-}$ ⁠)	Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support
17³⁸	Steyn et al (2018)	Australia	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	58	MND: 61 ± 8 Ctrl: 59 ± 8	MND: 20/38 Ctrl: 21/37	Yes+ (58)	IC	ADP	Yes	FVC	FVC <60%
18⁵⁸	Jésus et al (2019)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	315	65.9 (56.5–73.7)	154/161	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes
19⁵⁹	Jésus et al (2020)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	315	66.6 (56.9–74.1)	154/161	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes	FVC
20⁶⁰	Ngo et al (2020)	Australia	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	49	61.24 ± 8.81	15/34	Yes+ (51)	IC	ANTH, ADP	Yes	FVC	<60% FVC
21⁶¹	Steyn et al (2020)	Australia	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	18	55.4 ± 7.2	4/14	Yes+ (11)	IC	ADP	Yes	FVC
22⁶²	Fayemendy et al (2021)	France	Multi	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	287	MND: 66.4 (56.7–73.1) Ctrl: 75.0 (68.5–86.0)	MND: 142/145 Ctrl: 35/40	Yes (75)	IC	ANTH, BIA	No
23⁶³	Kurihara et al (2021)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Retrospective	Cross-sectional	42	70 (61–74)	20/22	No	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC, FEV, tidal volume
24⁶⁴	Nakamura et al (2021)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Retrospective	Cross-sectional	48	71 (65–75)	23/25	No	IC	BIA	Yes	PEFR, VC	Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support
25⁶⁵	Cattaneo et al (2022)	Italy; France	Multi	Cohort	Retrospective	Longitudinal	847	63.79^a	375/472	No	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC	NIV >16 h/d/invasive ventilation
26⁶⁶	He et al (2022)	China	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	93	MND: 53.0 ± 10.1	MND: 32/61	Yes+ (147)	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC
								Ctrl: 51.4 ± 11.6	Ctrl: 50/97
27⁶⁷	Nakamura et al (2022)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Retrospective	Cross-sectional	78	71 (66–75)	40/38	No	IC	BIA	Yes	VC
28⁶⁸	Dorst et al (2023)	Germany, Sweden	Multi	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	60	MND: 48.7 ± 14.9	MND: 36/24	Yes+ (73)	IC	BIA	No
								Ctrl: 47.2 ± 12.9	Ctrl: 39/34
29⁶⁹	Tandan et al (2023)	USA	Multi	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	10	MND: 55.9 ± 10.2	MND: 2/8	Yes+ (10)	IC, DLW	DEXA	Yes	FVC	Inability to lie supine
								Ctrl: 58.4 ± 6.8	Ctrl: 2/8
30³⁶	Roscoe et al (2023)	UK	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	16	62 ± 12.1	0/16	No	IC	ANTH	No
31⁷⁰	Janse van Mantgem et al (2024)	The Netherlands	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	140	62 ± 10.3	51/89	No	IC	ADP, BIA	Yes	FVC	Permanent assisted ventilation
32⁷¹	Holdom et al (2024)	Australia, the Netherlands, China	Multi	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	606						No
	Australia					140	60.42 ± 9.93	39/101	Yes+ (154)	IC	ADP
	The Netherlands					79	59.95 ± 10.11	26/53	Yes+ (37)	IC	ADP
	China					67	51.95 ± 10.41	27/40	Yes (129)	IC	BIA

Publication details/study identifiers

Study design

Cohort characteristics

Assessment method

Pulmonary function

Identifier (reference no.)

First author, y

Country

No. of Study sites

Case-control or cohort

Prospective or retrospective

Cross-sectional or longitudinal

No. of participants

Age ( median), y

Sex (no. of F/M)

Control group (no.)

Energy expenditure measurement

Body composition assessment

Conducted?

Method

Inclusion/exclusion criteria?

1⁴⁷

Nau et al (1995)

USA

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Longitudinal

MND 51.3 ± 12.7
Ctrl: 50.9 ± 12.3

MND: 0/12
Ctrl: 0/6

Yes+ (6)

DEXA

2⁷

Kasarskis et al (1996)

USA

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Longitudinal

8/8

ANTH, BIA

Yes

FVC

3¹⁷

Desport et al (2001)

France

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Cross-sectional

MND: 63 ± 11
Ctrl: 66 ± 3

MND: 30/32
Ctrl: -

Yes (31)

BIA

Yes

4⁴⁸

Sherman et al (2004)

USA

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

61.7 ± 8.85

18/16

BIA

5⁴⁹

Desport et al (2005)

France

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Longitudinal

168

–

0.97 (5/163)

BIA

Yes

FVC

6³⁷

Bouteloup et al (2009)

France

Multi

Cohort

Prospective

Longitudinal

64.3 ± 9.9

31/30

DEXA

Yes

SVC, FVC, PEFR

7³⁹

Funalot et al (2009)

France

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Cross-sectional

fALS: 60.7 ± 8.8

fALS: 5/6

Yes+ (33)

BIA

Yes

FVC

sALS: 60.4 ± 8.7

sALS: 15/18

8⁵⁰

Vaisman et al (2009)

Israel

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Longitudinal

MND: 59 ± 12.6

MND: 11/22

Yes+ (33)

DEXA

Ctrl: 57.8 ± 12.3

Ctrl: 11/22

9⁵¹

Siirala et al (2010)

Finland

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Longitudinal

55^a

1/4

Yes

TIPPV

Permanently on TIPPV

10⁵²

Ellis et al (2011)

USA

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

54.89 ± 11.98

25/31

ANTH, BIA

Yes

FVC

11⁵³

Ichihara et al (2012)

Japan

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

66 ± 11

3/7

DLW, Douglas bag

DLW

12⁵⁴

Georges et al (2014)

France

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

68^a

4/12

Yes

Using NIV for 24 h to 3 mo

13⁵⁵

Kasarskis et al (2014)

USA

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Longitudinal

58.7 ± 11.9

28/52

IC and DLW

BIA^b

Yes

FVC

FVC ≥50% of predicted

14⁵⁶

Shimizu et al (2017)

Japan

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

64.5 (62.1–70.0)

13/13

DLW

Yes

FVC

Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support

15⁴⁰

Jésus et al (2018)

France

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Longitudinal

315

65.9 (56.5–73.7)

154/161

ANTH, BIA

Yes

SVC, FVC, SNIF

16⁵⁷

Lunetta et al (2018)

Italy

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Cross-sectional

MND: 66 ± 9.81
Ctrl: 62 ± 12.15

MND: 16/34
Ctrl: 14/18

Yes+ (32)

BIA

Yes

%FVC, blood gas analysis (pCO₂/

{HCO}_{2}^{-}

⁠)

Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support

17³⁸

Steyn et al (2018)

Australia

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Longitudinal

MND: 61 ± 8
Ctrl: 59 ± 8

MND: 20/38
Ctrl: 21/37

Yes+ (58)

ADP

Yes

FVC

FVC <60%

18⁵⁸

Jésus et al (2019)

France

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

315

65.9 (56.5–73.7)

154/161

ANTH, BIA

Yes

19⁵⁹

Jésus et al (2020)

France

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

315

66.6 (56.9–74.1)

154/161

ANTH, BIA

Yes

FVC

20⁶⁰

Ngo et al (2020)

Australia

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Longitudinal

61.24 ± 8.81

15/34

Yes+ (51)

ANTH, ADP

Yes

FVC

<60% FVC

21⁶¹

Steyn et al (2020)

Australia

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Cross-sectional

55.4 ± 7.2

4/14

Yes+ (11)

ADP

Yes

FVC

22⁶²

Fayemendy et al (2021)

France

Multi

Case-control

Prospective

Cross-sectional

287

MND: 66.4 (56.7–73.1)
Ctrl: 75.0 (68.5–86.0)

MND: 142/145
Ctrl: 35/40

Yes (75)

ANTH, BIA

23⁶³

Kurihara et al (2021)

Japan

Single

Cohort

Retrospective

Cross-sectional

70 (61–74)

20/22

BIA

Yes

FVC, FEV, tidal volume

24⁶⁴

Nakamura et al (2021)

Japan

Single

Cohort

Retrospective

Cross-sectional

71 (65–75)

23/25

BIA

Yes

PEFR, VC

Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support

25⁶⁵

Cattaneo et al (2022)

Italy; France

Multi

Cohort

Retrospective

Longitudinal

847

63.79^a

375/472

BIA

Yes

FVC

NIV >16 h/d/invasive ventilation

26⁶⁶

He et al (2022)

China

Single

Case-control

Prospective

Longitudinal

MND: 53.0 ± 10.1

MND: 32/61

Yes+ (147)

BIA

Yes

FVC

Ctrl: 51.4 ± 11.6

Ctrl: 50/97

27⁶⁷

Nakamura et al (2022)

Japan

Single

Cohort

Retrospective

Cross-sectional

71 (66–75)

40/38

BIA

Yes

28⁶⁸

Dorst et al (2023)

Germany, Sweden

Multi

Case-control

Prospective

Longitudinal

MND: 48.7 ± 14.9

MND: 36/24

Yes+ (73)

BIA

Ctrl: 47.2 ± 12.9

Ctrl: 39/34

29⁶⁹

Tandan et al (2023)

USA

Multi

Case-control

Prospective

Cross-sectional

MND: 55.9 ± 10.2

MND: 2/8

Yes+ (10)

IC, DLW

DEXA

Yes

FVC

Inability to lie supine

Ctrl: 58.4 ± 6.8

Ctrl: 2/8

30³⁶

Roscoe et al (2023)

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

62 ± 12.1

0/16

ANTH

31⁷⁰

Janse van Mantgem et al (2024)

The Netherlands

Single

Cohort

Prospective

Cross-sectional

140

62 ± 10.3

51/89

ADP, BIA

Yes

FVC

Permanent assisted ventilation

32⁷¹

Holdom et al (2024)

Australia, the Netherlands, China

Multi

Case-control

Prospective

Cross-sectional

606

Australia

140

60.42 ± 9.93

39/101

Yes+ (154)

ADP

The Netherlands

59.95 ± 10.11

26/53

Yes+ (37)

ADP

China

51.95 ± 10.41

27/40

Yes (129)

BIA

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Articles Included in the Scoping Review

Publication details/study identifiers			Study design				Cohort characteristics				Assessment method		Pulmonary function
Identifier (reference no.)	First author, y	Country	No. of Study sites	Case-control or cohort	Prospective or retrospective	Cross-sectional or longitudinal	No. of participants	Age ( median), y	Sex (no. of F/M)	Control group (no.)	Energy expenditure measurement	Body composition assessment	Conducted?	Method	Inclusion/exclusion criteria?
1⁴⁷	Nau et al (1995)	USA	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	12	MND 51.3 ± 12.7 Ctrl: 50.9 ± 12.3	MND: 0/12 Ctrl: 0/6	Yes+ (6)	IC	DEXA	No
2⁷	Kasarskis et al (1996)	USA	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	16	58	8/8	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes	FVC	No
3¹⁷	Desport et al (2001)	France	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	62	MND: 63 ± 11 Ctrl: 66 ± 3	MND: 30/32 Ctrl: -	Yes (31)	IC	BIA	Yes	VC
4⁴⁸	Sherman et al (2004)	USA	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	34	61.7 ± 8.85	18/16	No	IC	BIA	No
5⁴⁹	Desport et al (2005)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	168	–	0.97 (5/163)	No	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC
6³⁷	Bouteloup et al (2009)	France	Multi	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	61	64.3 ± 9.9	31/30	No	IC	DEXA	Yes	SVC, FVC, PEFR
7³⁹	Funalot et al (2009)	France	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	11	fALS: 60.7 ± 8.8	fALS: 5/6	Yes+ (33)	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC
								sALS: 60.4 ± 8.7	sALS: 15/18
8⁵⁰	Vaisman et al (2009)	Israel	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	33	MND: 59 ± 12.6	MND: 11/22	Yes+ (33)	IC	DEXA	No
								Ctrl: 57.8 ± 12.3	Ctrl: 11/22
9⁵¹	Siirala et al (2010)	Finland	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	5	55^a	1/4	No	IC		Yes	TIPPV	Permanently on TIPPV
10⁵²	Ellis et al (2011)	USA	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	56	54.89 ± 11.98	25/31	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes	FVC
11⁵³	Ichihara et al (2012)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	10	66 ± 11	3/7	No	DLW, Douglas bag	DLW	No
12⁵⁴	Georges et al (2014)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	16	68^a	4/12	No	IC		Yes		Using NIV for 24 h to 3 mo
13⁵⁵	Kasarskis et al (2014)	USA	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	80	58.7 ± 11.9	28/52	No	IC and DLW	BIA^b	Yes	FVC	FVC ≥50% of predicted
14⁵⁶	Shimizu et al (2017)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	26	64.5 (62.1–70.0)	13/13	No	DLW	DLW	Yes	FVC	Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support
15⁴⁰	Jésus et al (2018)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	315	65.9 (56.5–73.7)	154/161	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes	SVC, FVC, SNIF
16⁵⁷	Lunetta et al (2018)	Italy	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	50	MND: 66 ± 9.81 Ctrl: 62 ± 12.15	MND: 16/34 Ctrl: 14/18	Yes+ (32)	IC	BIA	Yes	%FVC, blood gas analysis (pCO₂/ ${HCO}_{2}^{-}$ ⁠)	Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support
17³⁸	Steyn et al (2018)	Australia	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	58	MND: 61 ± 8 Ctrl: 59 ± 8	MND: 20/38 Ctrl: 21/37	Yes+ (58)	IC	ADP	Yes	FVC	FVC <60%
18⁵⁸	Jésus et al (2019)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	315	65.9 (56.5–73.7)	154/161	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes
19⁵⁹	Jésus et al (2020)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	315	66.6 (56.9–74.1)	154/161	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes	FVC
20⁶⁰	Ngo et al (2020)	Australia	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	49	61.24 ± 8.81	15/34	Yes+ (51)	IC	ANTH, ADP	Yes	FVC	<60% FVC
21⁶¹	Steyn et al (2020)	Australia	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	18	55.4 ± 7.2	4/14	Yes+ (11)	IC	ADP	Yes	FVC
22⁶²	Fayemendy et al (2021)	France	Multi	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	287	MND: 66.4 (56.7–73.1) Ctrl: 75.0 (68.5–86.0)	MND: 142/145 Ctrl: 35/40	Yes (75)	IC	ANTH, BIA	No
23⁶³	Kurihara et al (2021)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Retrospective	Cross-sectional	42	70 (61–74)	20/22	No	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC, FEV, tidal volume
24⁶⁴	Nakamura et al (2021)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Retrospective	Cross-sectional	48	71 (65–75)	23/25	No	IC	BIA	Yes	PEFR, VC	Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support
25⁶⁵	Cattaneo et al (2022)	Italy; France	Multi	Cohort	Retrospective	Longitudinal	847	63.79^a	375/472	No	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC	NIV >16 h/d/invasive ventilation
26⁶⁶	He et al (2022)	China	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	93	MND: 53.0 ± 10.1	MND: 32/61	Yes+ (147)	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC
								Ctrl: 51.4 ± 11.6	Ctrl: 50/97
27⁶⁷	Nakamura et al (2022)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Retrospective	Cross-sectional	78	71 (66–75)	40/38	No	IC	BIA	Yes	VC
28⁶⁸	Dorst et al (2023)	Germany, Sweden	Multi	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	60	MND: 48.7 ± 14.9	MND: 36/24	Yes+ (73)	IC	BIA	No
								Ctrl: 47.2 ± 12.9	Ctrl: 39/34
29⁶⁹	Tandan et al (2023)	USA	Multi	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	10	MND: 55.9 ± 10.2	MND: 2/8	Yes+ (10)	IC, DLW	DEXA	Yes	FVC	Inability to lie supine
								Ctrl: 58.4 ± 6.8	Ctrl: 2/8
30³⁶	Roscoe et al (2023)	UK	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	16	62 ± 12.1	0/16	No	IC	ANTH	No
31⁷⁰	Janse van Mantgem et al (2024)	The Netherlands	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	140	62 ± 10.3	51/89	No	IC	ADP, BIA	Yes	FVC	Permanent assisted ventilation
32⁷¹	Holdom et al (2024)	Australia, the Netherlands, China	Multi	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	606						No
		Australia					140	60.42 ± 9.93	39/101	Yes+ (154)	IC	ADP
		The Netherlands					79	59.95 ± 10.11	26/53	Yes+ (37)	IC	ADP
		China					67	51.95 ± 10.41	27/40	Yes (129)	IC	BIA

Publication details/study identifiers			Study design				Cohort characteristics				Assessment method		Pulmonary function
Identifier (reference no.)	First author, y	Country	No. of Study sites	Case-control or cohort	Prospective or retrospective	Cross-sectional or longitudinal	No. of participants	Age ( median), y	Sex (no. of F/M)	Control group (no.)	Energy expenditure measurement	Body composition assessment	Conducted?	Method	Inclusion/exclusion criteria?
1⁴⁷	Nau et al (1995)	USA	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	12	MND 51.3 ± 12.7 Ctrl: 50.9 ± 12.3	MND: 0/12 Ctrl: 0/6	Yes+ (6)	IC	DEXA	No
2⁷	Kasarskis et al (1996)	USA	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	16	58	8/8	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes	FVC	No
3¹⁷	Desport et al (2001)	France	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	62	MND: 63 ± 11 Ctrl: 66 ± 3	MND: 30/32 Ctrl: -	Yes (31)	IC	BIA	Yes	VC
4⁴⁸	Sherman et al (2004)	USA	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	34	61.7 ± 8.85	18/16	No	IC	BIA	No
5⁴⁹	Desport et al (2005)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	168	–	0.97 (5/163)	No	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC
6³⁷	Bouteloup et al (2009)	France	Multi	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	61	64.3 ± 9.9	31/30	No	IC	DEXA	Yes	SVC, FVC, PEFR
7³⁹	Funalot et al (2009)	France	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	11	fALS: 60.7 ± 8.8	fALS: 5/6	Yes+ (33)	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC
								sALS: 60.4 ± 8.7	sALS: 15/18
8⁵⁰	Vaisman et al (2009)	Israel	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	33	MND: 59 ± 12.6	MND: 11/22	Yes+ (33)	IC	DEXA	No
								Ctrl: 57.8 ± 12.3	Ctrl: 11/22
9⁵¹	Siirala et al (2010)	Finland	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	5	55^a	1/4	No	IC		Yes	TIPPV	Permanently on TIPPV
10⁵²	Ellis et al (2011)	USA	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	56	54.89 ± 11.98	25/31	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes	FVC
11⁵³	Ichihara et al (2012)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	10	66 ± 11	3/7	No	DLW, Douglas bag	DLW	No
12⁵⁴	Georges et al (2014)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	16	68^a	4/12	No	IC		Yes		Using NIV for 24 h to 3 mo
13⁵⁵	Kasarskis et al (2014)	USA	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	80	58.7 ± 11.9	28/52	No	IC and DLW	BIA^b	Yes	FVC	FVC ≥50% of predicted
14⁵⁶	Shimizu et al (2017)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	26	64.5 (62.1–70.0)	13/13	No	DLW	DLW	Yes	FVC	Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support
15⁴⁰	Jésus et al (2018)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Longitudinal	315	65.9 (56.5–73.7)	154/161	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes	SVC, FVC, SNIF
16⁵⁷	Lunetta et al (2018)	Italy	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	50	MND: 66 ± 9.81 Ctrl: 62 ± 12.15	MND: 16/34 Ctrl: 14/18	Yes+ (32)	IC	BIA	Yes	%FVC, blood gas analysis (pCO₂/ ${HCO}_{2}^{-}$ ⁠)	Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support
17³⁸	Steyn et al (2018)	Australia	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	58	MND: 61 ± 8 Ctrl: 59 ± 8	MND: 20/38 Ctrl: 21/37	Yes+ (58)	IC	ADP	Yes	FVC	FVC <60%
18⁵⁸	Jésus et al (2019)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	315	65.9 (56.5–73.7)	154/161	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes
19⁵⁹	Jésus et al (2020)	France	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	315	66.6 (56.9–74.1)	154/161	No	IC	ANTH, BIA	Yes	FVC
20⁶⁰	Ngo et al (2020)	Australia	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	49	61.24 ± 8.81	15/34	Yes+ (51)	IC	ANTH, ADP	Yes	FVC	<60% FVC
21⁶¹	Steyn et al (2020)	Australia	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	18	55.4 ± 7.2	4/14	Yes+ (11)	IC	ADP	Yes	FVC
22⁶²	Fayemendy et al (2021)	France	Multi	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	287	MND: 66.4 (56.7–73.1) Ctrl: 75.0 (68.5–86.0)	MND: 142/145 Ctrl: 35/40	Yes (75)	IC	ANTH, BIA	No
23⁶³	Kurihara et al (2021)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Retrospective	Cross-sectional	42	70 (61–74)	20/22	No	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC, FEV, tidal volume
24⁶⁴	Nakamura et al (2021)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Retrospective	Cross-sectional	48	71 (65–75)	23/25	No	IC	BIA	Yes	PEFR, VC	Exclusion of Pt receiving ventilatory support
25⁶⁵	Cattaneo et al (2022)	Italy; France	Multi	Cohort	Retrospective	Longitudinal	847	63.79^a	375/472	No	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC	NIV >16 h/d/invasive ventilation
26⁶⁶	He et al (2022)	China	Single	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	93	MND: 53.0 ± 10.1	MND: 32/61	Yes+ (147)	IC	BIA	Yes	FVC
								Ctrl: 51.4 ± 11.6	Ctrl: 50/97
27⁶⁷	Nakamura et al (2022)	Japan	Single	Cohort	Retrospective	Cross-sectional	78	71 (66–75)	40/38	No	IC	BIA	Yes	VC
28⁶⁸	Dorst et al (2023)	Germany, Sweden	Multi	Case-control	Prospective	Longitudinal	60	MND: 48.7 ± 14.9	MND: 36/24	Yes+ (73)	IC	BIA	No
								Ctrl: 47.2 ± 12.9	Ctrl: 39/34
29⁶⁹	Tandan et al (2023)	USA	Multi	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	10	MND: 55.9 ± 10.2	MND: 2/8	Yes+ (10)	IC, DLW	DEXA	Yes	FVC	Inability to lie supine
								Ctrl: 58.4 ± 6.8	Ctrl: 2/8
30³⁶	Roscoe et al (2023)	UK	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	16	62 ± 12.1	0/16	No	IC	ANTH	No
31⁷⁰	Janse van Mantgem et al (2024)	The Netherlands	Single	Cohort	Prospective	Cross-sectional	140	62 ± 10.3	51/89	No	IC	ADP, BIA	Yes	FVC	Permanent assisted ventilation
32⁷¹	Holdom et al (2024)	Australia, the Netherlands, China	Multi	Case-control	Prospective	Cross-sectional	606						No
		Australia					140	60.42 ± 9.93	39/101	Yes+ (154)	IC	ADP
		The Netherlands					79	59.95 ± 10.11	26/53	Yes+ (37)	IC	ADP
		China					67	51.95 ± 10.41	27/40	Yes (129)	IC	BIA

Data presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR), as reported in the primary literature.

Median was presented without IQR.

It is worth noting that Kasarskis et al⁵⁵ detail the use of bioelectrical spectroscopy; however, for purposes of this review, all bioelectric impedance analyses are grouped under BIA.

Abbreviations: ADP, air displacement plethysmography; ANTH, anthropometric measurement; BIA, bioimpedance analysis; Ctrl, control; DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; DLW, doubly labelled water; F, female; FEV, forced expiratory volume; FVC, forced vital capacity; IC, indirect calorimetry; M, male; MND, motor neuron disease; NIV, noninvasive ventilation; pCO₂, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PEFR, peak expiratory flow rate; Pt, participant; SNIF, sniff nasal-inspiratory force; SVC, slow vital capacity; TIPPV, tracheostomy and intermittent positive pressure ventilation; VC, vital capacity; Yes+, sex and age-matched control group; UK, United Kingdom; USA, United States of America; –, data not reported.

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