| Study . | Country/region . | Study duration . | Time points (N) . | Follow-up interval, relative to baseline (T1) . | T1 CGs (N) . | CR age (mean (SD)) . | CR diagnosis . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alspaugh et al. (1999) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 1 yr | 305 | 77.4 (8.6) | Dementia |
| Bangerter et al. (2019) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 153 | 82.0 (8.3) | Dementia |
| Bartoli et al. (2024) | Italy | 1.0 yr | 5 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 9 mo, T5: 12 mo | 228 | 70.7 (NR) | Stroke |
| Brodaty et al. (2014) | Australia | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 577 | 77.8 (7.5) | Dementia |
| Bryson et al. (2013) | Canada | 30 d | 3 | T2: 7 d, T3: 30 d | 102 | >65 yr | After surgery |
| Burke et al. (2018) | Ireland | 8 mo | 3 | T2: 4 mo, T3: 8 mo | 85 | 63.9 (11.2) | ALS |
| Malhotra et al. (2024) | Singapore | 2.0 yr | 7 | T2: 4 mo, T3: 8 mo, T4: 12 mo, T5: 16 mo, T6: 20 mo, T7: 24 mo | 215 | >65 yr | Dementia |
| Conde-Sala et al. (2014a) | Spain | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 330 | 78.0 (5.5) | Dementia |
| Conde-Sala et al. (2014b) | Spain | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 119 | 77.0 (6.7) | Dementia |
| Connors et al. (2019) | Australia | 3.0 yr | 6 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 1 yr, T5: 2 yr, T6: 3 yr | 177 | 76.0 (6.8) | MCI |
| Connors et al. (2020) | Australia | 3.0 yr | 6 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 1 yr, T5: 2 yr, T6: 3 yr | 720 | 78.0 (7.5) | Dementia |
| Connors et al. (2023) | Australia | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 164 | 75.8 (6.9) | MCI |
| Gaugler et al. (2000a) | United States | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 137 | 73.6 (8.7) | Dementia |
| Goldstein et al. (2006) | United Kingdom | 1.0 yr (on average) | 3 | T2: 5–10 mo, T3: 10–22 mo | 50 | 63.1 (10.3) | ALS |
| Guerriere et al. (2016) | Canada | 3.6 mo (on average) | 8 (on average) | 2 wk until CR death | 327 | 71.7 (12.9) | Cancer |
| Han et al. (2017) | China | 6 mo | 4 | T2: 3 wk, T3: 3 mo, T4: 6 mo | 164 | 64.0 (9.8) | Stroke |
| Jansen et al. (2021) | Belgium/Netherlands | 3.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 3 yr | 104 | >70 yr | Cancer |
| Kajiwara et al. (2018) | Japan | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 41 | 87.3 (7.1) | Dementia |
| Kellermair et al. (2021) | Australia | 2.0 yr | 5 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr, T4: 1.5 yr, T5: 2 yr | 68 | 71.9 (7.3) | PSP/CBS |
| Kuo et al. (2024) | China | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 200 | >60 yr | Dementia |
| Kurtz et al. (2004) | United States | 1.0 yr | 4 | T2: 2-3 mo, T3: 5–7 mo, T4: 1 yr | 491 | >65 yr | Cancer |
| Lai (2009) | Canada | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 111 | >65 yr | ADL/IADL limitations |
| Lee et al. (2018) | China | 6 mo | 4 | T2: 1 mo, T3: 3 mo, T4: 6 mo | 150 | 60.0 (11.4) | Cancer |
| Li et al. (2018) | Europe | 2.0 yr | 5 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr, T4: 1.5 yr, T5: 2 yr | 1264 | 76.6 (7.5) | Dementia |
| Liu et al. (2019) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 184 | 82.0 (8.3) | Dementia |
| Mausbach et al. (2007) | United States | 5.0 yr | 6 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr, T5: 4 yr, T6: 5 yr | 126 | 77.3 (6.5) | Dementia |
| Milbury et al. (2013) | United States | 6 mo | 3 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo | 158 | 62.9 (10.1) | Cancer |
| Oakley et al. (2015) | United States | 12 wk | 4 | T2: 2 wk, T3: 6 wk, T4: 12 wk | 48 | >65 yr | After surgery |
| Perales et al. (2016) | Spain | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 221 | 77.8 (NR) | Dementia |
| Perrin et al. (2009) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 124 | 66.1 (10.6) | Stroke |
| Pressler et al. (2013) | United States | 8 mo | 3 | T2: 4 mo, T3: 8 mo | 63 | 69.0 (12.6) | Heart failure |
| Pucciarelli et al. (2018) | Italy | 1.0 yr | 5 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 9 mo, T5: 1 yr | 244 | 71.0 (12.0) | Stroke |
| Quinn et al. (2024) | United Kingdom | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 1203 | 75.0 (7.8) | Dementia |
| Ransmayr et al. (2018) | Australia | 2.0 yr | 4 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr, T4: 2 yr | 585 | 75.7 (11.1) | Dementia |
| Malhotra et al. (2018) | Singapore | 7.1 mo (on average) | 3 | T2: 11–22 wk, T3: 23–47 wk | 173 | 71.5 (12.2) | Stroke |
| Saltz et al. (1999) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 230 | >65 yr | Hip fracture |
| Siminoff et al. (2024) | United States | 22 wk | 11 | T2: 2 wk, T3: 4 wk, T4: 6 wk, T5: 8 wk, T6: 10 wk, T7: 12 wk, T8: 14 wk, T9: 16 wk, T10: 18 wk, T11: 20 wk, T12: 22 wk | 223 | 61.6 (11.7) | Cancer |
| Snyder & Vitaliano (2020) | United States | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 122 | 74.8 (8.6) | Dementia |
| Van Den Kieboom et al. (2023) | Netherlands | 15 mo | 4 | T2: 1 wk, T3: 2.5 mo, T4: 15 mo | 201 | 78.6 (8.3) | Dementia |
| Walker et al. (1996) | United States | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 130 | >65 yr | ADL/IADL limitations |
| Wen et al. (2022) | Singapore | 2.0 yr | 9 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 9 mo, T5: 12 mo, T6: 15 mo, T7: 18 mo, T8: 21 mo, T9: 24 mo | 346 | 60.0 (10.6) | Cancer |
| Study . | Country/region . | Study duration . | Time points (N) . | Follow-up interval, relative to baseline (T1) . | T1 CGs (N) . | CR age (mean (SD)) . | CR diagnosis . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alspaugh et al. (1999) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 1 yr | 305 | 77.4 (8.6) | Dementia |
| Bangerter et al. (2019) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 153 | 82.0 (8.3) | Dementia |
| Bartoli et al. (2024) | Italy | 1.0 yr | 5 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 9 mo, T5: 12 mo | 228 | 70.7 (NR) | Stroke |
| Brodaty et al. (2014) | Australia | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 577 | 77.8 (7.5) | Dementia |
| Bryson et al. (2013) | Canada | 30 d | 3 | T2: 7 d, T3: 30 d | 102 | >65 yr | After surgery |
| Burke et al. (2018) | Ireland | 8 mo | 3 | T2: 4 mo, T3: 8 mo | 85 | 63.9 (11.2) | ALS |
| Malhotra et al. (2024) | Singapore | 2.0 yr | 7 | T2: 4 mo, T3: 8 mo, T4: 12 mo, T5: 16 mo, T6: 20 mo, T7: 24 mo | 215 | >65 yr | Dementia |
| Conde-Sala et al. (2014a) | Spain | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 330 | 78.0 (5.5) | Dementia |
| Conde-Sala et al. (2014b) | Spain | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 119 | 77.0 (6.7) | Dementia |
| Connors et al. (2019) | Australia | 3.0 yr | 6 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 1 yr, T5: 2 yr, T6: 3 yr | 177 | 76.0 (6.8) | MCI |
| Connors et al. (2020) | Australia | 3.0 yr | 6 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 1 yr, T5: 2 yr, T6: 3 yr | 720 | 78.0 (7.5) | Dementia |
| Connors et al. (2023) | Australia | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 164 | 75.8 (6.9) | MCI |
| Gaugler et al. (2000a) | United States | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 137 | 73.6 (8.7) | Dementia |
| Goldstein et al. (2006) | United Kingdom | 1.0 yr (on average) | 3 | T2: 5–10 mo, T3: 10–22 mo | 50 | 63.1 (10.3) | ALS |
| Guerriere et al. (2016) | Canada | 3.6 mo (on average) | 8 (on average) | 2 wk until CR death | 327 | 71.7 (12.9) | Cancer |
| Han et al. (2017) | China | 6 mo | 4 | T2: 3 wk, T3: 3 mo, T4: 6 mo | 164 | 64.0 (9.8) | Stroke |
| Jansen et al. (2021) | Belgium/Netherlands | 3.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 3 yr | 104 | >70 yr | Cancer |
| Kajiwara et al. (2018) | Japan | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 41 | 87.3 (7.1) | Dementia |
| Kellermair et al. (2021) | Australia | 2.0 yr | 5 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr, T4: 1.5 yr, T5: 2 yr | 68 | 71.9 (7.3) | PSP/CBS |
| Kuo et al. (2024) | China | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 200 | >60 yr | Dementia |
| Kurtz et al. (2004) | United States | 1.0 yr | 4 | T2: 2-3 mo, T3: 5–7 mo, T4: 1 yr | 491 | >65 yr | Cancer |
| Lai (2009) | Canada | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 111 | >65 yr | ADL/IADL limitations |
| Lee et al. (2018) | China | 6 mo | 4 | T2: 1 mo, T3: 3 mo, T4: 6 mo | 150 | 60.0 (11.4) | Cancer |
| Li et al. (2018) | Europe | 2.0 yr | 5 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr, T4: 1.5 yr, T5: 2 yr | 1264 | 76.6 (7.5) | Dementia |
| Liu et al. (2019) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 184 | 82.0 (8.3) | Dementia |
| Mausbach et al. (2007) | United States | 5.0 yr | 6 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr, T5: 4 yr, T6: 5 yr | 126 | 77.3 (6.5) | Dementia |
| Milbury et al. (2013) | United States | 6 mo | 3 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo | 158 | 62.9 (10.1) | Cancer |
| Oakley et al. (2015) | United States | 12 wk | 4 | T2: 2 wk, T3: 6 wk, T4: 12 wk | 48 | >65 yr | After surgery |
| Perales et al. (2016) | Spain | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 221 | 77.8 (NR) | Dementia |
| Perrin et al. (2009) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 124 | 66.1 (10.6) | Stroke |
| Pressler et al. (2013) | United States | 8 mo | 3 | T2: 4 mo, T3: 8 mo | 63 | 69.0 (12.6) | Heart failure |
| Pucciarelli et al. (2018) | Italy | 1.0 yr | 5 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 9 mo, T5: 1 yr | 244 | 71.0 (12.0) | Stroke |
| Quinn et al. (2024) | United Kingdom | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 1203 | 75.0 (7.8) | Dementia |
| Ransmayr et al. (2018) | Australia | 2.0 yr | 4 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr, T4: 2 yr | 585 | 75.7 (11.1) | Dementia |
| Malhotra et al. (2018) | Singapore | 7.1 mo (on average) | 3 | T2: 11–22 wk, T3: 23–47 wk | 173 | 71.5 (12.2) | Stroke |
| Saltz et al. (1999) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 230 | >65 yr | Hip fracture |
| Siminoff et al. (2024) | United States | 22 wk | 11 | T2: 2 wk, T3: 4 wk, T4: 6 wk, T5: 8 wk, T6: 10 wk, T7: 12 wk, T8: 14 wk, T9: 16 wk, T10: 18 wk, T11: 20 wk, T12: 22 wk | 223 | 61.6 (11.7) | Cancer |
| Snyder & Vitaliano (2020) | United States | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 122 | 74.8 (8.6) | Dementia |
| Van Den Kieboom et al. (2023) | Netherlands | 15 mo | 4 | T2: 1 wk, T3: 2.5 mo, T4: 15 mo | 201 | 78.6 (8.3) | Dementia |
| Walker et al. (1996) | United States | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 130 | >65 yr | ADL/IADL limitations |
| Wen et al. (2022) | Singapore | 2.0 yr | 9 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 9 mo, T5: 12 mo, T6: 15 mo, T7: 18 mo, T8: 21 mo, T9: 24 mo | 346 | 60.0 (10.6) | Cancer |
Note: ADL = activities of daily living; ALS = amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CBS = corticobasal syndrome; CG = caregiver; CR = care-recipient; d = days; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; mo = months; NR = not reported; PSP = progressive supranuclear palsy; wk = weeks; yr = years.
| Study . | Country/region . | Study duration . | Time points (N) . | Follow-up interval, relative to baseline (T1) . | T1 CGs (N) . | CR age (mean (SD)) . | CR diagnosis . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alspaugh et al. (1999) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 1 yr | 305 | 77.4 (8.6) | Dementia |
| Bangerter et al. (2019) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 153 | 82.0 (8.3) | Dementia |
| Bartoli et al. (2024) | Italy | 1.0 yr | 5 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 9 mo, T5: 12 mo | 228 | 70.7 (NR) | Stroke |
| Brodaty et al. (2014) | Australia | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 577 | 77.8 (7.5) | Dementia |
| Bryson et al. (2013) | Canada | 30 d | 3 | T2: 7 d, T3: 30 d | 102 | >65 yr | After surgery |
| Burke et al. (2018) | Ireland | 8 mo | 3 | T2: 4 mo, T3: 8 mo | 85 | 63.9 (11.2) | ALS |
| Malhotra et al. (2024) | Singapore | 2.0 yr | 7 | T2: 4 mo, T3: 8 mo, T4: 12 mo, T5: 16 mo, T6: 20 mo, T7: 24 mo | 215 | >65 yr | Dementia |
| Conde-Sala et al. (2014a) | Spain | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 330 | 78.0 (5.5) | Dementia |
| Conde-Sala et al. (2014b) | Spain | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 119 | 77.0 (6.7) | Dementia |
| Connors et al. (2019) | Australia | 3.0 yr | 6 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 1 yr, T5: 2 yr, T6: 3 yr | 177 | 76.0 (6.8) | MCI |
| Connors et al. (2020) | Australia | 3.0 yr | 6 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 1 yr, T5: 2 yr, T6: 3 yr | 720 | 78.0 (7.5) | Dementia |
| Connors et al. (2023) | Australia | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 164 | 75.8 (6.9) | MCI |
| Gaugler et al. (2000a) | United States | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 137 | 73.6 (8.7) | Dementia |
| Goldstein et al. (2006) | United Kingdom | 1.0 yr (on average) | 3 | T2: 5–10 mo, T3: 10–22 mo | 50 | 63.1 (10.3) | ALS |
| Guerriere et al. (2016) | Canada | 3.6 mo (on average) | 8 (on average) | 2 wk until CR death | 327 | 71.7 (12.9) | Cancer |
| Han et al. (2017) | China | 6 mo | 4 | T2: 3 wk, T3: 3 mo, T4: 6 mo | 164 | 64.0 (9.8) | Stroke |
| Jansen et al. (2021) | Belgium/Netherlands | 3.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 3 yr | 104 | >70 yr | Cancer |
| Kajiwara et al. (2018) | Japan | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 41 | 87.3 (7.1) | Dementia |
| Kellermair et al. (2021) | Australia | 2.0 yr | 5 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr, T4: 1.5 yr, T5: 2 yr | 68 | 71.9 (7.3) | PSP/CBS |
| Kuo et al. (2024) | China | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 200 | >60 yr | Dementia |
| Kurtz et al. (2004) | United States | 1.0 yr | 4 | T2: 2-3 mo, T3: 5–7 mo, T4: 1 yr | 491 | >65 yr | Cancer |
| Lai (2009) | Canada | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 111 | >65 yr | ADL/IADL limitations |
| Lee et al. (2018) | China | 6 mo | 4 | T2: 1 mo, T3: 3 mo, T4: 6 mo | 150 | 60.0 (11.4) | Cancer |
| Li et al. (2018) | Europe | 2.0 yr | 5 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr, T4: 1.5 yr, T5: 2 yr | 1264 | 76.6 (7.5) | Dementia |
| Liu et al. (2019) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 184 | 82.0 (8.3) | Dementia |
| Mausbach et al. (2007) | United States | 5.0 yr | 6 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr, T5: 4 yr, T6: 5 yr | 126 | 77.3 (6.5) | Dementia |
| Milbury et al. (2013) | United States | 6 mo | 3 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo | 158 | 62.9 (10.1) | Cancer |
| Oakley et al. (2015) | United States | 12 wk | 4 | T2: 2 wk, T3: 6 wk, T4: 12 wk | 48 | >65 yr | After surgery |
| Perales et al. (2016) | Spain | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 221 | 77.8 (NR) | Dementia |
| Perrin et al. (2009) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 124 | 66.1 (10.6) | Stroke |
| Pressler et al. (2013) | United States | 8 mo | 3 | T2: 4 mo, T3: 8 mo | 63 | 69.0 (12.6) | Heart failure |
| Pucciarelli et al. (2018) | Italy | 1.0 yr | 5 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 9 mo, T5: 1 yr | 244 | 71.0 (12.0) | Stroke |
| Quinn et al. (2024) | United Kingdom | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 1203 | 75.0 (7.8) | Dementia |
| Ransmayr et al. (2018) | Australia | 2.0 yr | 4 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr, T4: 2 yr | 585 | 75.7 (11.1) | Dementia |
| Malhotra et al. (2018) | Singapore | 7.1 mo (on average) | 3 | T2: 11–22 wk, T3: 23–47 wk | 173 | 71.5 (12.2) | Stroke |
| Saltz et al. (1999) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 230 | >65 yr | Hip fracture |
| Siminoff et al. (2024) | United States | 22 wk | 11 | T2: 2 wk, T3: 4 wk, T4: 6 wk, T5: 8 wk, T6: 10 wk, T7: 12 wk, T8: 14 wk, T9: 16 wk, T10: 18 wk, T11: 20 wk, T12: 22 wk | 223 | 61.6 (11.7) | Cancer |
| Snyder & Vitaliano (2020) | United States | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 122 | 74.8 (8.6) | Dementia |
| Van Den Kieboom et al. (2023) | Netherlands | 15 mo | 4 | T2: 1 wk, T3: 2.5 mo, T4: 15 mo | 201 | 78.6 (8.3) | Dementia |
| Walker et al. (1996) | United States | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 130 | >65 yr | ADL/IADL limitations |
| Wen et al. (2022) | Singapore | 2.0 yr | 9 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 9 mo, T5: 12 mo, T6: 15 mo, T7: 18 mo, T8: 21 mo, T9: 24 mo | 346 | 60.0 (10.6) | Cancer |
| Study . | Country/region . | Study duration . | Time points (N) . | Follow-up interval, relative to baseline (T1) . | T1 CGs (N) . | CR age (mean (SD)) . | CR diagnosis . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alspaugh et al. (1999) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 1 yr | 305 | 77.4 (8.6) | Dementia |
| Bangerter et al. (2019) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 153 | 82.0 (8.3) | Dementia |
| Bartoli et al. (2024) | Italy | 1.0 yr | 5 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 9 mo, T5: 12 mo | 228 | 70.7 (NR) | Stroke |
| Brodaty et al. (2014) | Australia | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 577 | 77.8 (7.5) | Dementia |
| Bryson et al. (2013) | Canada | 30 d | 3 | T2: 7 d, T3: 30 d | 102 | >65 yr | After surgery |
| Burke et al. (2018) | Ireland | 8 mo | 3 | T2: 4 mo, T3: 8 mo | 85 | 63.9 (11.2) | ALS |
| Malhotra et al. (2024) | Singapore | 2.0 yr | 7 | T2: 4 mo, T3: 8 mo, T4: 12 mo, T5: 16 mo, T6: 20 mo, T7: 24 mo | 215 | >65 yr | Dementia |
| Conde-Sala et al. (2014a) | Spain | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 330 | 78.0 (5.5) | Dementia |
| Conde-Sala et al. (2014b) | Spain | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 119 | 77.0 (6.7) | Dementia |
| Connors et al. (2019) | Australia | 3.0 yr | 6 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 1 yr, T5: 2 yr, T6: 3 yr | 177 | 76.0 (6.8) | MCI |
| Connors et al. (2020) | Australia | 3.0 yr | 6 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 1 yr, T5: 2 yr, T6: 3 yr | 720 | 78.0 (7.5) | Dementia |
| Connors et al. (2023) | Australia | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 164 | 75.8 (6.9) | MCI |
| Gaugler et al. (2000a) | United States | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 137 | 73.6 (8.7) | Dementia |
| Goldstein et al. (2006) | United Kingdom | 1.0 yr (on average) | 3 | T2: 5–10 mo, T3: 10–22 mo | 50 | 63.1 (10.3) | ALS |
| Guerriere et al. (2016) | Canada | 3.6 mo (on average) | 8 (on average) | 2 wk until CR death | 327 | 71.7 (12.9) | Cancer |
| Han et al. (2017) | China | 6 mo | 4 | T2: 3 wk, T3: 3 mo, T4: 6 mo | 164 | 64.0 (9.8) | Stroke |
| Jansen et al. (2021) | Belgium/Netherlands | 3.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 3 yr | 104 | >70 yr | Cancer |
| Kajiwara et al. (2018) | Japan | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 41 | 87.3 (7.1) | Dementia |
| Kellermair et al. (2021) | Australia | 2.0 yr | 5 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr, T4: 1.5 yr, T5: 2 yr | 68 | 71.9 (7.3) | PSP/CBS |
| Kuo et al. (2024) | China | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 200 | >60 yr | Dementia |
| Kurtz et al. (2004) | United States | 1.0 yr | 4 | T2: 2-3 mo, T3: 5–7 mo, T4: 1 yr | 491 | >65 yr | Cancer |
| Lai (2009) | Canada | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 111 | >65 yr | ADL/IADL limitations |
| Lee et al. (2018) | China | 6 mo | 4 | T2: 1 mo, T3: 3 mo, T4: 6 mo | 150 | 60.0 (11.4) | Cancer |
| Li et al. (2018) | Europe | 2.0 yr | 5 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr, T4: 1.5 yr, T5: 2 yr | 1264 | 76.6 (7.5) | Dementia |
| Liu et al. (2019) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 184 | 82.0 (8.3) | Dementia |
| Mausbach et al. (2007) | United States | 5.0 yr | 6 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr, T5: 4 yr, T6: 5 yr | 126 | 77.3 (6.5) | Dementia |
| Milbury et al. (2013) | United States | 6 mo | 3 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo | 158 | 62.9 (10.1) | Cancer |
| Oakley et al. (2015) | United States | 12 wk | 4 | T2: 2 wk, T3: 6 wk, T4: 12 wk | 48 | >65 yr | After surgery |
| Perales et al. (2016) | Spain | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 221 | 77.8 (NR) | Dementia |
| Perrin et al. (2009) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 124 | 66.1 (10.6) | Stroke |
| Pressler et al. (2013) | United States | 8 mo | 3 | T2: 4 mo, T3: 8 mo | 63 | 69.0 (12.6) | Heart failure |
| Pucciarelli et al. (2018) | Italy | 1.0 yr | 5 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 9 mo, T5: 1 yr | 244 | 71.0 (12.0) | Stroke |
| Quinn et al. (2024) | United Kingdom | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 1203 | 75.0 (7.8) | Dementia |
| Ransmayr et al. (2018) | Australia | 2.0 yr | 4 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr, T4: 2 yr | 585 | 75.7 (11.1) | Dementia |
| Malhotra et al. (2018) | Singapore | 7.1 mo (on average) | 3 | T2: 11–22 wk, T3: 23–47 wk | 173 | 71.5 (12.2) | Stroke |
| Saltz et al. (1999) | United States | 1.0 yr | 3 | T2: 6 mo, T3: 1 yr | 230 | >65 yr | Hip fracture |
| Siminoff et al. (2024) | United States | 22 wk | 11 | T2: 2 wk, T3: 4 wk, T4: 6 wk, T5: 8 wk, T6: 10 wk, T7: 12 wk, T8: 14 wk, T9: 16 wk, T10: 18 wk, T11: 20 wk, T12: 22 wk | 223 | 61.6 (11.7) | Cancer |
| Snyder & Vitaliano (2020) | United States | 2.0 yr | 3 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr | 122 | 74.8 (8.6) | Dementia |
| Van Den Kieboom et al. (2023) | Netherlands | 15 mo | 4 | T2: 1 wk, T3: 2.5 mo, T4: 15 mo | 201 | 78.6 (8.3) | Dementia |
| Walker et al. (1996) | United States | 3.0 yr | 4 | T2: 1 yr, T3: 2 yr, T4: 3 yr | 130 | >65 yr | ADL/IADL limitations |
| Wen et al. (2022) | Singapore | 2.0 yr | 9 | T2: 3 mo, T3: 6 mo, T4: 9 mo, T5: 12 mo, T6: 15 mo, T7: 18 mo, T8: 21 mo, T9: 24 mo | 346 | 60.0 (10.6) | Cancer |
Note: ADL = activities of daily living; ALS = amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CBS = corticobasal syndrome; CG = caregiver; CR = care-recipient; d = days; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; mo = months; NR = not reported; PSP = progressive supranuclear palsy; wk = weeks; yr = years.
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