Table 1. Open in new tab Environmental...

Risk factor

Log OR

Source

Cut-off used to determine presence of risk factor

Winter birth

1.05

0.049

Davies et al., 2020³⁰

Born between December 21st and March 20th

Low gestational age

1.35

0.300

Davies et al., 2020³⁰

Gestational age < 37 weeks

Low birth weight

1.53

0.425

Davies et al., 2020³⁰

Birth weight < 2500 grams

Ethnic minority status

1.82

0.599

Henssler et al., 2020³¹

Non-western country of birth of at least one parent

Urban living area

2.39

0.871

Vassos et al., 2012³²

Surrounding home address density of > 1000 addresses per square kilometer

Used cannabis

1.97

0.678

Marconi et al., 2016³³

Has used cannabis

Has been bullied

2.28

0.824

Pastore et al., 2022³⁴

Has been bullied multiple times

Emotional abuse

3.40

1.224

Varese et al., 2012³⁵

Reported as “often” by child or parent

Physical abuse

2.95

1.082

Varese et al., 2012³⁵

Present

Sexual abuse

2.38

0.867

Varese et al., 2012³⁵

Present

High paternal age

1.28

0.247

Davies et al., 2020³⁰

Paternal age > 35 years at time of birth

Parental divorce

1.53

0.425

Ayerbe et al., 2020³⁶

Present

Parental severe mental illness

3.94

1.371

Rasic et al., 2014³⁷

Lifetime DSM diagnosis of major depressive, bipolar, or psychotic disorder of at least one parent

Parental death

1.24

0.215

Pastore et al., 2022³⁴

Present

Table 1.

Open in new tab

Environmental Risk Factors with Their Meta-analytic Odds Ratios

Risk factor	OR	Log OR	Source	Cut-off used to determine presence of risk factor
Winter birth	1.05	0.049	Davies et al., 2020³⁰	Born between December 21st and March 20th
Low gestational age	1.35	0.300	Davies et al., 2020³⁰	Gestational age < 37 weeks
Low birth weight	1.53	0.425	Davies et al., 2020³⁰	Birth weight < 2500 grams
Ethnic minority status	1.82	0.599	Henssler et al., 2020³¹	Non-western country of birth of at least one parent
Urban living area	2.39	0.871	Vassos et al., 2012³²	Surrounding home address density of > 1000 addresses per square kilometer
Used cannabis	1.97	0.678	Marconi et al., 2016³³	Has used cannabis
Has been bullied	2.28	0.824	Pastore et al., 2022³⁴	Has been bullied multiple times
Emotional abuse	3.40	1.224	Varese et al., 2012³⁵	Reported as “often” by child or parent
Physical abuse	2.95	1.082	Varese et al., 2012³⁵	Present
Sexual abuse	2.38	0.867	Varese et al., 2012³⁵	Present
High paternal age	1.28	0.247	Davies et al., 2020³⁰	Paternal age > 35 years at time of birth
Parental divorce	1.53	0.425	Ayerbe et al., 2020³⁶	Present
Parental severe mental illness	3.94	1.371	Rasic et al., 2014³⁷	Lifetime DSM diagnosis of major depressive, bipolar, or psychotic disorder of at least one parent
Parental death	1.24	0.215	Pastore et al., 2022³⁴	Present

Risk factor	OR	Log OR	Source	Cut-off used to determine presence of risk factor
Winter birth	1.05	0.049	Davies et al., 2020³⁰	Born between December 21st and March 20th
Low gestational age	1.35	0.300	Davies et al., 2020³⁰	Gestational age < 37 weeks
Low birth weight	1.53	0.425	Davies et al., 2020³⁰	Birth weight < 2500 grams
Ethnic minority status	1.82	0.599	Henssler et al., 2020³¹	Non-western country of birth of at least one parent
Urban living area	2.39	0.871	Vassos et al., 2012³²	Surrounding home address density of > 1000 addresses per square kilometer
Used cannabis	1.97	0.678	Marconi et al., 2016³³	Has used cannabis
Has been bullied	2.28	0.824	Pastore et al., 2022³⁴	Has been bullied multiple times
Emotional abuse	3.40	1.224	Varese et al., 2012³⁵	Reported as “often” by child or parent
Physical abuse	2.95	1.082	Varese et al., 2012³⁵	Present
Sexual abuse	2.38	0.867	Varese et al., 2012³⁵	Present
High paternal age	1.28	0.247	Davies et al., 2020³⁰	Paternal age > 35 years at time of birth
Parental divorce	1.53	0.425	Ayerbe et al., 2020³⁶	Present
Parental severe mental illness	3.94	1.371	Rasic et al., 2014³⁷	Lifetime DSM diagnosis of major depressive, bipolar, or psychotic disorder of at least one parent
Parental death	1.24	0.215	Pastore et al., 2022³⁴	Present

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