Table 3. Open in new tab ORs from...

	Total PE/PS group	Psychotic experiences (n = 791)	Psychotic symptoms (n = 679)
Environmental risk factors
Adolescent factors
Winter birth	0.91 (0.59;1.40)	.6655	0.86 (0.51;1.43)	.5508	1.00 (0.61;1.65)	.9925
Gestational age	0.86 (0.43;1.72)	.6708	0.99 (0.43;2.25)	.9765	0.93 (0.42.;2.06)	.8483
Birth weight	1.09 (0.57;2.08)	.7983	1.12 (0.52;2.43)	.7721	1.14 (0.53;2.45)	.7373
Ethnic minority status	1.88 (1.24;2.85)	.0031	1.82 (1.13;2.95)	.0147	1.92 (1.19;3.12)	.0080
Urban living area	1.11 (0.73;1.70)	.6151	1.16 (0.71;1.92)	.5542	1.23 (0.73;2.07)	.4471
Used cannabis	0.97 (0.49;1.94)	.9410	0.62 (0.24;1.60)	.3239	1.08 (0.49;2.38)	.8500
Has been bullied	2.42 (1.52;3.86)	.0002	1.56 (0.89;2.76)	.1225	2.56 (1.50;4.36)	.0006
Emotional abuse	1.63 (1.10;2.42)	.0148	1.51 (0.95;2.39)	.0797	1.85 (1.18;2.90)	.0076
Physical abuse	1.50 (1.00;2.25)	.0504	1.46 (0.92;2.33)	.1068	1.81 (0.93;3.51)	.0786
Sexual abuse	1.39 (0.76;2.54)	.2788	1.20 (0.58;2.50)	.6205
Parental factors
Paternal age	0.83 (0.55;1.26)	.3782	0.81 (0.49;1.34)	.4114	0.70 (0.41;1.19)	.1834
Parental divorce	1.62 (1.09;2.41)	.0183	1.67 (1.06;2.62)	.0269*	1.59 (1.01;2.52)	.0466*
Parental severe mental illness	1.63 (1.13;2.35)	.0097	1.78 (1.17;2.71)	.0067	1.29 (0.83;2.01)	.2513
Parental death	2.45 (0.55;10.96)	.2417	3.97 (0.88;17.98)	.0740	2.51 (0.45;13.96)	.2930

PERS score
ERS (simple sum)	1.23 (1.11;1.36)	.0001	1.20 (1.06;1.35)	.0029	1.24 (1.10;1.41)	.0006

PERS (continuous)	1.38 (1.20;1.60)	<.0001	1.32 (1.12;1.55)	.0011	1.45 (1.22;1.72)	<.0001

PERS, score between 1 and 2	1.41 (0.82;2.45)	.2182	2.03 (1.05;3.94)	.0358*	1.15 (0.58;2.28)	.6946
PERS, score between 2 and 3	1.42 (0.79;2.56)	.2471	1.77 (0.85;3.69)	.1264	1.45 (0.71;2.96)	.3025
PERS, score between 3 and 4	2.23 (1.14;4.36)	.0195	2.98 (1.31;6.79)	.0093	2.10 (0.93;4.74)	.0758
PERS, score of 4 or higher	5.18 (2.44;11.00)	<.0001	3.83 (1.53;9.61)	.0042	5.87 (2.54;13.54)	<.0001

Total PE/PS group

Psychotic experiences (n = 791)

Psychotic symptoms (n = 679)

(n = 801)

OR (95% CI)

Environmental risk factors

Adolescent factors

Winter birth

0.91 (0.59;1.40)

.6655

0.86 (0.51;1.43)

.5508

1.00 (0.61;1.65)

.9925

Gestational age

0.86 (0.43;1.72)

.6708

0.99 (0.43;2.25)

.9765

0.93 (0.42.;2.06)

.8483

Birth weight

1.09 (0.57;2.08)

.7983

1.12 (0.52;2.43)

.7721

1.14 (0.53;2.45)

.7373

Ethnic minority status

1.88 (1.24;2.85)

.0031

1.82 (1.13;2.95)

.0147

1.92 (1.19;3.12)

.0080

Urban living area

1.11 (0.73;1.70)

.6151

1.16 (0.71;1.92)

.5542

1.23 (0.73;2.07)

.4471

Used cannabis

0.97 (0.49;1.94)

.9410

0.62 (0.24;1.60)

.3239

1.08 (0.49;2.38)

.8500

Has been bullied

2.42 (1.52;3.86)

.0002

1.56 (0.89;2.76)

.1225

2.56 (1.50;4.36)

.0006

Emotional abuse

1.63 (1.10;2.42)

.0148

1.51 (0.95;2.39)

.0797

1.85 (1.18;2.90)

.0076

Physical abuse

1.50 (1.00;2.25)

.0504

1.46 (0.92;2.33)

.1068

1.81 (0.93;3.51)

.0786

Sexual abuse

1.39 (0.76;2.54)

.2788

1.20 (0.58;2.50)

.6205

Parental factors

Paternal age

0.83 (0.55;1.26)

.3782

0.81 (0.49;1.34)

.4114

0.70 (0.41;1.19)

.1834

Parental divorce

1.62 (1.09;2.41)

.0183

1.67 (1.06;2.62)

.0269*

1.59 (1.01;2.52)

.0466*

Parental severe mental illness

1.63 (1.13;2.35)

.0097

1.78 (1.17;2.71)

.0067

1.29 (0.83;2.01)

.2513

Parental death

2.45 (0.55;10.96)

.2417

3.97 (0.88;17.98)

.0740

2.51 (0.45;13.96)

.2930

PERS score

ERS (simple sum)

1.23 (1.11;1.36)

.0001

1.20 (1.06;1.35)

.0029

1.24 (1.10;1.41)

.0006

PERS (continuous)

1.38 (1.20;1.60)

<.0001

1.32 (1.12;1.55)

.0011

1.45 (1.22;1.72)

<.0001

PERS, score between 1 and 2

1.41 (0.82;2.45)

.2182

2.03 (1.05;3.94)

.0358*

1.15 (0.58;2.28)

.6946

PERS, score between 2 and 3

1.42 (0.79;2.56)

.2471

1.77 (0.85;3.69)

.1264

1.45 (0.71;2.96)

.3025

PERS, score between 3 and 4

2.23 (1.14;4.36)

.0195

2.98 (1.31;6.79)

.0093

2.10 (0.93;4.74)

.0758

PERS, score of 4 or higher

5.18 (2.44;11.00)

<.0001

3.83 (1.53;9.61)

.0042

5.87 (2.54;13.54)

<.0001

	Total PE/PS group	Psychotic experiences (n = 791)	Psychotic symptoms (n = 679)
Environmental risk factors
Adolescent factors
Winter birth	0.91 (0.59;1.40)	.6655	0.86 (0.51;1.43)	.5508	1.00 (0.61;1.65)	.9925
Gestational age	0.86 (0.43;1.72)	.6708	0.99 (0.43;2.25)	.9765	0.93 (0.42.;2.06)	.8483
Birth weight	1.09 (0.57;2.08)	.7983	1.12 (0.52;2.43)	.7721	1.14 (0.53;2.45)	.7373
Ethnic minority status	1.88 (1.24;2.85)	.0031	1.82 (1.13;2.95)	.0147	1.92 (1.19;3.12)	.0080
Urban living area	1.11 (0.73;1.70)	.6151	1.16 (0.71;1.92)	.5542	1.23 (0.73;2.07)	.4471
Used cannabis	0.97 (0.49;1.94)	.9410	0.62 (0.24;1.60)	.3239	1.08 (0.49;2.38)	.8500
Has been bullied	2.42 (1.52;3.86)	.0002	1.56 (0.89;2.76)	.1225	2.56 (1.50;4.36)	.0006
Emotional abuse	1.63 (1.10;2.42)	.0148	1.51 (0.95;2.39)	.0797	1.85 (1.18;2.90)	.0076
Physical abuse	1.50 (1.00;2.25)	.0504	1.46 (0.92;2.33)	.1068	1.81 (0.93;3.51)	.0786
Sexual abuse	1.39 (0.76;2.54)	.2788	1.20 (0.58;2.50)	.6205
Parental factors
Paternal age	0.83 (0.55;1.26)	.3782	0.81 (0.49;1.34)	.4114	0.70 (0.41;1.19)	.1834
Parental divorce	1.62 (1.09;2.41)	.0183	1.67 (1.06;2.62)	.0269*	1.59 (1.01;2.52)	.0466*
Parental severe mental illness	1.63 (1.13;2.35)	.0097	1.78 (1.17;2.71)	.0067	1.29 (0.83;2.01)	.2513
Parental death	2.45 (0.55;10.96)	.2417	3.97 (0.88;17.98)	.0740	2.51 (0.45;13.96)	.2930

PERS score
ERS (simple sum)	1.23 (1.11;1.36)	.0001	1.20 (1.06;1.35)	.0029	1.24 (1.10;1.41)	.0006

PERS (continuous)	1.38 (1.20;1.60)	<.0001	1.32 (1.12;1.55)	.0011	1.45 (1.22;1.72)	<.0001

PERS, score between 1 and 2	1.41 (0.82;2.45)	.2182	2.03 (1.05;3.94)	.0358*	1.15 (0.58;2.28)	.6946
PERS, score between 2 and 3	1.42 (0.79;2.56)	.2471	1.77 (0.85;3.69)	.1264	1.45 (0.71;2.96)	.3025
PERS, score between 3 and 4	2.23 (1.14;4.36)	.0195	2.98 (1.31;6.79)	.0093	2.10 (0.93;4.74)	.0758
PERS, score of 4 or higher	5.18 (2.44;11.00)	<.0001	3.83 (1.53;9.61)	.0042	5.87 (2.54;13.54)	<.0001

Table 3.

Open in new tab

ORs from Logistic Regression Analyses for Each Individual Environmental Risk Factor, a Combined Simple Sum Score and the PERS in Association with Psychotic Experiences and Psychotic Symptoms in Adolescents

	(n = 801)		Psychotic experiences (n = 791)		Psychotic symptoms (n = 679)
	Total PE/PS group		Psychotic experiences (n = 791)		Psychotic symptoms (n = 679)
	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Environmental risk factors
Adolescent factors
Winter birth	0.91 (0.59;1.40)	.6655	0.86 (0.51;1.43)	.5508	1.00 (0.61;1.65)	.9925
Gestational age	0.86 (0.43;1.72)	.6708	0.99 (0.43;2.25)	.9765	0.93 (0.42.;2.06)	.8483
Birth weight	1.09 (0.57;2.08)	.7983	1.12 (0.52;2.43)	.7721	1.14 (0.53;2.45)	.7373
Ethnic minority status	1.88 (1.24;2.85)	.0031	1.82 (1.13;2.95)	.0147	1.92 (1.19;3.12)	.0080
Urban living area	1.11 (0.73;1.70)	.6151	1.16 (0.71;1.92)	.5542	1.23 (0.73;2.07)	.4471
Used cannabis	0.97 (0.49;1.94)	.9410	0.62 (0.24;1.60)	.3239	1.08 (0.49;2.38)	.8500
Has been bullied	2.42 (1.52;3.86)	.0002	1.56 (0.89;2.76)	.1225	2.56 (1.50;4.36)	.0006
Emotional abuse	1.63 (1.10;2.42)	.0148	1.51 (0.95;2.39)	.0797	1.85 (1.18;2.90)	.0076
Physical abuse	1.50 (1.00;2.25)	.0504	1.46 (0.92;2.33)	.1068	1.81 (0.93;3.51)	.0786
Sexual abuse	1.39 (0.76;2.54)	.2788	1.20 (0.58;2.50)	.6205
Parental factors
Paternal age	0.83 (0.55;1.26)	.3782	0.81 (0.49;1.34)	.4114	0.70 (0.41;1.19)	.1834
Parental divorce	1.62 (1.09;2.41)	.0183	1.67 (1.06;2.62)	.0269*	1.59 (1.01;2.52)	.0466*
Parental severe mental illness	1.63 (1.13;2.35)	.0097	1.78 (1.17;2.71)	.0067	1.29 (0.83;2.01)	.2513
Parental death	2.45 (0.55;10.96)	.2417	3.97 (0.88;17.98)	.0740	2.51 (0.45;13.96)	.2930

PERS score
ERS (simple sum)	1.23 (1.11;1.36)	.0001	1.20 (1.06;1.35)	.0029	1.24 (1.10;1.41)	.0006

PERS (continuous)	1.38 (1.20;1.60)	<.0001	1.32 (1.12;1.55)	.0011	1.45 (1.22;1.72)	<.0001

PERS, score between 1 and 2	1.41 (0.82;2.45)	.2182	2.03 (1.05;3.94)	.0358*	1.15 (0.58;2.28)	.6946
PERS, score between 2 and 3	1.42 (0.79;2.56)	.2471	1.77 (0.85;3.69)	.1264	1.45 (0.71;2.96)	.3025
PERS, score between 3 and 4	2.23 (1.14;4.36)	.0195	2.98 (1.31;6.79)	.0093	2.10 (0.93;4.74)	.0758
PERS, score of 4 or higher	5.18 (2.44;11.00)	<.0001	3.83 (1.53;9.61)	.0042	5.87 (2.54;13.54)	<.0001

	(n = 801)		Psychotic experiences (n = 791)		Psychotic symptoms (n = 679)
	Total PE/PS group		Psychotic experiences (n = 791)		Psychotic symptoms (n = 679)
	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
Environmental risk factors
Adolescent factors
Winter birth	0.91 (0.59;1.40)	.6655	0.86 (0.51;1.43)	.5508	1.00 (0.61;1.65)	.9925
Gestational age	0.86 (0.43;1.72)	.6708	0.99 (0.43;2.25)	.9765	0.93 (0.42.;2.06)	.8483
Birth weight	1.09 (0.57;2.08)	.7983	1.12 (0.52;2.43)	.7721	1.14 (0.53;2.45)	.7373
Ethnic minority status	1.88 (1.24;2.85)	.0031	1.82 (1.13;2.95)	.0147	1.92 (1.19;3.12)	.0080
Urban living area	1.11 (0.73;1.70)	.6151	1.16 (0.71;1.92)	.5542	1.23 (0.73;2.07)	.4471
Used cannabis	0.97 (0.49;1.94)	.9410	0.62 (0.24;1.60)	.3239	1.08 (0.49;2.38)	.8500
Has been bullied	2.42 (1.52;3.86)	.0002	1.56 (0.89;2.76)	.1225	2.56 (1.50;4.36)	.0006
Emotional abuse	1.63 (1.10;2.42)	.0148	1.51 (0.95;2.39)	.0797	1.85 (1.18;2.90)	.0076
Physical abuse	1.50 (1.00;2.25)	.0504	1.46 (0.92;2.33)	.1068	1.81 (0.93;3.51)	.0786
Sexual abuse	1.39 (0.76;2.54)	.2788	1.20 (0.58;2.50)	.6205
Parental factors
Paternal age	0.83 (0.55;1.26)	.3782	0.81 (0.49;1.34)	.4114	0.70 (0.41;1.19)	.1834
Parental divorce	1.62 (1.09;2.41)	.0183	1.67 (1.06;2.62)	.0269*	1.59 (1.01;2.52)	.0466*
Parental severe mental illness	1.63 (1.13;2.35)	.0097	1.78 (1.17;2.71)	.0067	1.29 (0.83;2.01)	.2513
Parental death	2.45 (0.55;10.96)	.2417	3.97 (0.88;17.98)	.0740	2.51 (0.45;13.96)	.2930

PERS score
ERS (simple sum)	1.23 (1.11;1.36)	.0001	1.20 (1.06;1.35)	.0029	1.24 (1.10;1.41)	.0006

PERS (continuous)	1.38 (1.20;1.60)	<.0001	1.32 (1.12;1.55)	.0011	1.45 (1.22;1.72)	<.0001

PERS, score between 1 and 2	1.41 (0.82;2.45)	.2182	2.03 (1.05;3.94)	.0358*	1.15 (0.58;2.28)	.6946
PERS, score between 2 and 3	1.42 (0.79;2.56)	.2471	1.77 (0.85;3.69)	.1264	1.45 (0.71;2.96)	.3025
PERS, score between 3 and 4	2.23 (1.14;4.36)	.0195	2.98 (1.31;6.79)	.0093	2.10 (0.93;4.74)	.0758
PERS, score of 4 or higher	5.18 (2.44;11.00)	<.0001	3.83 (1.53;9.61)	.0042	5.87 (2.54;13.54)	<.0001

All analyses were adjusted for sex and age, significant results (p < 0.05) are reported in bold. * No longer significant after Benjamini–Hochberg correction.

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