| Study . | Description of intervention . | Intervention deliverer and mode of deliverya . | Intervention duration . | Follow-up assessment time points . | Intervention categoryb . | Setting . | Key findings . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abughosh et al., 2016 [27] | Phone call intervention | Pharmacist Remote intervention | 3–5 min | 6 months | Education of patients Medication adherence intentional factors Special monitoring Involvement of allied health professionals | Medicare prescription drug plan in Texas | MA was significantly improved P < .001. Intervention was a significant predictor of better adherence in the linear regression model after adjusting all the other baseline covariates (β = 0.3182, 95% CI = 0.19–0.38, P < .001) |
| Abughosh et al., 2017 [25] | Phone call intervention | Pharmacy students Remote intervention | Initial 12–13 min, sub 5–7 min | 6 months | Education of caregivers Medication adherence intentional factors Special monitoring Involvement of allied health professionals | Medicare prescription drug plan in Texas | Patients receiving 2 or more calls had significantly better Adherence P < .001. Patients completing the initial call and at least 2 follow-ups were less likely to discontinue (OR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.15–0.54; P < .001) and more likely to be adherent in the linear regression model (β = 0.0604, P < .001). The DMO groups had greater reductions in HbA1c, DBP, and LDL-C, and a greater proportion of participants at BP goal at weeks 4 and 12 compared with usual care |
| Contreras-Vergara et al., 2022 [18] | Pharmacist education | Pharmacist, Combined intervention | 20–25 min | 6 months | Education of patients Simplification of treatment regimen | Outpatient clinic of the OPD, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara | MA was significantly improved P < .001. The average value MMAS-8 score at baseline for the control group was 4.9 ± 1.9 and for the intervention group was 4.5 ± 2.1 (P = 0.562). After the 6-month follow-up, a statistically significant improvement (P < .001) in the score could be observed in the intervention group, achieving a value of 7.04 ± 1.4. The control group did not experience this same effect, with no statistically significant changes from baseline to 6-month follow-up |
| Edelman et al., 2010 [19] | Group medical clinics (pharmacist and internist developing individualized care plan) | Pharmacist and internist Combined intervention | 5–30 min | 12.8 months | Involvement of allied health professionals Special monitoring | Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) | MA was not significantly improved P = .53. At the end of the study, self-reported perfect medication adherence did not differ between the GMC and usual care groups (OR, 0.8 [CI, 0.5–1.4]) P = .53 Improved blood pressure P = .011 but not HbA1c level P = .159. |
| Frias et al., 2017 [20] | Digital medicine offering | Pharmacist Combined intervention | Not documented | 3 months | Education of patients Education of caregivers Special monitoring | 13 outpatient primary care sites across California and Colorado | MA significantly improved. At week 4, DMO participants with uncontrolled BP, who were medication adherent (≥80%), appeared to be 4 times more likely than usual care participants to receive an antihypertensive titration Greater SBP reduction than usual care (mean –21.8, SE 1.5 mm Hg vs mean –12.7, SE 2.8 mm Hg; mean difference –9.1, 95% CI –14.0 to –3.3 mm Hg) and maintained a greater reduction at week 12 |
| Geraldine Pablo et al., 2018 [26] | Educational seminar | Pharmacist In-person intervention | 2 h educational seminar | Not documented | Education of patients | National Government Health Centre at Commonwealth Katuparan, Quezon City | A statistical increase in MA levels P = .000. |
| Kwakye et al., 2021 [23] | Education and counselling by clinical pharmacist | Pharmacist In-person intervention | 10–20 min | 6 months | Education of patients Medication adherence intentional factors Medication adherence unintentional factors | Tema Municipal Hospital | MA improved significantly P < .0001. The case group had a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (P < .0001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P < .0001) and fasting plasma blood glucose (P < .0001) |
| Majd et al., 2024 [28] | Telephone motivational intervention | Pharmacy students Remote intervention | Not documented | 12 months | Education of patients Education of caregivers Medication adherence intentional factors Involvement of allied health professionals Special monitoring | Medicare advantage plan patients, Texas | Patients with the intervention were less likely to experience a slow decline in adherence than controls (OR: 0.627 [0.401-0.981]). |
| Mohan et al., 2023 [24] | Telephone motivational intervention | Pharmacy students Pharmacist remote intervention | Initial 15 min, follow-up 7 min | 12 months | Education of patients Medication adherence intentional factors Involvement of allied health professionals Special monitoring | Medicare advantage plan patients, Texas | Pharmacist-led motivational intervention is an effective behavioural strategy to improve medication adherence among older adults. Linear and logistic regression models also showed patients in the intervention group were more likely to be adherent than controls within 12 months of intervention implementation (β = 0.06; P = .02 and OR: 1.46; 95% CI 1.05–2.04, respectively) |
| Neto et al., 2011 [21] | Pharmaceutical care program (pharmaceutical care such as assessment of non-compliance problems, discussions with patients and family about the role of medication in their health status, educating activities, etc.) | Pharmacist In-person intervention | Not documented | 36 months | Education of patients Medication adherence intentional factors Involvement of allied health professionals Medication adherence unintentional factors | PHCU of the Brazilian public health system located in the city of Salto Grande, Sao Paulo State | The intervention group showed a significant increase in pharmacotherapy compliance (P < .01). (156.7 mm Hg vs. 133.7 mm Hg; P < .001), diastolic blood pressure (106.6 mm Hg vs. 91.6 mm Hg; P < .001) |
| Planas et al., 2009 [22] | Medication therapy management | Pharmacist Combined intervention | Not documented | 9 months | Involvement of allied health professionals Education of patients Simplification of treatment regimen Medication adherence intentional factors | Tulsa | Pharmacists in the current study also were able to increase the medication adherence rate among intervention group patients by 7 percentage points (from 80.5% before the study to 87.5% during the study period The mean intervention group SBP decreased 17.32 mm Hg, whereas the mean control group SBP level increased 2.73 mm Hg (P = .003). |
| Stanton-Robinson et al., 2018 [29] | Telephone adherence interview | Pharmacist Combined intervention | Not documented | 6 months | Education of patients Special monitoring | Rural pharmacy Midwest United States | A significant increase in PDC among patients. A significant increase in the total number of patients achieving adherence occurred at 90 days after baseline (P < .001) and at 180 days after baseline (P < .001). |
| Study . | Description of intervention . | Intervention deliverer and mode of deliverya . | Intervention duration . | Follow-up assessment time points . | Intervention categoryb . | Setting . | Key findings . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abughosh et al., 2016 [27] | Phone call intervention | Pharmacist Remote intervention | 3–5 min | 6 months | Education of patients Medication adherence intentional factors Special monitoring Involvement of allied health professionals | Medicare prescription drug plan in Texas | MA was significantly improved P < .001. Intervention was a significant predictor of better adherence in the linear regression model after adjusting all the other baseline covariates (β = 0.3182, 95% CI = 0.19–0.38, P < .001) |
| Abughosh et al., 2017 [25] | Phone call intervention | Pharmacy students Remote intervention | Initial 12–13 min, sub 5–7 min | 6 months | Education of caregivers Medication adherence intentional factors Special monitoring Involvement of allied health professionals | Medicare prescription drug plan in Texas | Patients receiving 2 or more calls had significantly better Adherence P < .001. Patients completing the initial call and at least 2 follow-ups were less likely to discontinue (OR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.15–0.54; P < .001) and more likely to be adherent in the linear regression model (β = 0.0604, P < .001). The DMO groups had greater reductions in HbA1c, DBP, and LDL-C, and a greater proportion of participants at BP goal at weeks 4 and 12 compared with usual care |
| Contreras-Vergara et al., 2022 [18] | Pharmacist education | Pharmacist, Combined intervention | 20–25 min | 6 months | Education of patients Simplification of treatment regimen | Outpatient clinic of the OPD, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara | MA was significantly improved P < .001. The average value MMAS-8 score at baseline for the control group was 4.9 ± 1.9 and for the intervention group was 4.5 ± 2.1 (P = 0.562). After the 6-month follow-up, a statistically significant improvement (P < .001) in the score could be observed in the intervention group, achieving a value of 7.04 ± 1.4. The control group did not experience this same effect, with no statistically significant changes from baseline to 6-month follow-up |
| Edelman et al., 2010 [19] | Group medical clinics (pharmacist and internist developing individualized care plan) | Pharmacist and internist Combined intervention | 5–30 min | 12.8 months | Involvement of allied health professionals Special monitoring | Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) | MA was not significantly improved P = .53. At the end of the study, self-reported perfect medication adherence did not differ between the GMC and usual care groups (OR, 0.8 [CI, 0.5–1.4]) P = .53 Improved blood pressure P = .011 but not HbA1c level P = .159. |
| Frias et al., 2017 [20] | Digital medicine offering | Pharmacist Combined intervention | Not documented | 3 months | Education of patients Education of caregivers Special monitoring | 13 outpatient primary care sites across California and Colorado | MA significantly improved. At week 4, DMO participants with uncontrolled BP, who were medication adherent (≥80%), appeared to be 4 times more likely than usual care participants to receive an antihypertensive titration Greater SBP reduction than usual care (mean –21.8, SE 1.5 mm Hg vs mean –12.7, SE 2.8 mm Hg; mean difference –9.1, 95% CI –14.0 to –3.3 mm Hg) and maintained a greater reduction at week 12 |
| Geraldine Pablo et al., 2018 [26] | Educational seminar | Pharmacist In-person intervention | 2 h educational seminar | Not documented | Education of patients | National Government Health Centre at Commonwealth Katuparan, Quezon City | A statistical increase in MA levels P = .000. |
| Kwakye et al., 2021 [23] | Education and counselling by clinical pharmacist | Pharmacist In-person intervention | 10–20 min | 6 months | Education of patients Medication adherence intentional factors Medication adherence unintentional factors | Tema Municipal Hospital | MA improved significantly P < .0001. The case group had a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (P < .0001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P < .0001) and fasting plasma blood glucose (P < .0001) |
| Majd et al., 2024 [28] | Telephone motivational intervention | Pharmacy students Remote intervention | Not documented | 12 months | Education of patients Education of caregivers Medication adherence intentional factors Involvement of allied health professionals Special monitoring | Medicare advantage plan patients, Texas | Patients with the intervention were less likely to experience a slow decline in adherence than controls (OR: 0.627 [0.401-0.981]). |
| Mohan et al., 2023 [24] | Telephone motivational intervention | Pharmacy students Pharmacist remote intervention | Initial 15 min, follow-up 7 min | 12 months | Education of patients Medication adherence intentional factors Involvement of allied health professionals Special monitoring | Medicare advantage plan patients, Texas | Pharmacist-led motivational intervention is an effective behavioural strategy to improve medication adherence among older adults. Linear and logistic regression models also showed patients in the intervention group were more likely to be adherent than controls within 12 months of intervention implementation (β = 0.06; P = .02 and OR: 1.46; 95% CI 1.05–2.04, respectively) |
| Neto et al., 2011 [21] | Pharmaceutical care program (pharmaceutical care such as assessment of non-compliance problems, discussions with patients and family about the role of medication in their health status, educating activities, etc.) | Pharmacist In-person intervention | Not documented | 36 months | Education of patients Medication adherence intentional factors Involvement of allied health professionals Medication adherence unintentional factors | PHCU of the Brazilian public health system located in the city of Salto Grande, Sao Paulo State | The intervention group showed a significant increase in pharmacotherapy compliance (P < .01). (156.7 mm Hg vs. 133.7 mm Hg; P < .001), diastolic blood pressure (106.6 mm Hg vs. 91.6 mm Hg; P < .001) |
| Planas et al., 2009 [22] | Medication therapy management | Pharmacist Combined intervention | Not documented | 9 months | Involvement of allied health professionals Education of patients Simplification of treatment regimen Medication adherence intentional factors | Tulsa | Pharmacists in the current study also were able to increase the medication adherence rate among intervention group patients by 7 percentage points (from 80.5% before the study to 87.5% during the study period The mean intervention group SBP decreased 17.32 mm Hg, whereas the mean control group SBP level increased 2.73 mm Hg (P = .003). |
| Stanton-Robinson et al., 2018 [29] | Telephone adherence interview | Pharmacist Combined intervention | Not documented | 6 months | Education of patients Special monitoring | Rural pharmacy Midwest United States | A significant increase in PDC among patients. A significant increase in the total number of patients achieving adherence occurred at 90 days after baseline (P < .001) and at 180 days after baseline (P < .001). |
Note: MA: Medication adherence.
aCombined intervention: In-person and remote.
bMedication adherence intentional factors: Patients’ motivation, views about therapy, and perception of sickness are discussed to address purposeful nonadherence. Medication adherence non-intentional factors: The intervention aims to enhance patients’ abilities and personal competences, including focusing on remembering and addressing inadvertent nonadherence.
| Study . | Description of intervention . | Intervention deliverer and mode of deliverya . | Intervention duration . | Follow-up assessment time points . | Intervention categoryb . | Setting . | Key findings . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abughosh et al., 2016 [27] | Phone call intervention | Pharmacist Remote intervention | 3–5 min | 6 months | Education of patients Medication adherence intentional factors Special monitoring Involvement of allied health professionals | Medicare prescription drug plan in Texas | MA was significantly improved P < .001. Intervention was a significant predictor of better adherence in the linear regression model after adjusting all the other baseline covariates (β = 0.3182, 95% CI = 0.19–0.38, P < .001) |
| Abughosh et al., 2017 [25] | Phone call intervention | Pharmacy students Remote intervention | Initial 12–13 min, sub 5–7 min | 6 months | Education of caregivers Medication adherence intentional factors Special monitoring Involvement of allied health professionals | Medicare prescription drug plan in Texas | Patients receiving 2 or more calls had significantly better Adherence P < .001. Patients completing the initial call and at least 2 follow-ups were less likely to discontinue (OR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.15–0.54; P < .001) and more likely to be adherent in the linear regression model (β = 0.0604, P < .001). The DMO groups had greater reductions in HbA1c, DBP, and LDL-C, and a greater proportion of participants at BP goal at weeks 4 and 12 compared with usual care |
| Contreras-Vergara et al., 2022 [18] | Pharmacist education | Pharmacist, Combined intervention | 20–25 min | 6 months | Education of patients Simplification of treatment regimen | Outpatient clinic of the OPD, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara | MA was significantly improved P < .001. The average value MMAS-8 score at baseline for the control group was 4.9 ± 1.9 and for the intervention group was 4.5 ± 2.1 (P = 0.562). After the 6-month follow-up, a statistically significant improvement (P < .001) in the score could be observed in the intervention group, achieving a value of 7.04 ± 1.4. The control group did not experience this same effect, with no statistically significant changes from baseline to 6-month follow-up |
| Edelman et al., 2010 [19] | Group medical clinics (pharmacist and internist developing individualized care plan) | Pharmacist and internist Combined intervention | 5–30 min | 12.8 months | Involvement of allied health professionals Special monitoring | Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) | MA was not significantly improved P = .53. At the end of the study, self-reported perfect medication adherence did not differ between the GMC and usual care groups (OR, 0.8 [CI, 0.5–1.4]) P = .53 Improved blood pressure P = .011 but not HbA1c level P = .159. |
| Frias et al., 2017 [20] | Digital medicine offering | Pharmacist Combined intervention | Not documented | 3 months | Education of patients Education of caregivers Special monitoring | 13 outpatient primary care sites across California and Colorado | MA significantly improved. At week 4, DMO participants with uncontrolled BP, who were medication adherent (≥80%), appeared to be 4 times more likely than usual care participants to receive an antihypertensive titration Greater SBP reduction than usual care (mean –21.8, SE 1.5 mm Hg vs mean –12.7, SE 2.8 mm Hg; mean difference –9.1, 95% CI –14.0 to –3.3 mm Hg) and maintained a greater reduction at week 12 |
| Geraldine Pablo et al., 2018 [26] | Educational seminar | Pharmacist In-person intervention | 2 h educational seminar | Not documented | Education of patients | National Government Health Centre at Commonwealth Katuparan, Quezon City | A statistical increase in MA levels P = .000. |
| Kwakye et al., 2021 [23] | Education and counselling by clinical pharmacist | Pharmacist In-person intervention | 10–20 min | 6 months | Education of patients Medication adherence intentional factors Medication adherence unintentional factors | Tema Municipal Hospital | MA improved significantly P < .0001. The case group had a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (P < .0001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P < .0001) and fasting plasma blood glucose (P < .0001) |
| Majd et al., 2024 [28] | Telephone motivational intervention | Pharmacy students Remote intervention | Not documented | 12 months | Education of patients Education of caregivers Medication adherence intentional factors Involvement of allied health professionals Special monitoring | Medicare advantage plan patients, Texas | Patients with the intervention were less likely to experience a slow decline in adherence than controls (OR: 0.627 [0.401-0.981]). |
| Mohan et al., 2023 [24] | Telephone motivational intervention | Pharmacy students Pharmacist remote intervention | Initial 15 min, follow-up 7 min | 12 months | Education of patients Medication adherence intentional factors Involvement of allied health professionals Special monitoring | Medicare advantage plan patients, Texas | Pharmacist-led motivational intervention is an effective behavioural strategy to improve medication adherence among older adults. Linear and logistic regression models also showed patients in the intervention group were more likely to be adherent than controls within 12 months of intervention implementation (β = 0.06; P = .02 and OR: 1.46; 95% CI 1.05–2.04, respectively) |
| Neto et al., 2011 [21] | Pharmaceutical care program (pharmaceutical care such as assessment of non-compliance problems, discussions with patients and family about the role of medication in their health status, educating activities, etc.) | Pharmacist In-person intervention | Not documented | 36 months | Education of patients Medication adherence intentional factors Involvement of allied health professionals Medication adherence unintentional factors | PHCU of the Brazilian public health system located in the city of Salto Grande, Sao Paulo State | The intervention group showed a significant increase in pharmacotherapy compliance (P < .01). (156.7 mm Hg vs. 133.7 mm Hg; P < .001), diastolic blood pressure (106.6 mm Hg vs. 91.6 mm Hg; P < .001) |
| Planas et al., 2009 [22] | Medication therapy management | Pharmacist Combined intervention | Not documented | 9 months | Involvement of allied health professionals Education of patients Simplification of treatment regimen Medication adherence intentional factors | Tulsa | Pharmacists in the current study also were able to increase the medication adherence rate among intervention group patients by 7 percentage points (from 80.5% before the study to 87.5% during the study period The mean intervention group SBP decreased 17.32 mm Hg, whereas the mean control group SBP level increased 2.73 mm Hg (P = .003). |
| Stanton-Robinson et al., 2018 [29] | Telephone adherence interview | Pharmacist Combined intervention | Not documented | 6 months | Education of patients Special monitoring | Rural pharmacy Midwest United States | A significant increase in PDC among patients. A significant increase in the total number of patients achieving adherence occurred at 90 days after baseline (P < .001) and at 180 days after baseline (P < .001). |
| Study . | Description of intervention . | Intervention deliverer and mode of deliverya . | Intervention duration . | Follow-up assessment time points . | Intervention categoryb . | Setting . | Key findings . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abughosh et al., 2016 [27] | Phone call intervention | Pharmacist Remote intervention | 3–5 min | 6 months | Education of patients Medication adherence intentional factors Special monitoring Involvement of allied health professionals | Medicare prescription drug plan in Texas | MA was significantly improved P < .001. Intervention was a significant predictor of better adherence in the linear regression model after adjusting all the other baseline covariates (β = 0.3182, 95% CI = 0.19–0.38, P < .001) |
| Abughosh et al., 2017 [25] | Phone call intervention | Pharmacy students Remote intervention | Initial 12–13 min, sub 5–7 min | 6 months | Education of caregivers Medication adherence intentional factors Special monitoring Involvement of allied health professionals | Medicare prescription drug plan in Texas | Patients receiving 2 or more calls had significantly better Adherence P < .001. Patients completing the initial call and at least 2 follow-ups were less likely to discontinue (OR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.15–0.54; P < .001) and more likely to be adherent in the linear regression model (β = 0.0604, P < .001). The DMO groups had greater reductions in HbA1c, DBP, and LDL-C, and a greater proportion of participants at BP goal at weeks 4 and 12 compared with usual care |
| Contreras-Vergara et al., 2022 [18] | Pharmacist education | Pharmacist, Combined intervention | 20–25 min | 6 months | Education of patients Simplification of treatment regimen | Outpatient clinic of the OPD, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara | MA was significantly improved P < .001. The average value MMAS-8 score at baseline for the control group was 4.9 ± 1.9 and for the intervention group was 4.5 ± 2.1 (P = 0.562). After the 6-month follow-up, a statistically significant improvement (P < .001) in the score could be observed in the intervention group, achieving a value of 7.04 ± 1.4. The control group did not experience this same effect, with no statistically significant changes from baseline to 6-month follow-up |
| Edelman et al., 2010 [19] | Group medical clinics (pharmacist and internist developing individualized care plan) | Pharmacist and internist Combined intervention | 5–30 min | 12.8 months | Involvement of allied health professionals Special monitoring | Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) | MA was not significantly improved P = .53. At the end of the study, self-reported perfect medication adherence did not differ between the GMC and usual care groups (OR, 0.8 [CI, 0.5–1.4]) P = .53 Improved blood pressure P = .011 but not HbA1c level P = .159. |
| Frias et al., 2017 [20] | Digital medicine offering | Pharmacist Combined intervention | Not documented | 3 months | Education of patients Education of caregivers Special monitoring | 13 outpatient primary care sites across California and Colorado | MA significantly improved. At week 4, DMO participants with uncontrolled BP, who were medication adherent (≥80%), appeared to be 4 times more likely than usual care participants to receive an antihypertensive titration Greater SBP reduction than usual care (mean –21.8, SE 1.5 mm Hg vs mean –12.7, SE 2.8 mm Hg; mean difference –9.1, 95% CI –14.0 to –3.3 mm Hg) and maintained a greater reduction at week 12 |
| Geraldine Pablo et al., 2018 [26] | Educational seminar | Pharmacist In-person intervention | 2 h educational seminar | Not documented | Education of patients | National Government Health Centre at Commonwealth Katuparan, Quezon City | A statistical increase in MA levels P = .000. |
| Kwakye et al., 2021 [23] | Education and counselling by clinical pharmacist | Pharmacist In-person intervention | 10–20 min | 6 months | Education of patients Medication adherence intentional factors Medication adherence unintentional factors | Tema Municipal Hospital | MA improved significantly P < .0001. The case group had a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (P < .0001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P < .0001) and fasting plasma blood glucose (P < .0001) |
| Majd et al., 2024 [28] | Telephone motivational intervention | Pharmacy students Remote intervention | Not documented | 12 months | Education of patients Education of caregivers Medication adherence intentional factors Involvement of allied health professionals Special monitoring | Medicare advantage plan patients, Texas | Patients with the intervention were less likely to experience a slow decline in adherence than controls (OR: 0.627 [0.401-0.981]). |
| Mohan et al., 2023 [24] | Telephone motivational intervention | Pharmacy students Pharmacist remote intervention | Initial 15 min, follow-up 7 min | 12 months | Education of patients Medication adherence intentional factors Involvement of allied health professionals Special monitoring | Medicare advantage plan patients, Texas | Pharmacist-led motivational intervention is an effective behavioural strategy to improve medication adherence among older adults. Linear and logistic regression models also showed patients in the intervention group were more likely to be adherent than controls within 12 months of intervention implementation (β = 0.06; P = .02 and OR: 1.46; 95% CI 1.05–2.04, respectively) |
| Neto et al., 2011 [21] | Pharmaceutical care program (pharmaceutical care such as assessment of non-compliance problems, discussions with patients and family about the role of medication in their health status, educating activities, etc.) | Pharmacist In-person intervention | Not documented | 36 months | Education of patients Medication adherence intentional factors Involvement of allied health professionals Medication adherence unintentional factors | PHCU of the Brazilian public health system located in the city of Salto Grande, Sao Paulo State | The intervention group showed a significant increase in pharmacotherapy compliance (P < .01). (156.7 mm Hg vs. 133.7 mm Hg; P < .001), diastolic blood pressure (106.6 mm Hg vs. 91.6 mm Hg; P < .001) |
| Planas et al., 2009 [22] | Medication therapy management | Pharmacist Combined intervention | Not documented | 9 months | Involvement of allied health professionals Education of patients Simplification of treatment regimen Medication adherence intentional factors | Tulsa | Pharmacists in the current study also were able to increase the medication adherence rate among intervention group patients by 7 percentage points (from 80.5% before the study to 87.5% during the study period The mean intervention group SBP decreased 17.32 mm Hg, whereas the mean control group SBP level increased 2.73 mm Hg (P = .003). |
| Stanton-Robinson et al., 2018 [29] | Telephone adherence interview | Pharmacist Combined intervention | Not documented | 6 months | Education of patients Special monitoring | Rural pharmacy Midwest United States | A significant increase in PDC among patients. A significant increase in the total number of patients achieving adherence occurred at 90 days after baseline (P < .001) and at 180 days after baseline (P < .001). |
Note: MA: Medication adherence.
aCombined intervention: In-person and remote.
bMedication adherence intentional factors: Patients’ motivation, views about therapy, and perception of sickness are discussed to address purposeful nonadherence. Medication adherence non-intentional factors: The intervention aims to enhance patients’ abilities and personal competences, including focusing on remembering and addressing inadvertent nonadherence.
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