| Reference . | Country . | Population . | Sample size . | Trial duration (weeks), and blindness . | Intervention . | Plasma/serum Se levels (μg/L) . | Outcomes . | Results . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alizadeh et al (2012)61 | Iran | Females with central obesity |
| 6 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | After 6 weeks, L-arginine had significantly reduced WC. Se had lowered fasting concentrations of serum insulin and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index. The interaction between L-arginine and Se reduced the fasting concentration of nitric oxides (NOx), and HDEL lowered TG and WC and significantly increased the fasting concentration of NOx |
| Asemi et al (2015)62 | Iran | Gestational diabetes patients |
| 6 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | A significant effect of Se supplements was observed on HOMA B-cell function, lipid profiles, plasma nitric oxide, or total antioxidant capacity concentrations |
| Assarzadeh et al (2022)63 | Iran | Hemodialysis patients |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | The changes in cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL were not significant in either group; however, HDL substantially increased in the intervention group |
| Atapour et al (2022)64 | Iran | End‑stage renal disease in hemodialysis |
| 12 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, TG | Weight, physical activity, total cholesterol, and TG did not change significantly after the interventions in either the intervention or control groups |
| Bahmani et al (2016)65 | Iran | Diabetic nephropathy patients |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Taking selenium supplements had no significant effects on FPG, the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) or lipid profiles compared with the placebo |
| Cold et al (2015)39 | Denmark | Healthy |
| 24 (DB) |
|
| HDL, total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol | Total cholesterol decreased significantly both in the intervention groups and in the placebo group after 6 months and 5 years, with small and nonsignificant differences in changes in plasma concentration of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and the total:HDL cholesterol ratio between the intervention and placebo groups |
| Faghihi et al (2014)66 | Iran | Diabetes type 2 patients |
| 12 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Between-group comparison showed that fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, and HDL cholesterol were statistically significantly higher in the selenium recipient arm |
| Farrokhian et al (2016)67 | Iran | Diabetes type 2 and coronary heart disease |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | No significant changes occurred in FPG, lipid concentrations, plasma NO, GSH, or MDA |
| Gargari et al (2015)68 | Iran | Females with central obesity |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | HDL, TG | Se supplementation significantly lowered fasting concentrations of serum insulin, HOMA-IR, and ALT in females with central obesity; L-arginine significantly reduced WC, whereas HCD significantly lowered SBP, TG, and WC |
| Ghazi et al (2021)69 | Iran | Patients with atherosclerosis |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | There were no significant within- or among-group changes in the blood pressure, lipid, or glucose profiles throughout the study. Only the LDL levels significantly differed significantly between groups. The LDL level was lower in the yeast group in comparison with the placebo group. The after-intervention LDL levels were 61.87 ± 16.89 mg/dL, 77.37 ± 36.28 mg/dL, and 82.88 ± 21.79 mg/dL in selenium-enriched, sodium selenite and the placebo group, respectively |
| Jamilian et al (2015)40 | Iran | Polycystic ovary syndrome |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG, VLDL | Se supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in serum TG and VLDL cholesterol concentrations compared with the placebo |
| Kamali et al (2019)70 | Iran | Undergoing for coronary artery bypass grafting surgery |
| 4 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | After the 4-week intervention, Se supplementation significantly decreased FPG, insulin, the homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and total:HDL cholesterol ratio, and significantly increased HDL cholesterol levels compared with the placebo |
| Karamali et al (2015)71 | Iran | Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia |
| 24 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | In addition, patients who received Se supplements had significantly decreased serum TG and increased HDL cholesterol levels |
| Luoma et al (1985)44 | Finland | Healthy |
| 2 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Se supplementation increased the serum selenium level, GSH-Px activity, and the HDL:TG ratio, but it did not affect HDL or TG concentrations |
| Mesdaghinia et al (2017)72 | Iran | Pregnant females at risk for IUGR |
| 10 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Se supplementation in pregnant women at risk for IUGR resulted in improved PI, TAC, GSH, hs-CRP, and markers of insulin metabolism and HDL levels, but it did not affect MDA, NO, FPG, or other lipid profiles |
| Omrani et al (2016)73 | Iran | Hemodialysis patients |
| 12 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | The mean serum LDL level significantly increased in the experimental group from 85.66 to 109.12 mg/dL. In the control group, serum LDL significantly increased from 80.55 to 97.05 mg/dL. However, with control of the LDL effect before and after the study, it was revealed that the LDL change was not statistically significant. Neither total cholesterol nor triglyceride levels showed significant changes from before to after the study in any group |
| Rashidi et al (2020)74 | Iran | Females diagnosed with PCOS |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Serum levels of TG, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and Apo-B100 had not changed significantly within or between the study groups by the end of the study |
| Ravn-Haren et al (2008)41 | Denmark | Healthy |
| 4 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Short-term Se supplementation does not seem to affect blood lipid markers. After 1 week’s supplementation, only total and LDL cholesterol were positively correlated with serum selenium levels |
| Raygan et al (2018)42 | Iran | Congestive heart failure |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Se supplementation significantly decreased LDL cholesterol and the total:HDL cholesterol ratio, and significantly increased HDL cholesterol levels compared with the placebo |
| Rayman et al (2011)45 | United Kingdom | Healthy |
| 24 (DB) |
|
| HDL, total cholesterol, Non-HDL cholesterol |
|
| Salehi et al (2013)75 | Iran | Hemodialysis patients |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Selenium supplementation also hindered an increase in IL-6 levels compared with the placebo group. Changes in other parameters were not significantly different between the 2 groups |
| Salimian et al (2022)76 | Iran | Diabetic hemodialysis patients |
| 24 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | After Se supplements, a significant reduction in serum insulin levels, insulin resistance, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and CRP, and a significant increase in insulin sensitivity, HDL cholesterol, and total glutathione was observed compared with the placebo |
| Schnabel et al (2008)80 | Germany | Coronary heart disease |
| 12 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Sodium selenite supplementation induced an increase in the activity of GPx-1, an antioxidant selenoprotein involved in cardiovascular protection. However, no significant modification emerged on the lipid profile after 12 weeks of selenium supplementation |
| Tamtaji et al (2018)77 | Iran | Alzheimer’s disease |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Se supplementation, compared with the placebo, significantly reduced serum hs-CRP, insulin, homeostasis model of assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), LDL cholesterol, and the total:HDL cholesterol ratio, and significantly increased total glutathione and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) |
| Tara et al (2010)78 | Iran | Pre-eclampsia in pregnant females |
| 24 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | At the end of the trial, there were significant increases in total cholesterol, TG, LDL, and HDL cholesterol in both the Se group and the control group |
| Valenta et al (2011)38 | Czech Republic | Patients with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/sepsis |
| 2 (O) |
|
| Total cholesterol |
|
| Zadeh Modarres et al (2022)79 | Iran | Females diagnosed with PCOS undergoing IVF |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Selenium supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in FPG, HOMA-IR, and insulin levels, and enhanced QUICKI. In addition, Se administration was significantly linked to a decrease in MDA levels. Se supplementation did not affect lipid profiles, TAC, or GSH levels. |
| Reference . | Country . | Population . | Sample size . | Trial duration (weeks), and blindness . | Intervention . | Plasma/serum Se levels (μg/L) . | Outcomes . | Results . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alizadeh et al (2012)61 | Iran | Females with central obesity |
| 6 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | After 6 weeks, L-arginine had significantly reduced WC. Se had lowered fasting concentrations of serum insulin and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index. The interaction between L-arginine and Se reduced the fasting concentration of nitric oxides (NOx), and HDEL lowered TG and WC and significantly increased the fasting concentration of NOx |
| Asemi et al (2015)62 | Iran | Gestational diabetes patients |
| 6 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | A significant effect of Se supplements was observed on HOMA B-cell function, lipid profiles, plasma nitric oxide, or total antioxidant capacity concentrations |
| Assarzadeh et al (2022)63 | Iran | Hemodialysis patients |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | The changes in cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL were not significant in either group; however, HDL substantially increased in the intervention group |
| Atapour et al (2022)64 | Iran | End‑stage renal disease in hemodialysis |
| 12 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, TG | Weight, physical activity, total cholesterol, and TG did not change significantly after the interventions in either the intervention or control groups |
| Bahmani et al (2016)65 | Iran | Diabetic nephropathy patients |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Taking selenium supplements had no significant effects on FPG, the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) or lipid profiles compared with the placebo |
| Cold et al (2015)39 | Denmark | Healthy |
| 24 (DB) |
|
| HDL, total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol | Total cholesterol decreased significantly both in the intervention groups and in the placebo group after 6 months and 5 years, with small and nonsignificant differences in changes in plasma concentration of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and the total:HDL cholesterol ratio between the intervention and placebo groups |
| Faghihi et al (2014)66 | Iran | Diabetes type 2 patients |
| 12 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Between-group comparison showed that fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, and HDL cholesterol were statistically significantly higher in the selenium recipient arm |
| Farrokhian et al (2016)67 | Iran | Diabetes type 2 and coronary heart disease |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | No significant changes occurred in FPG, lipid concentrations, plasma NO, GSH, or MDA |
| Gargari et al (2015)68 | Iran | Females with central obesity |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | HDL, TG | Se supplementation significantly lowered fasting concentrations of serum insulin, HOMA-IR, and ALT in females with central obesity; L-arginine significantly reduced WC, whereas HCD significantly lowered SBP, TG, and WC |
| Ghazi et al (2021)69 | Iran | Patients with atherosclerosis |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | There were no significant within- or among-group changes in the blood pressure, lipid, or glucose profiles throughout the study. Only the LDL levels significantly differed significantly between groups. The LDL level was lower in the yeast group in comparison with the placebo group. The after-intervention LDL levels were 61.87 ± 16.89 mg/dL, 77.37 ± 36.28 mg/dL, and 82.88 ± 21.79 mg/dL in selenium-enriched, sodium selenite and the placebo group, respectively |
| Jamilian et al (2015)40 | Iran | Polycystic ovary syndrome |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG, VLDL | Se supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in serum TG and VLDL cholesterol concentrations compared with the placebo |
| Kamali et al (2019)70 | Iran | Undergoing for coronary artery bypass grafting surgery |
| 4 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | After the 4-week intervention, Se supplementation significantly decreased FPG, insulin, the homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and total:HDL cholesterol ratio, and significantly increased HDL cholesterol levels compared with the placebo |
| Karamali et al (2015)71 | Iran | Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia |
| 24 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | In addition, patients who received Se supplements had significantly decreased serum TG and increased HDL cholesterol levels |
| Luoma et al (1985)44 | Finland | Healthy |
| 2 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Se supplementation increased the serum selenium level, GSH-Px activity, and the HDL:TG ratio, but it did not affect HDL or TG concentrations |
| Mesdaghinia et al (2017)72 | Iran | Pregnant females at risk for IUGR |
| 10 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Se supplementation in pregnant women at risk for IUGR resulted in improved PI, TAC, GSH, hs-CRP, and markers of insulin metabolism and HDL levels, but it did not affect MDA, NO, FPG, or other lipid profiles |
| Omrani et al (2016)73 | Iran | Hemodialysis patients |
| 12 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | The mean serum LDL level significantly increased in the experimental group from 85.66 to 109.12 mg/dL. In the control group, serum LDL significantly increased from 80.55 to 97.05 mg/dL. However, with control of the LDL effect before and after the study, it was revealed that the LDL change was not statistically significant. Neither total cholesterol nor triglyceride levels showed significant changes from before to after the study in any group |
| Rashidi et al (2020)74 | Iran | Females diagnosed with PCOS |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Serum levels of TG, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and Apo-B100 had not changed significantly within or between the study groups by the end of the study |
| Ravn-Haren et al (2008)41 | Denmark | Healthy |
| 4 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Short-term Se supplementation does not seem to affect blood lipid markers. After 1 week’s supplementation, only total and LDL cholesterol were positively correlated with serum selenium levels |
| Raygan et al (2018)42 | Iran | Congestive heart failure |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Se supplementation significantly decreased LDL cholesterol and the total:HDL cholesterol ratio, and significantly increased HDL cholesterol levels compared with the placebo |
| Rayman et al (2011)45 | United Kingdom | Healthy |
| 24 (DB) |
|
| HDL, total cholesterol, Non-HDL cholesterol |
|
| Salehi et al (2013)75 | Iran | Hemodialysis patients |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Selenium supplementation also hindered an increase in IL-6 levels compared with the placebo group. Changes in other parameters were not significantly different between the 2 groups |
| Salimian et al (2022)76 | Iran | Diabetic hemodialysis patients |
| 24 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | After Se supplements, a significant reduction in serum insulin levels, insulin resistance, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and CRP, and a significant increase in insulin sensitivity, HDL cholesterol, and total glutathione was observed compared with the placebo |
| Schnabel et al (2008)80 | Germany | Coronary heart disease |
| 12 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Sodium selenite supplementation induced an increase in the activity of GPx-1, an antioxidant selenoprotein involved in cardiovascular protection. However, no significant modification emerged on the lipid profile after 12 weeks of selenium supplementation |
| Tamtaji et al (2018)77 | Iran | Alzheimer’s disease |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Se supplementation, compared with the placebo, significantly reduced serum hs-CRP, insulin, homeostasis model of assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), LDL cholesterol, and the total:HDL cholesterol ratio, and significantly increased total glutathione and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) |
| Tara et al (2010)78 | Iran | Pre-eclampsia in pregnant females |
| 24 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | At the end of the trial, there were significant increases in total cholesterol, TG, LDL, and HDL cholesterol in both the Se group and the control group |
| Valenta et al (2011)38 | Czech Republic | Patients with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/sepsis |
| 2 (O) |
|
| Total cholesterol |
|
| Zadeh Modarres et al (2022)79 | Iran | Females diagnosed with PCOS undergoing IVF |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Selenium supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in FPG, HOMA-IR, and insulin levels, and enhanced QUICKI. In addition, Se administration was significantly linked to a decrease in MDA levels. Se supplementation did not affect lipid profiles, TAC, or GSH levels. |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; C, control group; CRP, C-reactive protein; DB, double-blind; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GPx-1, glutathione peroxidase 1; GSH, glutathione; HCD, hypocaloric control diet; HDEL, hypocaloric diet enriched in legumes; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; I, intervention group; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction; IVF, in vitro fertilization; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MDA, malondialdehyde; ND, selenium serum/plasma levels not available; NO x, Nitric oxides; O, open; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; PI, pulsatility index; PCT, procalcitonin; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; Se, selenium; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TG, triglycerides; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein; WC, waist circumference.
| Reference . | Country . | Population . | Sample size . | Trial duration (weeks), and blindness . | Intervention . | Plasma/serum Se levels (μg/L) . | Outcomes . | Results . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alizadeh et al (2012)61 | Iran | Females with central obesity |
| 6 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | After 6 weeks, L-arginine had significantly reduced WC. Se had lowered fasting concentrations of serum insulin and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index. The interaction between L-arginine and Se reduced the fasting concentration of nitric oxides (NOx), and HDEL lowered TG and WC and significantly increased the fasting concentration of NOx |
| Asemi et al (2015)62 | Iran | Gestational diabetes patients |
| 6 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | A significant effect of Se supplements was observed on HOMA B-cell function, lipid profiles, plasma nitric oxide, or total antioxidant capacity concentrations |
| Assarzadeh et al (2022)63 | Iran | Hemodialysis patients |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | The changes in cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL were not significant in either group; however, HDL substantially increased in the intervention group |
| Atapour et al (2022)64 | Iran | End‑stage renal disease in hemodialysis |
| 12 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, TG | Weight, physical activity, total cholesterol, and TG did not change significantly after the interventions in either the intervention or control groups |
| Bahmani et al (2016)65 | Iran | Diabetic nephropathy patients |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Taking selenium supplements had no significant effects on FPG, the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) or lipid profiles compared with the placebo |
| Cold et al (2015)39 | Denmark | Healthy |
| 24 (DB) |
|
| HDL, total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol | Total cholesterol decreased significantly both in the intervention groups and in the placebo group after 6 months and 5 years, with small and nonsignificant differences in changes in plasma concentration of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and the total:HDL cholesterol ratio between the intervention and placebo groups |
| Faghihi et al (2014)66 | Iran | Diabetes type 2 patients |
| 12 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Between-group comparison showed that fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, and HDL cholesterol were statistically significantly higher in the selenium recipient arm |
| Farrokhian et al (2016)67 | Iran | Diabetes type 2 and coronary heart disease |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | No significant changes occurred in FPG, lipid concentrations, plasma NO, GSH, or MDA |
| Gargari et al (2015)68 | Iran | Females with central obesity |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | HDL, TG | Se supplementation significantly lowered fasting concentrations of serum insulin, HOMA-IR, and ALT in females with central obesity; L-arginine significantly reduced WC, whereas HCD significantly lowered SBP, TG, and WC |
| Ghazi et al (2021)69 | Iran | Patients with atherosclerosis |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | There were no significant within- or among-group changes in the blood pressure, lipid, or glucose profiles throughout the study. Only the LDL levels significantly differed significantly between groups. The LDL level was lower in the yeast group in comparison with the placebo group. The after-intervention LDL levels were 61.87 ± 16.89 mg/dL, 77.37 ± 36.28 mg/dL, and 82.88 ± 21.79 mg/dL in selenium-enriched, sodium selenite and the placebo group, respectively |
| Jamilian et al (2015)40 | Iran | Polycystic ovary syndrome |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG, VLDL | Se supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in serum TG and VLDL cholesterol concentrations compared with the placebo |
| Kamali et al (2019)70 | Iran | Undergoing for coronary artery bypass grafting surgery |
| 4 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | After the 4-week intervention, Se supplementation significantly decreased FPG, insulin, the homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and total:HDL cholesterol ratio, and significantly increased HDL cholesterol levels compared with the placebo |
| Karamali et al (2015)71 | Iran | Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia |
| 24 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | In addition, patients who received Se supplements had significantly decreased serum TG and increased HDL cholesterol levels |
| Luoma et al (1985)44 | Finland | Healthy |
| 2 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Se supplementation increased the serum selenium level, GSH-Px activity, and the HDL:TG ratio, but it did not affect HDL or TG concentrations |
| Mesdaghinia et al (2017)72 | Iran | Pregnant females at risk for IUGR |
| 10 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Se supplementation in pregnant women at risk for IUGR resulted in improved PI, TAC, GSH, hs-CRP, and markers of insulin metabolism and HDL levels, but it did not affect MDA, NO, FPG, or other lipid profiles |
| Omrani et al (2016)73 | Iran | Hemodialysis patients |
| 12 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | The mean serum LDL level significantly increased in the experimental group from 85.66 to 109.12 mg/dL. In the control group, serum LDL significantly increased from 80.55 to 97.05 mg/dL. However, with control of the LDL effect before and after the study, it was revealed that the LDL change was not statistically significant. Neither total cholesterol nor triglyceride levels showed significant changes from before to after the study in any group |
| Rashidi et al (2020)74 | Iran | Females diagnosed with PCOS |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Serum levels of TG, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and Apo-B100 had not changed significantly within or between the study groups by the end of the study |
| Ravn-Haren et al (2008)41 | Denmark | Healthy |
| 4 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Short-term Se supplementation does not seem to affect blood lipid markers. After 1 week’s supplementation, only total and LDL cholesterol were positively correlated with serum selenium levels |
| Raygan et al (2018)42 | Iran | Congestive heart failure |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Se supplementation significantly decreased LDL cholesterol and the total:HDL cholesterol ratio, and significantly increased HDL cholesterol levels compared with the placebo |
| Rayman et al (2011)45 | United Kingdom | Healthy |
| 24 (DB) |
|
| HDL, total cholesterol, Non-HDL cholesterol |
|
| Salehi et al (2013)75 | Iran | Hemodialysis patients |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Selenium supplementation also hindered an increase in IL-6 levels compared with the placebo group. Changes in other parameters were not significantly different between the 2 groups |
| Salimian et al (2022)76 | Iran | Diabetic hemodialysis patients |
| 24 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | After Se supplements, a significant reduction in serum insulin levels, insulin resistance, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and CRP, and a significant increase in insulin sensitivity, HDL cholesterol, and total glutathione was observed compared with the placebo |
| Schnabel et al (2008)80 | Germany | Coronary heart disease |
| 12 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Sodium selenite supplementation induced an increase in the activity of GPx-1, an antioxidant selenoprotein involved in cardiovascular protection. However, no significant modification emerged on the lipid profile after 12 weeks of selenium supplementation |
| Tamtaji et al (2018)77 | Iran | Alzheimer’s disease |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Se supplementation, compared with the placebo, significantly reduced serum hs-CRP, insulin, homeostasis model of assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), LDL cholesterol, and the total:HDL cholesterol ratio, and significantly increased total glutathione and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) |
| Tara et al (2010)78 | Iran | Pre-eclampsia in pregnant females |
| 24 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | At the end of the trial, there were significant increases in total cholesterol, TG, LDL, and HDL cholesterol in both the Se group and the control group |
| Valenta et al (2011)38 | Czech Republic | Patients with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/sepsis |
| 2 (O) |
|
| Total cholesterol |
|
| Zadeh Modarres et al (2022)79 | Iran | Females diagnosed with PCOS undergoing IVF |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Selenium supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in FPG, HOMA-IR, and insulin levels, and enhanced QUICKI. In addition, Se administration was significantly linked to a decrease in MDA levels. Se supplementation did not affect lipid profiles, TAC, or GSH levels. |
| Reference . | Country . | Population . | Sample size . | Trial duration (weeks), and blindness . | Intervention . | Plasma/serum Se levels (μg/L) . | Outcomes . | Results . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alizadeh et al (2012)61 | Iran | Females with central obesity |
| 6 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | After 6 weeks, L-arginine had significantly reduced WC. Se had lowered fasting concentrations of serum insulin and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index. The interaction between L-arginine and Se reduced the fasting concentration of nitric oxides (NOx), and HDEL lowered TG and WC and significantly increased the fasting concentration of NOx |
| Asemi et al (2015)62 | Iran | Gestational diabetes patients |
| 6 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | A significant effect of Se supplements was observed on HOMA B-cell function, lipid profiles, plasma nitric oxide, or total antioxidant capacity concentrations |
| Assarzadeh et al (2022)63 | Iran | Hemodialysis patients |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | The changes in cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL were not significant in either group; however, HDL substantially increased in the intervention group |
| Atapour et al (2022)64 | Iran | End‑stage renal disease in hemodialysis |
| 12 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, TG | Weight, physical activity, total cholesterol, and TG did not change significantly after the interventions in either the intervention or control groups |
| Bahmani et al (2016)65 | Iran | Diabetic nephropathy patients |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Taking selenium supplements had no significant effects on FPG, the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) or lipid profiles compared with the placebo |
| Cold et al (2015)39 | Denmark | Healthy |
| 24 (DB) |
|
| HDL, total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol | Total cholesterol decreased significantly both in the intervention groups and in the placebo group after 6 months and 5 years, with small and nonsignificant differences in changes in plasma concentration of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and the total:HDL cholesterol ratio between the intervention and placebo groups |
| Faghihi et al (2014)66 | Iran | Diabetes type 2 patients |
| 12 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Between-group comparison showed that fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, and HDL cholesterol were statistically significantly higher in the selenium recipient arm |
| Farrokhian et al (2016)67 | Iran | Diabetes type 2 and coronary heart disease |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | No significant changes occurred in FPG, lipid concentrations, plasma NO, GSH, or MDA |
| Gargari et al (2015)68 | Iran | Females with central obesity |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | HDL, TG | Se supplementation significantly lowered fasting concentrations of serum insulin, HOMA-IR, and ALT in females with central obesity; L-arginine significantly reduced WC, whereas HCD significantly lowered SBP, TG, and WC |
| Ghazi et al (2021)69 | Iran | Patients with atherosclerosis |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | There were no significant within- or among-group changes in the blood pressure, lipid, or glucose profiles throughout the study. Only the LDL levels significantly differed significantly between groups. The LDL level was lower in the yeast group in comparison with the placebo group. The after-intervention LDL levels were 61.87 ± 16.89 mg/dL, 77.37 ± 36.28 mg/dL, and 82.88 ± 21.79 mg/dL in selenium-enriched, sodium selenite and the placebo group, respectively |
| Jamilian et al (2015)40 | Iran | Polycystic ovary syndrome |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG, VLDL | Se supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in serum TG and VLDL cholesterol concentrations compared with the placebo |
| Kamali et al (2019)70 | Iran | Undergoing for coronary artery bypass grafting surgery |
| 4 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | After the 4-week intervention, Se supplementation significantly decreased FPG, insulin, the homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and total:HDL cholesterol ratio, and significantly increased HDL cholesterol levels compared with the placebo |
| Karamali et al (2015)71 | Iran | Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia |
| 24 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | In addition, patients who received Se supplements had significantly decreased serum TG and increased HDL cholesterol levels |
| Luoma et al (1985)44 | Finland | Healthy |
| 2 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Se supplementation increased the serum selenium level, GSH-Px activity, and the HDL:TG ratio, but it did not affect HDL or TG concentrations |
| Mesdaghinia et al (2017)72 | Iran | Pregnant females at risk for IUGR |
| 10 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Se supplementation in pregnant women at risk for IUGR resulted in improved PI, TAC, GSH, hs-CRP, and markers of insulin metabolism and HDL levels, but it did not affect MDA, NO, FPG, or other lipid profiles |
| Omrani et al (2016)73 | Iran | Hemodialysis patients |
| 12 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | The mean serum LDL level significantly increased in the experimental group from 85.66 to 109.12 mg/dL. In the control group, serum LDL significantly increased from 80.55 to 97.05 mg/dL. However, with control of the LDL effect before and after the study, it was revealed that the LDL change was not statistically significant. Neither total cholesterol nor triglyceride levels showed significant changes from before to after the study in any group |
| Rashidi et al (2020)74 | Iran | Females diagnosed with PCOS |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Serum levels of TG, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and Apo-B100 had not changed significantly within or between the study groups by the end of the study |
| Ravn-Haren et al (2008)41 | Denmark | Healthy |
| 4 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Short-term Se supplementation does not seem to affect blood lipid markers. After 1 week’s supplementation, only total and LDL cholesterol were positively correlated with serum selenium levels |
| Raygan et al (2018)42 | Iran | Congestive heart failure |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Se supplementation significantly decreased LDL cholesterol and the total:HDL cholesterol ratio, and significantly increased HDL cholesterol levels compared with the placebo |
| Rayman et al (2011)45 | United Kingdom | Healthy |
| 24 (DB) |
|
| HDL, total cholesterol, Non-HDL cholesterol |
|
| Salehi et al (2013)75 | Iran | Hemodialysis patients |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Selenium supplementation also hindered an increase in IL-6 levels compared with the placebo group. Changes in other parameters were not significantly different between the 2 groups |
| Salimian et al (2022)76 | Iran | Diabetic hemodialysis patients |
| 24 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | After Se supplements, a significant reduction in serum insulin levels, insulin resistance, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and CRP, and a significant increase in insulin sensitivity, HDL cholesterol, and total glutathione was observed compared with the placebo |
| Schnabel et al (2008)80 | Germany | Coronary heart disease |
| 12 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Sodium selenite supplementation induced an increase in the activity of GPx-1, an antioxidant selenoprotein involved in cardiovascular protection. However, no significant modification emerged on the lipid profile after 12 weeks of selenium supplementation |
| Tamtaji et al (2018)77 | Iran | Alzheimer’s disease |
| 12 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Se supplementation, compared with the placebo, significantly reduced serum hs-CRP, insulin, homeostasis model of assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), LDL cholesterol, and the total:HDL cholesterol ratio, and significantly increased total glutathione and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) |
| Tara et al (2010)78 | Iran | Pre-eclampsia in pregnant females |
| 24 (DB) |
|
| Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | At the end of the trial, there were significant increases in total cholesterol, TG, LDL, and HDL cholesterol in both the Se group and the control group |
| Valenta et al (2011)38 | Czech Republic | Patients with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/sepsis |
| 2 (O) |
|
| Total cholesterol |
|
| Zadeh Modarres et al (2022)79 | Iran | Females diagnosed with PCOS undergoing IVF |
| 8 (DB) |
| ND | Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG | Selenium supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in FPG, HOMA-IR, and insulin levels, and enhanced QUICKI. In addition, Se administration was significantly linked to a decrease in MDA levels. Se supplementation did not affect lipid profiles, TAC, or GSH levels. |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; C, control group; CRP, C-reactive protein; DB, double-blind; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GPx-1, glutathione peroxidase 1; GSH, glutathione; HCD, hypocaloric control diet; HDEL, hypocaloric diet enriched in legumes; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; I, intervention group; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction; IVF, in vitro fertilization; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MDA, malondialdehyde; ND, selenium serum/plasma levels not available; NO x, Nitric oxides; O, open; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; PI, pulsatility index; PCT, procalcitonin; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; Se, selenium; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TG, triglycerides; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein; WC, waist circumference.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
