Demographics, comorbidities and procedural characteristics of Medicare beneficiaries undergoing CABG, stratified surgeon-preference for CE
| . | NCE (N = 267 245) . | |SMD| . | FCE (N = 232 155) . | |SMD| . | OCE (N = 1 001 310) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 72.1 ± 7.9 | 0.036 | 71.8 ± 8.0 | 0.020 | 71.9 ± 7.9 |
| <65 | 28 116 (10.5) | 0.027 | 26 359 (11.4) | 0.014 | 109 210 (10.9) |
| 65–69 | 66 617 (24.9) | 0.015 | 59 383 (25.6) | 0.006 | 253 393 (25.3) |
| 70–74 | 68 731 (25.7) | 0.005 | 59 185 (25.5) | 0.002 | 255 942 (25.6) |
| 75–79 | 59 344 (22.2) | 0.015 | 50 143 (21.6) | 0.005 | 218 463 (21.8) |
| 80–84 | 33 855 (12.7) | 0.011 | 28 553 (12.3) | 0.006 | 125 168 (12.5) |
| ≥85 | 1058 (4.0) | 0.015 | 8532 (3.7) | 0.012 | 39 134 (3.9) |
| Male | |||||
| Race | 185 102 (69.3) | 0.017 | 159 012 (68.5) | 0.004 | 687 698 (68.7) |
| White | 228 549 (85.5) | 0.075 | 192 212 (82.8) | 0.103 | 866 040 (86.5) |
| Black | 16 179 (6.1) | 0.008 | 14 476 (6.2) | 0.012 | 59 503 (5.9) |
| Hispanic | 12 444 (4.7) | 0.143 | 18 938 (8.2) | 0.143 | 46 741 (4.7) |
| AANHPI | 5718 (2.1) | 0.052 | 3377 (1.5) | 0.007 | 13 786 (1.4) |
| U.S. Human Health and Services Region | |||||
| 1 (HQ: Boston) | 13 875 (5.2) | 0.114 | 6830 (2.9) | 0.071 | 42 740 (4.3) |
| 2 (HQ: New York) | 34 979 (13.1) | 0.342 | 8660 (3.7) | 0.157 | 73 095 (7.3) |
| 3 (HQ: Philadelphia) | 29 249 (10.9) | 0.042 | 22 441 (9.7) | 0.015 | 101 308 (10.1) |
| 4 (HQ: Atlanta) | 62 623 (23.4) | 0.035 | 57 837 (24.9) | 0.032 | 263 632 (26.3) |
| 5 (HQ: Chicago) | 50 708 (19.0) | 0.051 | 39 477 (17.0) | 0.068 | 196 467 (19.6) |
| 6 (HQ: Dallas) | 15 961 (6.0) | 0.533 | 56 843 (24.5) | 0.278 | 136 971 (13.7) |
| 7 (HQ: Kansas) | 15 996 (6.0) | 0.031 | 12 227 (5.3) | 0.045 | 63 318 (6.3) |
| 8 (HQ: Denver) | 7994 (3.0) | 0.113 | 3120 (1.3) | 0.075 | 23 521 (2.3) |
| 9 (HQ: San Francisco) | 24 643 (9.2) | 0.046 | 18 410 (7.9) | 0.021 | 73 757 (7.4) |
| 10 (HQ: Seattle) | 11 150 (4.2) | 0.081 | 6251 (2.7) | 0.004 | 26 327 (2.6) |
| ADI (level of neighbourhood deprivation) | 50.5 ± 27.5 | 0.267 | 57.7 ± 26.4 | 0.077 | 55.7 ± 26.6 |
| State assists with Medicare premium payment | 34 818 (13.0) | 0.055 | 34 637 (14.9) | 0.051 | 131 633 (13.2) |
| Dialysis dependent | 9835 (3.7) | 0.007 | 8856 (3.8) | 0.017 | 35 036 (3.5) |
| CCW comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 226 096 (84.6) | 0.002 | 196 277 (84.6) | 0.008 | 849 356 (84.8) |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 207 236 (77.6) | 0.027 | 177 406 (76.4) | 0.027 | 776 580 (77.6) |
| Diabetes | 122 353 (45.8) | 0.005 | 106 819 (46.0) | 0.007 | 457 217 (45.7) |
| Anaemia | 112 235 (42.0) | 0.016 | 95 721 (41.2) | 0.007 | 416 306 (41.6) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 261 777 (98.0) | 0.033 | 226 250 (97.5) | 0.009 | 977 205 (97.6) |
| History of myocardial infarction | 43 906 (16.4) | 0.027 | 35 842 (15.4) | 0.001 | 154 395 (15.4) |
| Prior congestive heart failure episode | 96 579 (36.1) | 0.006 | 84 603 (36.4) | 0.019 | 355 552 (35.5) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 30 443 (11.4) | 0.017 | 25 205 (10.9) | 0.012 | 112 347 (11.2) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 62 766 (23.5) | 0.009 | 53 653 (23.1) | 0.002 | 232 108 (23.2) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 63 774 (23.9) | 0.042 | 59 644 (25.7) | 0.009 | 253 123 (25.3) |
| Asthma | 23 971 (9.0) | 0.002 | 20 675 (8.9) | 0.006 | 90 800 (9.1) |
| Prior hip fracture | 2883 (1.1) | 0.003 | 2571 (1.1) | 0.001 | 11 220 (1.1) |
| Depression | 50 080 (18.7) | 0.014 | 44 747 (19.3) | 0.003 | 194 052 (19.4) |
| Stroke and/or transient ischaemic attack | 35 418 (13.3) | 0.019 | 32 313 (13.9) | 0.009 | 136 390 (13.6) |
| Dementia and/or Alzheimer’s disease | 12 434 (4.7) | 0.017 | 11 633 (5.0) | 0.012 | 47 560 (4.8) |
| History of cancer | 32 397 (12.1) | 0.017 | 26 869 (11.6) | 0.010 | 11 9254 (11.9) |
| Admission urgency | |||||
| Elective | 128 084 (47.9) | 0.003 | 111 645 (48.1) | 0.012 | 475 785 (47.5) |
| Urgent | 68 850 (25.8) | 0.002 | 59 618 (25.7) | 0.010 | 261 711 (26.1) |
| Emergent | 69 679 (26.1) | 0.007 | 59 793 (25.8) | 0.007 | 261 050 (26.1) |
| Other/missing | 632 (0.2) | 0.040 | 1099 (0.5) | 0.032 | 2764 (0.3) |
| Year of surgery, median (IQR) | 2007 (2003–2013) | 0.061 | 2006 (2003–2012) | 0.087 | 2007 (2004–2012) |
| Hospital yearly vol, median (IQR) | 177 (104–301) | 0.056 | 180 (102–336) | 0.079 | 180 (110–299) |
| Surgeon yearly vol., median (IQR) | 46 (28–73) | 0.368 | 60 (37–90) | 0.017 | 61 (40–88) |
| Redo Sternotomy | 11 085 (4.2) | 0.065 | 12 881 (5.6) | 0.034 | 48 010 (4.8) |
| Surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation | 4834 (1.8) | 0.040 | 5518 (2.4) | 0.006 | 22 852 (2.3) |
| Off-pump approach | 40 281 (15.1) | 0.062 | 40 253 (17.3) | 0.052 | 193 716 (19.4) |
| Number of arterial grafts | |||||
| 0 | 24 479 (9.2) | 0.084 | 27 210 (11.7) | 0.065 | 97 322 (9.7) |
| 1 | 214 583 (80.3) | 0.054 | 181 347 (78.1) | 0.059 | 805 903 (80.5) |
| 2 or more | 28 183 (10.6) | 0.013 | 23 598 (10.2) | 0.012 | 98 085 (9.8) |
| Total grafts (arterial + venous) | |||||
| 1 | 12 925 (4.8) | 0.041 | 9279 (4.0) | 0.028 | 45 606 (4.6) |
| 2 | 47 719 (17.9) | 0.091 | 33 686 (14.5) | 0.052 | 164 284 (16.4) |
| 3 | 105 912 (39.6) | 0.098 | 81 006 (34.9) | 0.065 | 380 729 (38) |
| 4 | 74 504 (27.9) | 0.066 | 71 686 (30.9) | 0.030 | 295 428 (29.5) |
| 5 | 21 201 (7.9) | 0.136 | 27 816 (12.0) | 0.085 | 93 751 (9.4) |
| 6 or more | 4984 (1.9) | 0.114 | 8682 (3.7) | 0.094 | 21 512 (2.2) |
| Coronary endarterectomy | 0 (0.0) | 0.445 | 20 922 (9.0) | 0.365 | 11 380 (1.1) |
| . | NCE (N = 267 245) . | |SMD| . | FCE (N = 232 155) . | |SMD| . | OCE (N = 1 001 310) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 72.1 ± 7.9 | 0.036 | 71.8 ± 8.0 | 0.020 | 71.9 ± 7.9 |
| <65 | 28 116 (10.5) | 0.027 | 26 359 (11.4) | 0.014 | 109 210 (10.9) |
| 65–69 | 66 617 (24.9) | 0.015 | 59 383 (25.6) | 0.006 | 253 393 (25.3) |
| 70–74 | 68 731 (25.7) | 0.005 | 59 185 (25.5) | 0.002 | 255 942 (25.6) |
| 75–79 | 59 344 (22.2) | 0.015 | 50 143 (21.6) | 0.005 | 218 463 (21.8) |
| 80–84 | 33 855 (12.7) | 0.011 | 28 553 (12.3) | 0.006 | 125 168 (12.5) |
| ≥85 | 1058 (4.0) | 0.015 | 8532 (3.7) | 0.012 | 39 134 (3.9) |
| Male | |||||
| Race | 185 102 (69.3) | 0.017 | 159 012 (68.5) | 0.004 | 687 698 (68.7) |
| White | 228 549 (85.5) | 0.075 | 192 212 (82.8) | 0.103 | 866 040 (86.5) |
| Black | 16 179 (6.1) | 0.008 | 14 476 (6.2) | 0.012 | 59 503 (5.9) |
| Hispanic | 12 444 (4.7) | 0.143 | 18 938 (8.2) | 0.143 | 46 741 (4.7) |
| AANHPI | 5718 (2.1) | 0.052 | 3377 (1.5) | 0.007 | 13 786 (1.4) |
| U.S. Human Health and Services Region | |||||
| 1 (HQ: Boston) | 13 875 (5.2) | 0.114 | 6830 (2.9) | 0.071 | 42 740 (4.3) |
| 2 (HQ: New York) | 34 979 (13.1) | 0.342 | 8660 (3.7) | 0.157 | 73 095 (7.3) |
| 3 (HQ: Philadelphia) | 29 249 (10.9) | 0.042 | 22 441 (9.7) | 0.015 | 101 308 (10.1) |
| 4 (HQ: Atlanta) | 62 623 (23.4) | 0.035 | 57 837 (24.9) | 0.032 | 263 632 (26.3) |
| 5 (HQ: Chicago) | 50 708 (19.0) | 0.051 | 39 477 (17.0) | 0.068 | 196 467 (19.6) |
| 6 (HQ: Dallas) | 15 961 (6.0) | 0.533 | 56 843 (24.5) | 0.278 | 136 971 (13.7) |
| 7 (HQ: Kansas) | 15 996 (6.0) | 0.031 | 12 227 (5.3) | 0.045 | 63 318 (6.3) |
| 8 (HQ: Denver) | 7994 (3.0) | 0.113 | 3120 (1.3) | 0.075 | 23 521 (2.3) |
| 9 (HQ: San Francisco) | 24 643 (9.2) | 0.046 | 18 410 (7.9) | 0.021 | 73 757 (7.4) |
| 10 (HQ: Seattle) | 11 150 (4.2) | 0.081 | 6251 (2.7) | 0.004 | 26 327 (2.6) |
| ADI (level of neighbourhood deprivation) | 50.5 ± 27.5 | 0.267 | 57.7 ± 26.4 | 0.077 | 55.7 ± 26.6 |
| State assists with Medicare premium payment | 34 818 (13.0) | 0.055 | 34 637 (14.9) | 0.051 | 131 633 (13.2) |
| Dialysis dependent | 9835 (3.7) | 0.007 | 8856 (3.8) | 0.017 | 35 036 (3.5) |
| CCW comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 226 096 (84.6) | 0.002 | 196 277 (84.6) | 0.008 | 849 356 (84.8) |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 207 236 (77.6) | 0.027 | 177 406 (76.4) | 0.027 | 776 580 (77.6) |
| Diabetes | 122 353 (45.8) | 0.005 | 106 819 (46.0) | 0.007 | 457 217 (45.7) |
| Anaemia | 112 235 (42.0) | 0.016 | 95 721 (41.2) | 0.007 | 416 306 (41.6) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 261 777 (98.0) | 0.033 | 226 250 (97.5) | 0.009 | 977 205 (97.6) |
| History of myocardial infarction | 43 906 (16.4) | 0.027 | 35 842 (15.4) | 0.001 | 154 395 (15.4) |
| Prior congestive heart failure episode | 96 579 (36.1) | 0.006 | 84 603 (36.4) | 0.019 | 355 552 (35.5) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 30 443 (11.4) | 0.017 | 25 205 (10.9) | 0.012 | 112 347 (11.2) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 62 766 (23.5) | 0.009 | 53 653 (23.1) | 0.002 | 232 108 (23.2) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 63 774 (23.9) | 0.042 | 59 644 (25.7) | 0.009 | 253 123 (25.3) |
| Asthma | 23 971 (9.0) | 0.002 | 20 675 (8.9) | 0.006 | 90 800 (9.1) |
| Prior hip fracture | 2883 (1.1) | 0.003 | 2571 (1.1) | 0.001 | 11 220 (1.1) |
| Depression | 50 080 (18.7) | 0.014 | 44 747 (19.3) | 0.003 | 194 052 (19.4) |
| Stroke and/or transient ischaemic attack | 35 418 (13.3) | 0.019 | 32 313 (13.9) | 0.009 | 136 390 (13.6) |
| Dementia and/or Alzheimer’s disease | 12 434 (4.7) | 0.017 | 11 633 (5.0) | 0.012 | 47 560 (4.8) |
| History of cancer | 32 397 (12.1) | 0.017 | 26 869 (11.6) | 0.010 | 11 9254 (11.9) |
| Admission urgency | |||||
| Elective | 128 084 (47.9) | 0.003 | 111 645 (48.1) | 0.012 | 475 785 (47.5) |
| Urgent | 68 850 (25.8) | 0.002 | 59 618 (25.7) | 0.010 | 261 711 (26.1) |
| Emergent | 69 679 (26.1) | 0.007 | 59 793 (25.8) | 0.007 | 261 050 (26.1) |
| Other/missing | 632 (0.2) | 0.040 | 1099 (0.5) | 0.032 | 2764 (0.3) |
| Year of surgery, median (IQR) | 2007 (2003–2013) | 0.061 | 2006 (2003–2012) | 0.087 | 2007 (2004–2012) |
| Hospital yearly vol, median (IQR) | 177 (104–301) | 0.056 | 180 (102–336) | 0.079 | 180 (110–299) |
| Surgeon yearly vol., median (IQR) | 46 (28–73) | 0.368 | 60 (37–90) | 0.017 | 61 (40–88) |
| Redo Sternotomy | 11 085 (4.2) | 0.065 | 12 881 (5.6) | 0.034 | 48 010 (4.8) |
| Surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation | 4834 (1.8) | 0.040 | 5518 (2.4) | 0.006 | 22 852 (2.3) |
| Off-pump approach | 40 281 (15.1) | 0.062 | 40 253 (17.3) | 0.052 | 193 716 (19.4) |
| Number of arterial grafts | |||||
| 0 | 24 479 (9.2) | 0.084 | 27 210 (11.7) | 0.065 | 97 322 (9.7) |
| 1 | 214 583 (80.3) | 0.054 | 181 347 (78.1) | 0.059 | 805 903 (80.5) |
| 2 or more | 28 183 (10.6) | 0.013 | 23 598 (10.2) | 0.012 | 98 085 (9.8) |
| Total grafts (arterial + venous) | |||||
| 1 | 12 925 (4.8) | 0.041 | 9279 (4.0) | 0.028 | 45 606 (4.6) |
| 2 | 47 719 (17.9) | 0.091 | 33 686 (14.5) | 0.052 | 164 284 (16.4) |
| 3 | 105 912 (39.6) | 0.098 | 81 006 (34.9) | 0.065 | 380 729 (38) |
| 4 | 74 504 (27.9) | 0.066 | 71 686 (30.9) | 0.030 | 295 428 (29.5) |
| 5 | 21 201 (7.9) | 0.136 | 27 816 (12.0) | 0.085 | 93 751 (9.4) |
| 6 or more | 4984 (1.9) | 0.114 | 8682 (3.7) | 0.094 | 21 512 (2.2) |
| Coronary endarterectomy | 0 (0.0) | 0.445 | 20 922 (9.0) | 0.365 | 11 380 (1.1) |
Unadjusted analysis shown. Risk-adjusted analyses are shown in Supplementary Material, Table S6.
Demographics, comorbidities and procedural characteristics of Medicare beneficiaries undergoing CABG, stratified surgeon-preference for CE
| . | NCE (N = 267 245) . | |SMD| . | FCE (N = 232 155) . | |SMD| . | OCE (N = 1 001 310) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 72.1 ± 7.9 | 0.036 | 71.8 ± 8.0 | 0.020 | 71.9 ± 7.9 |
| <65 | 28 116 (10.5) | 0.027 | 26 359 (11.4) | 0.014 | 109 210 (10.9) |
| 65–69 | 66 617 (24.9) | 0.015 | 59 383 (25.6) | 0.006 | 253 393 (25.3) |
| 70–74 | 68 731 (25.7) | 0.005 | 59 185 (25.5) | 0.002 | 255 942 (25.6) |
| 75–79 | 59 344 (22.2) | 0.015 | 50 143 (21.6) | 0.005 | 218 463 (21.8) |
| 80–84 | 33 855 (12.7) | 0.011 | 28 553 (12.3) | 0.006 | 125 168 (12.5) |
| ≥85 | 1058 (4.0) | 0.015 | 8532 (3.7) | 0.012 | 39 134 (3.9) |
| Male | |||||
| Race | 185 102 (69.3) | 0.017 | 159 012 (68.5) | 0.004 | 687 698 (68.7) |
| White | 228 549 (85.5) | 0.075 | 192 212 (82.8) | 0.103 | 866 040 (86.5) |
| Black | 16 179 (6.1) | 0.008 | 14 476 (6.2) | 0.012 | 59 503 (5.9) |
| Hispanic | 12 444 (4.7) | 0.143 | 18 938 (8.2) | 0.143 | 46 741 (4.7) |
| AANHPI | 5718 (2.1) | 0.052 | 3377 (1.5) | 0.007 | 13 786 (1.4) |
| U.S. Human Health and Services Region | |||||
| 1 (HQ: Boston) | 13 875 (5.2) | 0.114 | 6830 (2.9) | 0.071 | 42 740 (4.3) |
| 2 (HQ: New York) | 34 979 (13.1) | 0.342 | 8660 (3.7) | 0.157 | 73 095 (7.3) |
| 3 (HQ: Philadelphia) | 29 249 (10.9) | 0.042 | 22 441 (9.7) | 0.015 | 101 308 (10.1) |
| 4 (HQ: Atlanta) | 62 623 (23.4) | 0.035 | 57 837 (24.9) | 0.032 | 263 632 (26.3) |
| 5 (HQ: Chicago) | 50 708 (19.0) | 0.051 | 39 477 (17.0) | 0.068 | 196 467 (19.6) |
| 6 (HQ: Dallas) | 15 961 (6.0) | 0.533 | 56 843 (24.5) | 0.278 | 136 971 (13.7) |
| 7 (HQ: Kansas) | 15 996 (6.0) | 0.031 | 12 227 (5.3) | 0.045 | 63 318 (6.3) |
| 8 (HQ: Denver) | 7994 (3.0) | 0.113 | 3120 (1.3) | 0.075 | 23 521 (2.3) |
| 9 (HQ: San Francisco) | 24 643 (9.2) | 0.046 | 18 410 (7.9) | 0.021 | 73 757 (7.4) |
| 10 (HQ: Seattle) | 11 150 (4.2) | 0.081 | 6251 (2.7) | 0.004 | 26 327 (2.6) |
| ADI (level of neighbourhood deprivation) | 50.5 ± 27.5 | 0.267 | 57.7 ± 26.4 | 0.077 | 55.7 ± 26.6 |
| State assists with Medicare premium payment | 34 818 (13.0) | 0.055 | 34 637 (14.9) | 0.051 | 131 633 (13.2) |
| Dialysis dependent | 9835 (3.7) | 0.007 | 8856 (3.8) | 0.017 | 35 036 (3.5) |
| CCW comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 226 096 (84.6) | 0.002 | 196 277 (84.6) | 0.008 | 849 356 (84.8) |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 207 236 (77.6) | 0.027 | 177 406 (76.4) | 0.027 | 776 580 (77.6) |
| Diabetes | 122 353 (45.8) | 0.005 | 106 819 (46.0) | 0.007 | 457 217 (45.7) |
| Anaemia | 112 235 (42.0) | 0.016 | 95 721 (41.2) | 0.007 | 416 306 (41.6) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 261 777 (98.0) | 0.033 | 226 250 (97.5) | 0.009 | 977 205 (97.6) |
| History of myocardial infarction | 43 906 (16.4) | 0.027 | 35 842 (15.4) | 0.001 | 154 395 (15.4) |
| Prior congestive heart failure episode | 96 579 (36.1) | 0.006 | 84 603 (36.4) | 0.019 | 355 552 (35.5) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 30 443 (11.4) | 0.017 | 25 205 (10.9) | 0.012 | 112 347 (11.2) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 62 766 (23.5) | 0.009 | 53 653 (23.1) | 0.002 | 232 108 (23.2) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 63 774 (23.9) | 0.042 | 59 644 (25.7) | 0.009 | 253 123 (25.3) |
| Asthma | 23 971 (9.0) | 0.002 | 20 675 (8.9) | 0.006 | 90 800 (9.1) |
| Prior hip fracture | 2883 (1.1) | 0.003 | 2571 (1.1) | 0.001 | 11 220 (1.1) |
| Depression | 50 080 (18.7) | 0.014 | 44 747 (19.3) | 0.003 | 194 052 (19.4) |
| Stroke and/or transient ischaemic attack | 35 418 (13.3) | 0.019 | 32 313 (13.9) | 0.009 | 136 390 (13.6) |
| Dementia and/or Alzheimer’s disease | 12 434 (4.7) | 0.017 | 11 633 (5.0) | 0.012 | 47 560 (4.8) |
| History of cancer | 32 397 (12.1) | 0.017 | 26 869 (11.6) | 0.010 | 11 9254 (11.9) |
| Admission urgency | |||||
| Elective | 128 084 (47.9) | 0.003 | 111 645 (48.1) | 0.012 | 475 785 (47.5) |
| Urgent | 68 850 (25.8) | 0.002 | 59 618 (25.7) | 0.010 | 261 711 (26.1) |
| Emergent | 69 679 (26.1) | 0.007 | 59 793 (25.8) | 0.007 | 261 050 (26.1) |
| Other/missing | 632 (0.2) | 0.040 | 1099 (0.5) | 0.032 | 2764 (0.3) |
| Year of surgery, median (IQR) | 2007 (2003–2013) | 0.061 | 2006 (2003–2012) | 0.087 | 2007 (2004–2012) |
| Hospital yearly vol, median (IQR) | 177 (104–301) | 0.056 | 180 (102–336) | 0.079 | 180 (110–299) |
| Surgeon yearly vol., median (IQR) | 46 (28–73) | 0.368 | 60 (37–90) | 0.017 | 61 (40–88) |
| Redo Sternotomy | 11 085 (4.2) | 0.065 | 12 881 (5.6) | 0.034 | 48 010 (4.8) |
| Surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation | 4834 (1.8) | 0.040 | 5518 (2.4) | 0.006 | 22 852 (2.3) |
| Off-pump approach | 40 281 (15.1) | 0.062 | 40 253 (17.3) | 0.052 | 193 716 (19.4) |
| Number of arterial grafts | |||||
| 0 | 24 479 (9.2) | 0.084 | 27 210 (11.7) | 0.065 | 97 322 (9.7) |
| 1 | 214 583 (80.3) | 0.054 | 181 347 (78.1) | 0.059 | 805 903 (80.5) |
| 2 or more | 28 183 (10.6) | 0.013 | 23 598 (10.2) | 0.012 | 98 085 (9.8) |
| Total grafts (arterial + venous) | |||||
| 1 | 12 925 (4.8) | 0.041 | 9279 (4.0) | 0.028 | 45 606 (4.6) |
| 2 | 47 719 (17.9) | 0.091 | 33 686 (14.5) | 0.052 | 164 284 (16.4) |
| 3 | 105 912 (39.6) | 0.098 | 81 006 (34.9) | 0.065 | 380 729 (38) |
| 4 | 74 504 (27.9) | 0.066 | 71 686 (30.9) | 0.030 | 295 428 (29.5) |
| 5 | 21 201 (7.9) | 0.136 | 27 816 (12.0) | 0.085 | 93 751 (9.4) |
| 6 or more | 4984 (1.9) | 0.114 | 8682 (3.7) | 0.094 | 21 512 (2.2) |
| Coronary endarterectomy | 0 (0.0) | 0.445 | 20 922 (9.0) | 0.365 | 11 380 (1.1) |
| . | NCE (N = 267 245) . | |SMD| . | FCE (N = 232 155) . | |SMD| . | OCE (N = 1 001 310) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 72.1 ± 7.9 | 0.036 | 71.8 ± 8.0 | 0.020 | 71.9 ± 7.9 |
| <65 | 28 116 (10.5) | 0.027 | 26 359 (11.4) | 0.014 | 109 210 (10.9) |
| 65–69 | 66 617 (24.9) | 0.015 | 59 383 (25.6) | 0.006 | 253 393 (25.3) |
| 70–74 | 68 731 (25.7) | 0.005 | 59 185 (25.5) | 0.002 | 255 942 (25.6) |
| 75–79 | 59 344 (22.2) | 0.015 | 50 143 (21.6) | 0.005 | 218 463 (21.8) |
| 80–84 | 33 855 (12.7) | 0.011 | 28 553 (12.3) | 0.006 | 125 168 (12.5) |
| ≥85 | 1058 (4.0) | 0.015 | 8532 (3.7) | 0.012 | 39 134 (3.9) |
| Male | |||||
| Race | 185 102 (69.3) | 0.017 | 159 012 (68.5) | 0.004 | 687 698 (68.7) |
| White | 228 549 (85.5) | 0.075 | 192 212 (82.8) | 0.103 | 866 040 (86.5) |
| Black | 16 179 (6.1) | 0.008 | 14 476 (6.2) | 0.012 | 59 503 (5.9) |
| Hispanic | 12 444 (4.7) | 0.143 | 18 938 (8.2) | 0.143 | 46 741 (4.7) |
| AANHPI | 5718 (2.1) | 0.052 | 3377 (1.5) | 0.007 | 13 786 (1.4) |
| U.S. Human Health and Services Region | |||||
| 1 (HQ: Boston) | 13 875 (5.2) | 0.114 | 6830 (2.9) | 0.071 | 42 740 (4.3) |
| 2 (HQ: New York) | 34 979 (13.1) | 0.342 | 8660 (3.7) | 0.157 | 73 095 (7.3) |
| 3 (HQ: Philadelphia) | 29 249 (10.9) | 0.042 | 22 441 (9.7) | 0.015 | 101 308 (10.1) |
| 4 (HQ: Atlanta) | 62 623 (23.4) | 0.035 | 57 837 (24.9) | 0.032 | 263 632 (26.3) |
| 5 (HQ: Chicago) | 50 708 (19.0) | 0.051 | 39 477 (17.0) | 0.068 | 196 467 (19.6) |
| 6 (HQ: Dallas) | 15 961 (6.0) | 0.533 | 56 843 (24.5) | 0.278 | 136 971 (13.7) |
| 7 (HQ: Kansas) | 15 996 (6.0) | 0.031 | 12 227 (5.3) | 0.045 | 63 318 (6.3) |
| 8 (HQ: Denver) | 7994 (3.0) | 0.113 | 3120 (1.3) | 0.075 | 23 521 (2.3) |
| 9 (HQ: San Francisco) | 24 643 (9.2) | 0.046 | 18 410 (7.9) | 0.021 | 73 757 (7.4) |
| 10 (HQ: Seattle) | 11 150 (4.2) | 0.081 | 6251 (2.7) | 0.004 | 26 327 (2.6) |
| ADI (level of neighbourhood deprivation) | 50.5 ± 27.5 | 0.267 | 57.7 ± 26.4 | 0.077 | 55.7 ± 26.6 |
| State assists with Medicare premium payment | 34 818 (13.0) | 0.055 | 34 637 (14.9) | 0.051 | 131 633 (13.2) |
| Dialysis dependent | 9835 (3.7) | 0.007 | 8856 (3.8) | 0.017 | 35 036 (3.5) |
| CCW comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 226 096 (84.6) | 0.002 | 196 277 (84.6) | 0.008 | 849 356 (84.8) |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 207 236 (77.6) | 0.027 | 177 406 (76.4) | 0.027 | 776 580 (77.6) |
| Diabetes | 122 353 (45.8) | 0.005 | 106 819 (46.0) | 0.007 | 457 217 (45.7) |
| Anaemia | 112 235 (42.0) | 0.016 | 95 721 (41.2) | 0.007 | 416 306 (41.6) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 261 777 (98.0) | 0.033 | 226 250 (97.5) | 0.009 | 977 205 (97.6) |
| History of myocardial infarction | 43 906 (16.4) | 0.027 | 35 842 (15.4) | 0.001 | 154 395 (15.4) |
| Prior congestive heart failure episode | 96 579 (36.1) | 0.006 | 84 603 (36.4) | 0.019 | 355 552 (35.5) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 30 443 (11.4) | 0.017 | 25 205 (10.9) | 0.012 | 112 347 (11.2) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 62 766 (23.5) | 0.009 | 53 653 (23.1) | 0.002 | 232 108 (23.2) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 63 774 (23.9) | 0.042 | 59 644 (25.7) | 0.009 | 253 123 (25.3) |
| Asthma | 23 971 (9.0) | 0.002 | 20 675 (8.9) | 0.006 | 90 800 (9.1) |
| Prior hip fracture | 2883 (1.1) | 0.003 | 2571 (1.1) | 0.001 | 11 220 (1.1) |
| Depression | 50 080 (18.7) | 0.014 | 44 747 (19.3) | 0.003 | 194 052 (19.4) |
| Stroke and/or transient ischaemic attack | 35 418 (13.3) | 0.019 | 32 313 (13.9) | 0.009 | 136 390 (13.6) |
| Dementia and/or Alzheimer’s disease | 12 434 (4.7) | 0.017 | 11 633 (5.0) | 0.012 | 47 560 (4.8) |
| History of cancer | 32 397 (12.1) | 0.017 | 26 869 (11.6) | 0.010 | 11 9254 (11.9) |
| Admission urgency | |||||
| Elective | 128 084 (47.9) | 0.003 | 111 645 (48.1) | 0.012 | 475 785 (47.5) |
| Urgent | 68 850 (25.8) | 0.002 | 59 618 (25.7) | 0.010 | 261 711 (26.1) |
| Emergent | 69 679 (26.1) | 0.007 | 59 793 (25.8) | 0.007 | 261 050 (26.1) |
| Other/missing | 632 (0.2) | 0.040 | 1099 (0.5) | 0.032 | 2764 (0.3) |
| Year of surgery, median (IQR) | 2007 (2003–2013) | 0.061 | 2006 (2003–2012) | 0.087 | 2007 (2004–2012) |
| Hospital yearly vol, median (IQR) | 177 (104–301) | 0.056 | 180 (102–336) | 0.079 | 180 (110–299) |
| Surgeon yearly vol., median (IQR) | 46 (28–73) | 0.368 | 60 (37–90) | 0.017 | 61 (40–88) |
| Redo Sternotomy | 11 085 (4.2) | 0.065 | 12 881 (5.6) | 0.034 | 48 010 (4.8) |
| Surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation | 4834 (1.8) | 0.040 | 5518 (2.4) | 0.006 | 22 852 (2.3) |
| Off-pump approach | 40 281 (15.1) | 0.062 | 40 253 (17.3) | 0.052 | 193 716 (19.4) |
| Number of arterial grafts | |||||
| 0 | 24 479 (9.2) | 0.084 | 27 210 (11.7) | 0.065 | 97 322 (9.7) |
| 1 | 214 583 (80.3) | 0.054 | 181 347 (78.1) | 0.059 | 805 903 (80.5) |
| 2 or more | 28 183 (10.6) | 0.013 | 23 598 (10.2) | 0.012 | 98 085 (9.8) |
| Total grafts (arterial + venous) | |||||
| 1 | 12 925 (4.8) | 0.041 | 9279 (4.0) | 0.028 | 45 606 (4.6) |
| 2 | 47 719 (17.9) | 0.091 | 33 686 (14.5) | 0.052 | 164 284 (16.4) |
| 3 | 105 912 (39.6) | 0.098 | 81 006 (34.9) | 0.065 | 380 729 (38) |
| 4 | 74 504 (27.9) | 0.066 | 71 686 (30.9) | 0.030 | 295 428 (29.5) |
| 5 | 21 201 (7.9) | 0.136 | 27 816 (12.0) | 0.085 | 93 751 (9.4) |
| 6 or more | 4984 (1.9) | 0.114 | 8682 (3.7) | 0.094 | 21 512 (2.2) |
| Coronary endarterectomy | 0 (0.0) | 0.445 | 20 922 (9.0) | 0.365 | 11 380 (1.1) |
Unadjusted analysis shown. Risk-adjusted analyses are shown in Supplementary Material, Table S6.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only
View Article Abstract & Purchase OptionsFor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.
