| Reference . | Location of the study . | Design . | Sample . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wilkinson et al (2020)19 | United States | SAS | Adults with obesity and metabolic syndrome; mean age 59 (SD ± 11.14) years; 13 men and 6 women |
| Manoogian et al (2022)30 | United States | RCT | Workers on 24-hour shifts; mean age 40.36 (SD ± 9.04) years; 91% men |
| Cienfuegos et al (2022)26 | United States | RCT | Adults with obesity; mean age 45-49 years; 15 men and 34 women |
| Steger et al (2023)29 | United States | RCT | Adults with obesity (BMI >30 kg m–²); average age 44 (SD ± 12) years; 72% women |
| Gabel et al (2019)25 | United States | RCT | Adults with obesity (BMI 30-45 kg m–²); predominantly women; mean age 45-49 years |
| Park et al (2021)24 | South Korea | SAS | Healthy young adults; mainly active at night; average age 22.5 (SD ± 2.8) years; 25 women and 8 men |
| Kim and Song (2023)18 | South Korea | SAS | Healthy young adults; mean age 23.4 (SD ± 2.9) years; 64.7% women |
| Jamshed et al (2022)22 | United States | RCT | Adults with obesity; participants in a weight loss program; average age 43 (SD ± 11) years; 80% women |
| Kirkham et al (2023)21 | Canada | SAS | Breast cancer survivors; BMI 31.8 (SD ± 4.8) kg m–²; mean age 66 (SD ± 5) years |
| Zhang et al (2022)28 | China | RCT | Healthy adults aged 18-30 years; BMI >24 kg m–² |
| Lin et al (2023)27 | Chicago | RCT | Adults aged 18-65 years with a BMI 30-50 kg m–2 |
| Reference . | Location of the study . | Design . | Sample . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wilkinson et al (2020)19 | United States | SAS | Adults with obesity and metabolic syndrome; mean age 59 (SD ± 11.14) years; 13 men and 6 women |
| Manoogian et al (2022)30 | United States | RCT | Workers on 24-hour shifts; mean age 40.36 (SD ± 9.04) years; 91% men |
| Cienfuegos et al (2022)26 | United States | RCT | Adults with obesity; mean age 45-49 years; 15 men and 34 women |
| Steger et al (2023)29 | United States | RCT | Adults with obesity (BMI >30 kg m–²); average age 44 (SD ± 12) years; 72% women |
| Gabel et al (2019)25 | United States | RCT | Adults with obesity (BMI 30-45 kg m–²); predominantly women; mean age 45-49 years |
| Park et al (2021)24 | South Korea | SAS | Healthy young adults; mainly active at night; average age 22.5 (SD ± 2.8) years; 25 women and 8 men |
| Kim and Song (2023)18 | South Korea | SAS | Healthy young adults; mean age 23.4 (SD ± 2.9) years; 64.7% women |
| Jamshed et al (2022)22 | United States | RCT | Adults with obesity; participants in a weight loss program; average age 43 (SD ± 11) years; 80% women |
| Kirkham et al (2023)21 | Canada | SAS | Breast cancer survivors; BMI 31.8 (SD ± 4.8) kg m–²; mean age 66 (SD ± 5) years |
| Zhang et al (2022)28 | China | RCT | Healthy adults aged 18-30 years; BMI >24 kg m–² |
| Lin et al (2023)27 | Chicago | RCT | Adults aged 18-65 years with a BMI 30-50 kg m–2 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SAS, single-arm studies.
| Reference . | Location of the study . | Design . | Sample . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wilkinson et al (2020)19 | United States | SAS | Adults with obesity and metabolic syndrome; mean age 59 (SD ± 11.14) years; 13 men and 6 women |
| Manoogian et al (2022)30 | United States | RCT | Workers on 24-hour shifts; mean age 40.36 (SD ± 9.04) years; 91% men |
| Cienfuegos et al (2022)26 | United States | RCT | Adults with obesity; mean age 45-49 years; 15 men and 34 women |
| Steger et al (2023)29 | United States | RCT | Adults with obesity (BMI >30 kg m–²); average age 44 (SD ± 12) years; 72% women |
| Gabel et al (2019)25 | United States | RCT | Adults with obesity (BMI 30-45 kg m–²); predominantly women; mean age 45-49 years |
| Park et al (2021)24 | South Korea | SAS | Healthy young adults; mainly active at night; average age 22.5 (SD ± 2.8) years; 25 women and 8 men |
| Kim and Song (2023)18 | South Korea | SAS | Healthy young adults; mean age 23.4 (SD ± 2.9) years; 64.7% women |
| Jamshed et al (2022)22 | United States | RCT | Adults with obesity; participants in a weight loss program; average age 43 (SD ± 11) years; 80% women |
| Kirkham et al (2023)21 | Canada | SAS | Breast cancer survivors; BMI 31.8 (SD ± 4.8) kg m–²; mean age 66 (SD ± 5) years |
| Zhang et al (2022)28 | China | RCT | Healthy adults aged 18-30 years; BMI >24 kg m–² |
| Lin et al (2023)27 | Chicago | RCT | Adults aged 18-65 years with a BMI 30-50 kg m–2 |
| Reference . | Location of the study . | Design . | Sample . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wilkinson et al (2020)19 | United States | SAS | Adults with obesity and metabolic syndrome; mean age 59 (SD ± 11.14) years; 13 men and 6 women |
| Manoogian et al (2022)30 | United States | RCT | Workers on 24-hour shifts; mean age 40.36 (SD ± 9.04) years; 91% men |
| Cienfuegos et al (2022)26 | United States | RCT | Adults with obesity; mean age 45-49 years; 15 men and 34 women |
| Steger et al (2023)29 | United States | RCT | Adults with obesity (BMI >30 kg m–²); average age 44 (SD ± 12) years; 72% women |
| Gabel et al (2019)25 | United States | RCT | Adults with obesity (BMI 30-45 kg m–²); predominantly women; mean age 45-49 years |
| Park et al (2021)24 | South Korea | SAS | Healthy young adults; mainly active at night; average age 22.5 (SD ± 2.8) years; 25 women and 8 men |
| Kim and Song (2023)18 | South Korea | SAS | Healthy young adults; mean age 23.4 (SD ± 2.9) years; 64.7% women |
| Jamshed et al (2022)22 | United States | RCT | Adults with obesity; participants in a weight loss program; average age 43 (SD ± 11) years; 80% women |
| Kirkham et al (2023)21 | Canada | SAS | Breast cancer survivors; BMI 31.8 (SD ± 4.8) kg m–²; mean age 66 (SD ± 5) years |
| Zhang et al (2022)28 | China | RCT | Healthy adults aged 18-30 years; BMI >24 kg m–² |
| Lin et al (2023)27 | Chicago | RCT | Adults aged 18-65 years with a BMI 30-50 kg m–2 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SAS, single-arm studies.
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