| 1) Attitude survey-self reported AMISOM casualties | (1st stage) HR Abuse Index | (1st stage) AMISOM casualties | (2nd stage) HR Abuse Index |
| IED attack-reported | −0.30** | 1.57*** | −0.19* |
| (0.09) | (0.14) | (0.06) | |
| AMISOM casualties by IED (reported) | -0.07* | ||
| (0.04) | |||
| N | 378 | 378 | 378 |
| R2 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.04 |
| Baseline (No IED attack) | −0.04 | 0.18 | −0.03 |
| 2) Attitude survey-real time AMISOM casualties | (1st stage) HR Abuse Index | (1st stage) AMISOM casualties | (2nd stage) HR Abuse Index |
| IED attacks-reported | −0.29** | 3.40*** | −0.19* |
| (0.09) | (0.28) | (0.01) | |
| AMISOM Casualties by IED (real) | -0.03*** | ||
| (0.01) | |||
| N | 377 | 377 | 377 |
| R2 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.05 |
| Baseline (No IED attack) | −0.04 | 0.82 | −0.18 |
| 3) Behavior—Observational | (1st stage) Civilian abuse | (1st stage) AMISOM casualties | (2nd stage)Civilian abuse |
| IED attack—real | 0.60** | 0.14*** | 0.46 |
| (0.28) | (0.02) | (0.29) | |
| AMISOM Casualties by IED (real) | 1.00* | ||
| (0.53) | |||
| N | 490 | 490 | 490 |
| R2 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
| Baseline (no IED attacks) | 0.71 | 0.02 | 0.70 |
| 1) Attitude survey-self reported AMISOM casualties | (1st stage) HR Abuse Index | (1st stage) AMISOM casualties | (2nd stage) HR Abuse Index |
| IED attack-reported | −0.30** | 1.57*** | −0.19* |
| (0.09) | (0.14) | (0.06) | |
| AMISOM casualties by IED (reported) | -0.07* | ||
| (0.04) | |||
| N | 378 | 378 | 378 |
| R2 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.04 |
| Baseline (No IED attack) | −0.04 | 0.18 | −0.03 |
| 2) Attitude survey-real time AMISOM casualties | (1st stage) HR Abuse Index | (1st stage) AMISOM casualties | (2nd stage) HR Abuse Index |
| IED attacks-reported | −0.29** | 3.40*** | −0.19* |
| (0.09) | (0.28) | (0.01) | |
| AMISOM Casualties by IED (real) | -0.03*** | ||
| (0.01) | |||
| N | 377 | 377 | 377 |
| R2 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.05 |
| Baseline (No IED attack) | −0.04 | 0.82 | −0.18 |
| 3) Behavior—Observational | (1st stage) Civilian abuse | (1st stage) AMISOM casualties | (2nd stage)Civilian abuse |
| IED attack—real | 0.60** | 0.14*** | 0.46 |
| (0.28) | (0.02) | (0.29) | |
| AMISOM Casualties by IED (real) | 1.00* | ||
| (0.53) | |||
| N | 490 | 490 | 490 |
| R2 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
| Baseline (no IED attacks) | 0.71 | 0.02 | 0.70 |
Note: p-values are for two-sided tests. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. The Sobel–Goodman mediation test is statistically significant at varying significance levels (p < 0.059, p < 0.003, and p < 0.071).
| 1) Attitude survey-self reported AMISOM casualties | (1st stage) HR Abuse Index | (1st stage) AMISOM casualties | (2nd stage) HR Abuse Index |
| IED attack-reported | −0.30** | 1.57*** | −0.19* |
| (0.09) | (0.14) | (0.06) | |
| AMISOM casualties by IED (reported) | -0.07* | ||
| (0.04) | |||
| N | 378 | 378 | 378 |
| R2 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.04 |
| Baseline (No IED attack) | −0.04 | 0.18 | −0.03 |
| 2) Attitude survey-real time AMISOM casualties | (1st stage) HR Abuse Index | (1st stage) AMISOM casualties | (2nd stage) HR Abuse Index |
| IED attacks-reported | −0.29** | 3.40*** | −0.19* |
| (0.09) | (0.28) | (0.01) | |
| AMISOM Casualties by IED (real) | -0.03*** | ||
| (0.01) | |||
| N | 377 | 377 | 377 |
| R2 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.05 |
| Baseline (No IED attack) | −0.04 | 0.82 | −0.18 |
| 3) Behavior—Observational | (1st stage) Civilian abuse | (1st stage) AMISOM casualties | (2nd stage)Civilian abuse |
| IED attack—real | 0.60** | 0.14*** | 0.46 |
| (0.28) | (0.02) | (0.29) | |
| AMISOM Casualties by IED (real) | 1.00* | ||
| (0.53) | |||
| N | 490 | 490 | 490 |
| R2 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
| Baseline (no IED attacks) | 0.71 | 0.02 | 0.70 |
| 1) Attitude survey-self reported AMISOM casualties | (1st stage) HR Abuse Index | (1st stage) AMISOM casualties | (2nd stage) HR Abuse Index |
| IED attack-reported | −0.30** | 1.57*** | −0.19* |
| (0.09) | (0.14) | (0.06) | |
| AMISOM casualties by IED (reported) | -0.07* | ||
| (0.04) | |||
| N | 378 | 378 | 378 |
| R2 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.04 |
| Baseline (No IED attack) | −0.04 | 0.18 | −0.03 |
| 2) Attitude survey-real time AMISOM casualties | (1st stage) HR Abuse Index | (1st stage) AMISOM casualties | (2nd stage) HR Abuse Index |
| IED attacks-reported | −0.29** | 3.40*** | −0.19* |
| (0.09) | (0.28) | (0.01) | |
| AMISOM Casualties by IED (real) | -0.03*** | ||
| (0.01) | |||
| N | 377 | 377 | 377 |
| R2 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.05 |
| Baseline (No IED attack) | −0.04 | 0.82 | −0.18 |
| 3) Behavior—Observational | (1st stage) Civilian abuse | (1st stage) AMISOM casualties | (2nd stage)Civilian abuse |
| IED attack—real | 0.60** | 0.14*** | 0.46 |
| (0.28) | (0.02) | (0.29) | |
| AMISOM Casualties by IED (real) | 1.00* | ||
| (0.53) | |||
| N | 490 | 490 | 490 |
| R2 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
| Baseline (no IED attacks) | 0.71 | 0.02 | 0.70 |
Note: p-values are for two-sided tests. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. The Sobel–Goodman mediation test is statistically significant at varying significance levels (p < 0.059, p < 0.003, and p < 0.071).
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