Table 3. Open in new tab Factor loadings...

Items	2019	2022
No difficulty in eating	96.39	0.69			96.80	0.68
No difficulty in dressing	94.93	0.77			93.65	0.82
No difficulty in bathing	93.96	0.80			93.19	0.84
No difficulty in getting up when lying down	91.78	0.64			91.11	0.67
No difficulty in getting to and using toilet	93.90	0.71			93.55	0.76
No difficulty in ability to use telephone	81.90	0.51			83.70	0.51
No difficulty in shopping	93.68	0.73			93.06	0.76
No difficulty in food preparation	92.28	0.79			91.27	0.83
No difficulty in housekeeping	91.37	0.80			89.11	0.82
No difficulty in laundry	91.03	0.79			89.61	0.81
No difficulty in mode of transportation	87.44	0.62			88.31	0.69
No difficulty in responsibility for own medications	97.79	0.61			97.62	0.66
No difficulty in ability to handle finances	95.50	0.74			93.62	0.78
Participated at least 1 social group	89.63	−0.58			79.24	−0.48
No diagnosed as arthritis	36.60		0.54		63.47		0.41
No diagnosed as blood pressure problem	51.92		0.59		42.57		0.48
No diagnosed as cardiovascular diseases	19.84		0.63		78.10		0.49
Positive self-rated health	49.91		0.52		61.14		0.65
No diagnosed as depression symptoms	65.63			0.58	74.67			0.45
No harsh communication experience	86.15			0.65	91.76			0.66
No communication rejection experience	97.86			0.62	98.79			0.60
No domestic violence experience	99.42			0.61	99.66			0.54
Overall HAI score
Mean (SE)	84.05 (13.85)	83.71 (14.47)
Mann–Whitney U test	P = .63
HAI domains scores
Mean (SE)		57.31 (12.09)	16.67 (2.51)	10.06 (4.76)		56.49 (12.65)	10.03 (4.86)	17.19 (2.03)
Reliability
Cronbach’s alpha	0.85	0.86
Factor structure
Bartlett’s sphericity		(P < .0001)		(P < .0001)
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin		0.926		0.932
Eigen value		7.06	1.61	1.69		7.56	1.75	1.63
Percentage explained variance (%)		32.12	7.71	7.33		34.37	7.98	7.42

Items

2019

2022

% Healthy aging

Factor loading

% Healthy aging

Factor loading

ADL + IADL+ Community engagements (Factor 1)

Health conditions (Factor 2)

Depression and family relationships (Factor 3)

ADL + IADL + Community engagements (Factor 1)

Health conditions (Factor 2)

Depression and family relationships (Factor 3)

No difficulty in eating

96.39

0.69

96.80

0.68

No difficulty in dressing

94.93

0.77

93.65

0.82

No difficulty in bathing

93.96

0.80

93.19

0.84

No difficulty in getting up when lying down

91.78

0.64

91.11

0.67

No difficulty in getting to and using toilet

93.90

0.71

93.55

0.76

No difficulty in ability to use telephone

81.90

0.51

83.70

0.51

No difficulty in shopping

93.68

0.73

93.06

0.76

No difficulty in food preparation

92.28

0.79

91.27

0.83

No difficulty in housekeeping

91.37

0.80

89.11

0.82

No difficulty in laundry

91.03

0.79

89.61

0.81

No difficulty in mode of transportation

87.44

0.62

88.31

0.69

No difficulty in responsibility for own medications

97.79

0.61

97.62

0.66

No difficulty in ability to handle finances

95.50

0.74

93.62

0.78

Participated at least 1 social group

89.63

−0.58

79.24

−0.48

No diagnosed as arthritis

36.60

0.54

63.47

0.41

No diagnosed as blood pressure problem

51.92

0.59

42.57

0.48

No diagnosed as cardiovascular diseases

19.84

0.63

78.10

0.49

Positive self-rated health

49.91

0.52

61.14

0.65

No diagnosed as depression symptoms

65.63

0.58

74.67

0.45

No harsh communication experience

86.15

0.65

91.76

0.66

No communication rejection experience

97.86

0.62

98.79

0.60

No domestic violence experience

99.42

0.61

99.66

0.54

Overall HAI score

Mean (SE)

84.05 (13.85)

83.71 (14.47)

Mann–Whitney U test

P = .63

HAI domains scores

Mean (SE)

57.31 (12.09)

16.67 (2.51)

10.06 (4.76)

56.49 (12.65)

10.03 (4.86)

17.19 (2.03)

Reliability

Cronbach’s alpha

0.85

0.86

Factor structure

Bartlett’s sphericity

(P < .0001)

Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin

0.926

0.932

Eigen value

7.06

1.61

1.69

7.56

1.75

1.63

Percentage explained variance (%)

32.12

7.71

7.33

34.37

7.98

7.42

Items	2019	2022
No difficulty in eating	96.39	0.69			96.80	0.68
No difficulty in dressing	94.93	0.77			93.65	0.82
No difficulty in bathing	93.96	0.80			93.19	0.84
No difficulty in getting up when lying down	91.78	0.64			91.11	0.67
No difficulty in getting to and using toilet	93.90	0.71			93.55	0.76
No difficulty in ability to use telephone	81.90	0.51			83.70	0.51
No difficulty in shopping	93.68	0.73			93.06	0.76
No difficulty in food preparation	92.28	0.79			91.27	0.83
No difficulty in housekeeping	91.37	0.80			89.11	0.82
No difficulty in laundry	91.03	0.79			89.61	0.81
No difficulty in mode of transportation	87.44	0.62			88.31	0.69
No difficulty in responsibility for own medications	97.79	0.61			97.62	0.66
No difficulty in ability to handle finances	95.50	0.74			93.62	0.78
Participated at least 1 social group	89.63	−0.58			79.24	−0.48
No diagnosed as arthritis	36.60		0.54		63.47		0.41
No diagnosed as blood pressure problem	51.92		0.59		42.57		0.48
No diagnosed as cardiovascular diseases	19.84		0.63		78.10		0.49
Positive self-rated health	49.91		0.52		61.14		0.65
No diagnosed as depression symptoms	65.63			0.58	74.67			0.45
No harsh communication experience	86.15			0.65	91.76			0.66
No communication rejection experience	97.86			0.62	98.79			0.60
No domestic violence experience	99.42			0.61	99.66			0.54
Overall HAI score
Mean (SE)	84.05 (13.85)	83.71 (14.47)
Mann–Whitney U test	P = .63
HAI domains scores
Mean (SE)		57.31 (12.09)	16.67 (2.51)	10.06 (4.76)		56.49 (12.65)	10.03 (4.86)	17.19 (2.03)
Reliability
Cronbach’s alpha	0.85	0.86
Factor structure
Bartlett’s sphericity		(P < .0001)		(P < .0001)
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin		0.926		0.932
Eigen value		7.06	1.61	1.69		7.56	1.75	1.63
Percentage explained variance (%)		32.12	7.71	7.33		34.37	7.98	7.42

Table 3.

Open in new tab

Factor loadings of HAI measurement (varimax rotation)

Items	2019				2022
	% Healthy aging	Factor loading			% Healthy aging	Factor loading
	% Healthy aging	ADL + IADL+ Community engagements (Factor 1)	Health conditions (Factor 2)	Depression and family relationships (Factor 3)	% Healthy aging	ADL + IADL + Community engagements (Factor 1)	Health conditions (Factor 2)	Depression and family relationships (Factor 3)
No difficulty in eating	96.39	0.69			96.80	0.68
No difficulty in dressing	94.93	0.77			93.65	0.82
No difficulty in bathing	93.96	0.80			93.19	0.84
No difficulty in getting up when lying down	91.78	0.64			91.11	0.67
No difficulty in getting to and using toilet	93.90	0.71			93.55	0.76
No difficulty in ability to use telephone	81.90	0.51			83.70	0.51
No difficulty in shopping	93.68	0.73			93.06	0.76
No difficulty in food preparation	92.28	0.79			91.27	0.83
No difficulty in housekeeping	91.37	0.80			89.11	0.82
No difficulty in laundry	91.03	0.79			89.61	0.81
No difficulty in mode of transportation	87.44	0.62			88.31	0.69
No difficulty in responsibility for own medications	97.79	0.61			97.62	0.66
No difficulty in ability to handle finances	95.50	0.74			93.62	0.78
Participated at least 1 social group	89.63	−0.58			79.24	−0.48
No diagnosed as arthritis	36.60		0.54		63.47		0.41
No diagnosed as blood pressure problem	51.92		0.59		42.57		0.48
No diagnosed as cardiovascular diseases	19.84		0.63		78.10		0.49
Positive self-rated health	49.91		0.52		61.14		0.65
No diagnosed as depression symptoms	65.63			0.58	74.67			0.45
No harsh communication experience	86.15			0.65	91.76			0.66
No communication rejection experience	97.86			0.62	98.79			0.60
No domestic violence experience	99.42			0.61	99.66			0.54
Overall HAI score
Mean (SE)	84.05 (13.85)				83.71 (14.47)
Mann–Whitney U test	P = .63
HAI domains scores
Mean (SE)		57.31 (12.09)	16.67 (2.51)	10.06 (4.76)		56.49 (12.65)	10.03 (4.86)	17.19 (2.03)
Reliability
Cronbach’s alpha	0.85				0.86
Factor structure
Bartlett’s sphericity		(P < .0001)				(P < .0001)
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin		0.926				0.932
Eigen value		7.06	1.61	1.69		7.56	1.75	1.63
Percentage explained variance (%)		32.12	7.71	7.33		34.37	7.98	7.42

Items	2019				2022
	% Healthy aging	Factor loading			% Healthy aging	Factor loading
	% Healthy aging	ADL + IADL+ Community engagements (Factor 1)	Health conditions (Factor 2)	Depression and family relationships (Factor 3)	% Healthy aging	ADL + IADL + Community engagements (Factor 1)	Health conditions (Factor 2)	Depression and family relationships (Factor 3)
No difficulty in eating	96.39	0.69			96.80	0.68
No difficulty in dressing	94.93	0.77			93.65	0.82
No difficulty in bathing	93.96	0.80			93.19	0.84
No difficulty in getting up when lying down	91.78	0.64			91.11	0.67
No difficulty in getting to and using toilet	93.90	0.71			93.55	0.76
No difficulty in ability to use telephone	81.90	0.51			83.70	0.51
No difficulty in shopping	93.68	0.73			93.06	0.76
No difficulty in food preparation	92.28	0.79			91.27	0.83
No difficulty in housekeeping	91.37	0.80			89.11	0.82
No difficulty in laundry	91.03	0.79			89.61	0.81
No difficulty in mode of transportation	87.44	0.62			88.31	0.69
No difficulty in responsibility for own medications	97.79	0.61			97.62	0.66
No difficulty in ability to handle finances	95.50	0.74			93.62	0.78
Participated at least 1 social group	89.63	−0.58			79.24	−0.48
No diagnosed as arthritis	36.60		0.54		63.47		0.41
No diagnosed as blood pressure problem	51.92		0.59		42.57		0.48
No diagnosed as cardiovascular diseases	19.84		0.63		78.10		0.49
Positive self-rated health	49.91		0.52		61.14		0.65
No diagnosed as depression symptoms	65.63			0.58	74.67			0.45
No harsh communication experience	86.15			0.65	91.76			0.66
No communication rejection experience	97.86			0.62	98.79			0.60
No domestic violence experience	99.42			0.61	99.66			0.54
Overall HAI score
Mean (SE)	84.05 (13.85)				83.71 (14.47)
Mann–Whitney U test	P = .63
HAI domains scores
Mean (SE)		57.31 (12.09)	16.67 (2.51)	10.06 (4.76)		56.49 (12.65)	10.03 (4.86)	17.19 (2.03)
Reliability
Cronbach’s alpha	0.85				0.86
Factor structure
Bartlett’s sphericity		(P < .0001)				(P < .0001)
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin		0.926				0.932
Eigen value		7.06	1.61	1.69		7.56	1.75	1.63
Percentage explained variance (%)		32.12	7.71	7.33		34.37	7.98	7.42

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) results.

Source: Own calculations, using OP&SHI 2019 and VNAS 2022.

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