| Drug . | Placental transfer . | Terato-genic . | Safety in pregnancy . | Potential risks in pregnancy . | Transfer to breast milk . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylcholine | Unknown | No | Yes (limited human data—animal data lacking) | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown (very short half-life) |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Adenosine | Unclear (short half-life) | No | Yes | Maternal: Flushing Transient chest pain Bradycardia | No (very short half-life) |
| Foetal/neonatal: No foetal adverse events reported (limited human data) | |||||
| Ajmaline | Unknown | Unknowna | Unknown | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Epinephrine | Yes | No | Yes | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown (very short half-life) |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Ergonovine | Unknown | Unknowna | Unknown | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Flecainide | Yes | Animal data contradictory | Yes (limited human data—contradictory animal data) | Maternal: Visual/central nervous system effects PR/QRS widening first-degree AV block QTc prolongation Atrial flutter | Yes (low levels)b |
| Foetal/neonatal: Neonatal QRS widening with long exposure (concentrates in amniotic fluid) QTc prolongation Proarrhythmia | |||||
| Isoproterenol | Yes | No | Yes | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown (very short half-life) |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Foetal/neonatal: Central nervous system effects | |||||
| Pilsicainide | Unknown | Unknowna | Unknown | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Procainamide | Yes | Unknowna | Yes (limited human data—animal data lacking) | Maternal: Nausea and vomiting QTc prolongation Proarrhythmia, Torsades de Pointes, Uterine irritability Premature birth | Yes |
| Foetal/neonatal: QTc prolongation Proarrhythmia, Torsades de Pointes | |||||
| Foetal/neonatal: Central nervous system effects Embryotoxicity in animal studies |
| Drug . | Placental transfer . | Terato-genic . | Safety in pregnancy . | Potential risks in pregnancy . | Transfer to breast milk . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylcholine | Unknown | No | Yes (limited human data—animal data lacking) | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown (very short half-life) |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Adenosine | Unclear (short half-life) | No | Yes | Maternal: Flushing Transient chest pain Bradycardia | No (very short half-life) |
| Foetal/neonatal: No foetal adverse events reported (limited human data) | |||||
| Ajmaline | Unknown | Unknowna | Unknown | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Epinephrine | Yes | No | Yes | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown (very short half-life) |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Ergonovine | Unknown | Unknowna | Unknown | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Flecainide | Yes | Animal data contradictory | Yes (limited human data—contradictory animal data) | Maternal: Visual/central nervous system effects PR/QRS widening first-degree AV block QTc prolongation Atrial flutter | Yes (low levels)b |
| Foetal/neonatal: Neonatal QRS widening with long exposure (concentrates in amniotic fluid) QTc prolongation Proarrhythmia | |||||
| Isoproterenol | Yes | No | Yes | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown (very short half-life) |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Foetal/neonatal: Central nervous system effects | |||||
| Pilsicainide | Unknown | Unknowna | Unknown | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Procainamide | Yes | Unknowna | Yes (limited human data—animal data lacking) | Maternal: Nausea and vomiting QTc prolongation Proarrhythmia, Torsades de Pointes, Uterine irritability Premature birth | Yes |
| Foetal/neonatal: QTc prolongation Proarrhythmia, Torsades de Pointes | |||||
| Foetal/neonatal: Central nervous system effects Embryotoxicity in animal studies |
AV, atrioventricular.
aAvoid during first trimester and only administer when strictly necessary.
bBreastfeeding is possible if the mother is treated with the drug.163
| Drug . | Placental transfer . | Terato-genic . | Safety in pregnancy . | Potential risks in pregnancy . | Transfer to breast milk . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylcholine | Unknown | No | Yes (limited human data—animal data lacking) | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown (very short half-life) |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Adenosine | Unclear (short half-life) | No | Yes | Maternal: Flushing Transient chest pain Bradycardia | No (very short half-life) |
| Foetal/neonatal: No foetal adverse events reported (limited human data) | |||||
| Ajmaline | Unknown | Unknowna | Unknown | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Epinephrine | Yes | No | Yes | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown (very short half-life) |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Ergonovine | Unknown | Unknowna | Unknown | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Flecainide | Yes | Animal data contradictory | Yes (limited human data—contradictory animal data) | Maternal: Visual/central nervous system effects PR/QRS widening first-degree AV block QTc prolongation Atrial flutter | Yes (low levels)b |
| Foetal/neonatal: Neonatal QRS widening with long exposure (concentrates in amniotic fluid) QTc prolongation Proarrhythmia | |||||
| Isoproterenol | Yes | No | Yes | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown (very short half-life) |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Foetal/neonatal: Central nervous system effects | |||||
| Pilsicainide | Unknown | Unknowna | Unknown | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Procainamide | Yes | Unknowna | Yes (limited human data—animal data lacking) | Maternal: Nausea and vomiting QTc prolongation Proarrhythmia, Torsades de Pointes, Uterine irritability Premature birth | Yes |
| Foetal/neonatal: QTc prolongation Proarrhythmia, Torsades de Pointes | |||||
| Foetal/neonatal: Central nervous system effects Embryotoxicity in animal studies |
| Drug . | Placental transfer . | Terato-genic . | Safety in pregnancy . | Potential risks in pregnancy . | Transfer to breast milk . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylcholine | Unknown | No | Yes (limited human data—animal data lacking) | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown (very short half-life) |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Adenosine | Unclear (short half-life) | No | Yes | Maternal: Flushing Transient chest pain Bradycardia | No (very short half-life) |
| Foetal/neonatal: No foetal adverse events reported (limited human data) | |||||
| Ajmaline | Unknown | Unknowna | Unknown | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Epinephrine | Yes | No | Yes | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown (very short half-life) |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Ergonovine | Unknown | Unknowna | Unknown | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Flecainide | Yes | Animal data contradictory | Yes (limited human data—contradictory animal data) | Maternal: Visual/central nervous system effects PR/QRS widening first-degree AV block QTc prolongation Atrial flutter | Yes (low levels)b |
| Foetal/neonatal: Neonatal QRS widening with long exposure (concentrates in amniotic fluid) QTc prolongation Proarrhythmia | |||||
| Isoproterenol | Yes | No | Yes | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown (very short half-life) |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Foetal/neonatal: Central nervous system effects | |||||
| Pilsicainide | Unknown | Unknowna | Unknown | Maternal: Unknown | Unknown |
| Foetal/neonatal: Unknown | |||||
| Procainamide | Yes | Unknowna | Yes (limited human data—animal data lacking) | Maternal: Nausea and vomiting QTc prolongation Proarrhythmia, Torsades de Pointes, Uterine irritability Premature birth | Yes |
| Foetal/neonatal: QTc prolongation Proarrhythmia, Torsades de Pointes | |||||
| Foetal/neonatal: Central nervous system effects Embryotoxicity in animal studies |
AV, atrioventricular.
aAvoid during first trimester and only administer when strictly necessary.
bBreastfeeding is possible if the mother is treated with the drug.163
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