Table 3.
Open in new tab

Results of mixed effects models comparing control versus treatment for parent and child outcomes.

Outcome comparisonsMean difference (95% CI)P-valueEffect size
Parent Report
 Adolescent depressive symptoms (BASC-3)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−3.64 (−7.21, −0.07).046*0.24
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.44 (−2.88, 3.76).790.05
  Treatment vs Control at Post−3.45 (−6.77, −0.12).04*0.29
 Adolescent anxiety symptoms (BASC-3)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−3.21 (−5.64, −0.78).01*0.23
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.48 (−1.76, 2.72).670.05
  Treatment vs Control at Post−3.5 (−5.94, −1.07).01*0.29
 Adolescent anxiety symptoms (SCARED)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−1.87 (−5.87, 2.13).350.11
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−1.84 (−5.53, 1.85).320.15
  Treatment vs Control at Post0.22 (−3.73, 4.17).910.01
 Adolescent somatization (BASC-3)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−3.17 (−6.22, −0.12).04*0.23
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.64 (−3.46, 2.18).650.05
  Treatment vs Control at Post−1.89 (−4.85, 1.06).200.14
 Adolescent physical symptoms (CSSI GI subscale)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−2.79 (−4.53, −1.04).003**0.47
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.12 (−1.73, 1.49).880.02
  Treatment vs Control at Post−2.58 (−4.28, −0.88).004**0.48
Child Report
 Depressive symptoms (CDI-2)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−1.99 (−4.44, 0.47).110.17
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.00 (−2.18, 2.18)1.000
  Treatment vs Control at Post−1.99 (−4.38, 0.41).100.17
 Anxiety symptoms (SCARED)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−5.05 (−9.69, −0.4).03*0.34
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.67 (−4.8, 3.47).750.04
  Treatment vs Control at Post−4.29 (−8.7, 0.12).060.27
 Physical symptoms (CSSI GI subscale)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−1.29 (−2.91, 0.32).110.27
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.56 (−0.88, 1.99).440.11
  Treatment vs Control at Post−1.82 (−3.39, −0.25).02*0.37
 Total perceived stress (RSQ mean)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−0.45 (−0.67, −0.23)<.001***0.63
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.01 (−0.2, 0.18).930.01
  Treatment vs Control at Post−0.45 (−0.65, −0.24)<.001***0.63
 Primary control engagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post0.01 (−0.004, 0.02).190.25
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.001 (−0.01, 0.01).790.03
  Treatment vs Control at Post0.01 (−0.003, 0.02).130.33
 Secondary control engagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01).370.17
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.01 (−0.01, 0.02).430.17
  Treatment vs Control at Post−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01).180.17
 Disengagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−0.003 (−0.01, 0.01).550.11
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.001 (−0.01, 0.01).910.04
  Treatment vs Control at Post−0.004 (0.01, 0.005).370.15
 Involuntary engagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−0.004 (−0.02, 0.01).530.10
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.003 (−0.01, 0.01).590.06
  Treatment vs Control at Post−0.001 (−0.01, 0.01).860.02
 Involuntary disengagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post0.01 (0, 0.02).170.25
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.003 (−0.01, 0.01).510.10
  Treatment vs Control at Post0.01 (0, 0.02).090.30
Child Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
 SDNN
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post15.6 (−2.12, 33.32).080.43
  Control: Baseline vs. Post16.74 (0.99, 32.49).04*0.73
  Treatment vs Control at Post4.9 (−13.12, 22.92).580.15
 RMSSD
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−4.09 (−27.64, 19.47).730.08
  Control: Baseline vs. Post16.02 (−4.86, 36.91).130.62
  Treatment vs Control at Post−14.75 (−38.98, 9.48).220.36
Outcome comparisonsMean difference (95% CI)P-valueEffect size
Parent Report
 Adolescent depressive symptoms (BASC-3)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−3.64 (−7.21, −0.07).046*0.24
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.44 (−2.88, 3.76).790.05
  Treatment vs Control at Post−3.45 (−6.77, −0.12).04*0.29
 Adolescent anxiety symptoms (BASC-3)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−3.21 (−5.64, −0.78).01*0.23
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.48 (−1.76, 2.72).670.05
  Treatment vs Control at Post−3.5 (−5.94, −1.07).01*0.29
 Adolescent anxiety symptoms (SCARED)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−1.87 (−5.87, 2.13).350.11
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−1.84 (−5.53, 1.85).320.15
  Treatment vs Control at Post0.22 (−3.73, 4.17).910.01
 Adolescent somatization (BASC-3)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−3.17 (−6.22, −0.12).04*0.23
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.64 (−3.46, 2.18).650.05
  Treatment vs Control at Post−1.89 (−4.85, 1.06).200.14
 Adolescent physical symptoms (CSSI GI subscale)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−2.79 (−4.53, −1.04).003**0.47
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.12 (−1.73, 1.49).880.02
  Treatment vs Control at Post−2.58 (−4.28, −0.88).004**0.48
Child Report
 Depressive symptoms (CDI-2)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−1.99 (−4.44, 0.47).110.17
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.00 (−2.18, 2.18)1.000
  Treatment vs Control at Post−1.99 (−4.38, 0.41).100.17
 Anxiety symptoms (SCARED)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−5.05 (−9.69, −0.4).03*0.34
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.67 (−4.8, 3.47).750.04
  Treatment vs Control at Post−4.29 (−8.7, 0.12).060.27
 Physical symptoms (CSSI GI subscale)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−1.29 (−2.91, 0.32).110.27
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.56 (−0.88, 1.99).440.11
  Treatment vs Control at Post−1.82 (−3.39, −0.25).02*0.37
 Total perceived stress (RSQ mean)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−0.45 (−0.67, −0.23)<.001***0.63
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.01 (−0.2, 0.18).930.01
  Treatment vs Control at Post−0.45 (−0.65, −0.24)<.001***0.63
 Primary control engagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post0.01 (−0.004, 0.02).190.25
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.001 (−0.01, 0.01).790.03
  Treatment vs Control at Post0.01 (−0.003, 0.02).130.33
 Secondary control engagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01).370.17
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.01 (−0.01, 0.02).430.17
  Treatment vs Control at Post−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01).180.17
 Disengagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−0.003 (−0.01, 0.01).550.11
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.001 (−0.01, 0.01).910.04
  Treatment vs Control at Post−0.004 (0.01, 0.005).370.15
 Involuntary engagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−0.004 (−0.02, 0.01).530.10
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.003 (−0.01, 0.01).590.06
  Treatment vs Control at Post−0.001 (−0.01, 0.01).860.02
 Involuntary disengagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post0.01 (0, 0.02).170.25
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.003 (−0.01, 0.01).510.10
  Treatment vs Control at Post0.01 (0, 0.02).090.30
Child Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
 SDNN
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post15.6 (−2.12, 33.32).080.43
  Control: Baseline vs. Post16.74 (0.99, 32.49).04*0.73
  Treatment vs Control at Post4.9 (−13.12, 22.92).580.15
 RMSSD
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−4.09 (−27.64, 19.47).730.08
  Control: Baseline vs. Post16.02 (−4.86, 36.91).130.62
  Treatment vs Control at Post−14.75 (−38.98, 9.48).220.36

Abbreviations: BASC-3, Behavior Assessment System for Children, third edition; CDI-2, Children’s Depression Inventory, second edition; CI, confidence interval; CSSI, Children’s Somatic Symptoms Inventory; GI, gastrointestinal; HRV, heart rate variability; RMSSD, root mean square of successive RR interval differences; RSQ, Response to Stress Questionnaire; SCARED, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders; SDNN, standard deviation of NN intervals

Effect size of 0.2 is considered small, 0.5 moderate, and 0.8 as large.

*P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001.

Table 3.
Open in new tab

Results of mixed effects models comparing control versus treatment for parent and child outcomes.

Outcome comparisonsMean difference (95% CI)P-valueEffect size
Parent Report
 Adolescent depressive symptoms (BASC-3)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−3.64 (−7.21, −0.07).046*0.24
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.44 (−2.88, 3.76).790.05
  Treatment vs Control at Post−3.45 (−6.77, −0.12).04*0.29
 Adolescent anxiety symptoms (BASC-3)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−3.21 (−5.64, −0.78).01*0.23
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.48 (−1.76, 2.72).670.05
  Treatment vs Control at Post−3.5 (−5.94, −1.07).01*0.29
 Adolescent anxiety symptoms (SCARED)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−1.87 (−5.87, 2.13).350.11
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−1.84 (−5.53, 1.85).320.15
  Treatment vs Control at Post0.22 (−3.73, 4.17).910.01
 Adolescent somatization (BASC-3)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−3.17 (−6.22, −0.12).04*0.23
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.64 (−3.46, 2.18).650.05
  Treatment vs Control at Post−1.89 (−4.85, 1.06).200.14
 Adolescent physical symptoms (CSSI GI subscale)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−2.79 (−4.53, −1.04).003**0.47
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.12 (−1.73, 1.49).880.02
  Treatment vs Control at Post−2.58 (−4.28, −0.88).004**0.48
Child Report
 Depressive symptoms (CDI-2)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−1.99 (−4.44, 0.47).110.17
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.00 (−2.18, 2.18)1.000
  Treatment vs Control at Post−1.99 (−4.38, 0.41).100.17
 Anxiety symptoms (SCARED)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−5.05 (−9.69, −0.4).03*0.34
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.67 (−4.8, 3.47).750.04
  Treatment vs Control at Post−4.29 (−8.7, 0.12).060.27
 Physical symptoms (CSSI GI subscale)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−1.29 (−2.91, 0.32).110.27
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.56 (−0.88, 1.99).440.11
  Treatment vs Control at Post−1.82 (−3.39, −0.25).02*0.37
 Total perceived stress (RSQ mean)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−0.45 (−0.67, −0.23)<.001***0.63
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.01 (−0.2, 0.18).930.01
  Treatment vs Control at Post−0.45 (−0.65, −0.24)<.001***0.63
 Primary control engagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post0.01 (−0.004, 0.02).190.25
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.001 (−0.01, 0.01).790.03
  Treatment vs Control at Post0.01 (−0.003, 0.02).130.33
 Secondary control engagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01).370.17
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.01 (−0.01, 0.02).430.17
  Treatment vs Control at Post−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01).180.17
 Disengagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−0.003 (−0.01, 0.01).550.11
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.001 (−0.01, 0.01).910.04
  Treatment vs Control at Post−0.004 (0.01, 0.005).370.15
 Involuntary engagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−0.004 (−0.02, 0.01).530.10
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.003 (−0.01, 0.01).590.06
  Treatment vs Control at Post−0.001 (−0.01, 0.01).860.02
 Involuntary disengagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post0.01 (0, 0.02).170.25
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.003 (−0.01, 0.01).510.10
  Treatment vs Control at Post0.01 (0, 0.02).090.30
Child Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
 SDNN
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post15.6 (−2.12, 33.32).080.43
  Control: Baseline vs. Post16.74 (0.99, 32.49).04*0.73
  Treatment vs Control at Post4.9 (−13.12, 22.92).580.15
 RMSSD
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−4.09 (−27.64, 19.47).730.08
  Control: Baseline vs. Post16.02 (−4.86, 36.91).130.62
  Treatment vs Control at Post−14.75 (−38.98, 9.48).220.36
Outcome comparisonsMean difference (95% CI)P-valueEffect size
Parent Report
 Adolescent depressive symptoms (BASC-3)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−3.64 (−7.21, −0.07).046*0.24
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.44 (−2.88, 3.76).790.05
  Treatment vs Control at Post−3.45 (−6.77, −0.12).04*0.29
 Adolescent anxiety symptoms (BASC-3)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−3.21 (−5.64, −0.78).01*0.23
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.48 (−1.76, 2.72).670.05
  Treatment vs Control at Post−3.5 (−5.94, −1.07).01*0.29
 Adolescent anxiety symptoms (SCARED)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−1.87 (−5.87, 2.13).350.11
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−1.84 (−5.53, 1.85).320.15
  Treatment vs Control at Post0.22 (−3.73, 4.17).910.01
 Adolescent somatization (BASC-3)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−3.17 (−6.22, −0.12).04*0.23
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.64 (−3.46, 2.18).650.05
  Treatment vs Control at Post−1.89 (−4.85, 1.06).200.14
 Adolescent physical symptoms (CSSI GI subscale)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−2.79 (−4.53, −1.04).003**0.47
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.12 (−1.73, 1.49).880.02
  Treatment vs Control at Post−2.58 (−4.28, −0.88).004**0.48
Child Report
 Depressive symptoms (CDI-2)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−1.99 (−4.44, 0.47).110.17
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.00 (−2.18, 2.18)1.000
  Treatment vs Control at Post−1.99 (−4.38, 0.41).100.17
 Anxiety symptoms (SCARED)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−5.05 (−9.69, −0.4).03*0.34
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.67 (−4.8, 3.47).750.04
  Treatment vs Control at Post−4.29 (−8.7, 0.12).060.27
 Physical symptoms (CSSI GI subscale)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−1.29 (−2.91, 0.32).110.27
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.56 (−0.88, 1.99).440.11
  Treatment vs Control at Post−1.82 (−3.39, −0.25).02*0.37
 Total perceived stress (RSQ mean)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−0.45 (−0.67, −0.23)<.001***0.63
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.01 (−0.2, 0.18).930.01
  Treatment vs Control at Post−0.45 (−0.65, −0.24)<.001***0.63
 Primary control engagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post0.01 (−0.004, 0.02).190.25
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.001 (−0.01, 0.01).790.03
  Treatment vs Control at Post0.01 (−0.003, 0.02).130.33
 Secondary control engagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01).370.17
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.01 (−0.01, 0.02).430.17
  Treatment vs Control at Post−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01).180.17
 Disengagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−0.003 (−0.01, 0.01).550.11
  Control: Baseline vs. Post0.001 (−0.01, 0.01).910.04
  Treatment vs Control at Post−0.004 (0.01, 0.005).370.15
 Involuntary engagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−0.004 (−0.02, 0.01).530.10
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.003 (−0.01, 0.01).590.06
  Treatment vs Control at Post−0.001 (−0.01, 0.01).860.02
 Involuntary disengagement coping (RSQ)
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post0.01 (0, 0.02).170.25
  Control: Baseline vs. Post−0.003 (−0.01, 0.01).510.10
  Treatment vs Control at Post0.01 (0, 0.02).090.30
Child Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
 SDNN
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post15.6 (−2.12, 33.32).080.43
  Control: Baseline vs. Post16.74 (0.99, 32.49).04*0.73
  Treatment vs Control at Post4.9 (−13.12, 22.92).580.15
 RMSSD
  Treatment: Baseline vs. Post−4.09 (−27.64, 19.47).730.08
  Control: Baseline vs. Post16.02 (−4.86, 36.91).130.62
  Treatment vs Control at Post−14.75 (−38.98, 9.48).220.36

Abbreviations: BASC-3, Behavior Assessment System for Children, third edition; CDI-2, Children’s Depression Inventory, second edition; CI, confidence interval; CSSI, Children’s Somatic Symptoms Inventory; GI, gastrointestinal; HRV, heart rate variability; RMSSD, root mean square of successive RR interval differences; RSQ, Response to Stress Questionnaire; SCARED, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders; SDNN, standard deviation of NN intervals

Effect size of 0.2 is considered small, 0.5 moderate, and 0.8 as large.

*P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001.

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