Table 3.

Algorithmic fairness of the End-of-Life Care Index for 1-year mortality.

Equal opportunity
Medium-risk threshold (≥15)
High-risk threshold (≥45)
CharacteristicDifference (95% CI)Ratio (95% CI)Difference (95% CI)Ratio (95% CI)
Age0.33 (0.30-0.35)0.57 (0.54-0.60)0.12 (0.09-0.15)0.59 (0.52-0.67)
Sex0.06 (0.04-0.09)0.90 (0.86-0.94)0.06 (0.04-0.08)0.76 (0.70-0.84)
Race0.07 (0.04-0.13)0.88 (0.80-0.93)0.09 (0.04-0.14)0.69 (0.53-0.86)
Ethnicity0.06 (<0.01-0.18)0.90 (0.75-0.99)0.04 (<0.01-0.14)0.82 (0.41-0.99)
Primary care provider0.13 (0.06-0.25)0.79 (0.59-0.90)0.15 (0.07-0.22)0.40 (0.13-0.73)
Past outpatient encounters0.22 (0.20-0.25)0.65 (0.61-0.69)0.17 (0.15-0.19)0.41 (0.36-0.47)
Equal opportunity
Medium-risk threshold (≥15)
High-risk threshold (≥45)
CharacteristicDifference (95% CI)Ratio (95% CI)Difference (95% CI)Ratio (95% CI)
Age0.33 (0.30-0.35)0.57 (0.54-0.60)0.12 (0.09-0.15)0.59 (0.52-0.67)
Sex0.06 (0.04-0.09)0.90 (0.86-0.94)0.06 (0.04-0.08)0.76 (0.70-0.84)
Race0.07 (0.04-0.13)0.88 (0.80-0.93)0.09 (0.04-0.14)0.69 (0.53-0.86)
Ethnicity0.06 (<0.01-0.18)0.90 (0.75-0.99)0.04 (<0.01-0.14)0.82 (0.41-0.99)
Primary care provider0.13 (0.06-0.25)0.79 (0.59-0.90)0.15 (0.07-0.22)0.40 (0.13-0.73)
Past outpatient encounters0.22 (0.20-0.25)0.65 (0.61-0.69)0.17 (0.15-0.19)0.41 (0.36-0.47)

Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval based on bootstrap re-sampling. Equal Opportunity defined as the maximum absolute difference (or minimum ratio) comparing the maximum and minimum true positive rate (sensitivity) across categories within each characteristic subgroup. Estimates for equalized odds, which also consider specificity, are not shown as differences in sensitivity in the performance of the EOL-CI dominate all subgroup comparisons.

Table 3.

Algorithmic fairness of the End-of-Life Care Index for 1-year mortality.

Equal opportunity
Medium-risk threshold (≥15)
High-risk threshold (≥45)
CharacteristicDifference (95% CI)Ratio (95% CI)Difference (95% CI)Ratio (95% CI)
Age0.33 (0.30-0.35)0.57 (0.54-0.60)0.12 (0.09-0.15)0.59 (0.52-0.67)
Sex0.06 (0.04-0.09)0.90 (0.86-0.94)0.06 (0.04-0.08)0.76 (0.70-0.84)
Race0.07 (0.04-0.13)0.88 (0.80-0.93)0.09 (0.04-0.14)0.69 (0.53-0.86)
Ethnicity0.06 (<0.01-0.18)0.90 (0.75-0.99)0.04 (<0.01-0.14)0.82 (0.41-0.99)
Primary care provider0.13 (0.06-0.25)0.79 (0.59-0.90)0.15 (0.07-0.22)0.40 (0.13-0.73)
Past outpatient encounters0.22 (0.20-0.25)0.65 (0.61-0.69)0.17 (0.15-0.19)0.41 (0.36-0.47)
Equal opportunity
Medium-risk threshold (≥15)
High-risk threshold (≥45)
CharacteristicDifference (95% CI)Ratio (95% CI)Difference (95% CI)Ratio (95% CI)
Age0.33 (0.30-0.35)0.57 (0.54-0.60)0.12 (0.09-0.15)0.59 (0.52-0.67)
Sex0.06 (0.04-0.09)0.90 (0.86-0.94)0.06 (0.04-0.08)0.76 (0.70-0.84)
Race0.07 (0.04-0.13)0.88 (0.80-0.93)0.09 (0.04-0.14)0.69 (0.53-0.86)
Ethnicity0.06 (<0.01-0.18)0.90 (0.75-0.99)0.04 (<0.01-0.14)0.82 (0.41-0.99)
Primary care provider0.13 (0.06-0.25)0.79 (0.59-0.90)0.15 (0.07-0.22)0.40 (0.13-0.73)
Past outpatient encounters0.22 (0.20-0.25)0.65 (0.61-0.69)0.17 (0.15-0.19)0.41 (0.36-0.47)

Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval based on bootstrap re-sampling. Equal Opportunity defined as the maximum absolute difference (or minimum ratio) comparing the maximum and minimum true positive rate (sensitivity) across categories within each characteristic subgroup. Estimates for equalized odds, which also consider specificity, are not shown as differences in sensitivity in the performance of the EOL-CI dominate all subgroup comparisons.

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