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Category

Concept/study

Details

References

Mixture toxicity

Additivity

Substances can have additive effects by targeting the same molecular mechanism in a cell. Example: dioxin-like compounds

⁴

Enhancer substance

Enhancer substances amplify the effects of a driver substance by increasing its concentration at the target site

⁴

Selective toxicity

Herbicide application

Selective herbicides must damage unwanted plants while minimizing harm to crop tissues. Recent advancements focus on improving selective toxicity for economic benefits

⁵

Historical research

Moore’s research (1917)

Investigated insect fumigants to assess toxic effects

⁶

Tattersfield et al. (1920 to 1927)

Extensive studies on contact insecticides and fumigants

⁶

Tilley and Schaffer (1926 to 1928)

Bacteriological research on toxic effects

⁶

Coulthard, Marshall, and Pyman (1930), Dohme, Cox, and Millar (1926), Klatman, Gatyas, and Shternov (1931)

Studies on chemical toxicity in various compounds

⁶

Morris and Stirk (1932) and Stiles and Rees (1935)

Research on fungicides and their toxic effects

⁶

Drug safety and breastfeeding

Evidence-based guidelines

Guidelines for drug transfer into breast milk and safety recommendations for nursing mothers and infants

^39–41

Ferguson’s principle

Framework for predicting and preventing drug-induced fatalities based on the quantitative relationship between chemical structure and drug toxicity

^18–20

Toxicokinetics vs. toxicodynamics

Analogous to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics are similar to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics but focus on toxicity and adverse effects.

⁷

Principle of toxicology

Paracelsus’s principle

“The dose makes the poison” emphasises that the dose determines the toxicity of a substance

⁸^, ⁹

Mechanistic toxicology adaptation

Adapting Paracelsus’s principle to “The dose disrupts the pathway” to reflect that different doses impact various molecular pathways. Lower doses may affect different mechanisms compared to higher doses

⁸^, ⁹

Advancements in risk assessment

Computational models and QSAR

Utilisations of computational models and QSARs to predict chemical toxicity and improve risk assessment

^15–17^, ⁵²

Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics integration

Application of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics in understanding and predicting chemical toxicity and risk

⁷

Table 1

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A table summarising the key concepts and studies related to toxicological risk assessment, mixture toxicity, selective toxicity, historical research, and the principles of toxicology.

Category	Concept/study	Details	References
Mixture toxicity	Additivity	Substances can have additive effects by targeting the same molecular mechanism in a cell. Example: dioxin-like compounds	⁴
	Enhancer substance	Enhancer substances amplify the effects of a driver substance by increasing its concentration at the target site	⁴
Selective toxicity	Herbicide application	Selective herbicides must damage unwanted plants while minimizing harm to crop tissues. Recent advancements focus on improving selective toxicity for economic benefits	⁵
Historical research	Moore’s research (1917)	Investigated insect fumigants to assess toxic effects	⁶
	Tattersfield et al. (1920 to 1927)	Extensive studies on contact insecticides and fumigants	⁶
	Tilley and Schaffer (1926 to 1928)	Bacteriological research on toxic effects	⁶
	Coulthard, Marshall, and Pyman (1930), Dohme, Cox, and Millar (1926), Klatman, Gatyas, and Shternov (1931)	Studies on chemical toxicity in various compounds	⁶
	Morris and Stirk (1932) and Stiles and Rees (1935)	Research on fungicides and their toxic effects	⁶
Drug safety and breastfeeding	Evidence-based guidelines	Guidelines for drug transfer into breast milk and safety recommendations for nursing mothers and infants	^39–41
	Ferguson’s principle	Framework for predicting and preventing drug-induced fatalities based on the quantitative relationship between chemical structure and drug toxicity	^18–20
Toxicokinetics vs. toxicodynamics	Analogous to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics	Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics are similar to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics but focus on toxicity and adverse effects.	⁷
Principle of toxicology	Paracelsus’s principle	“The dose makes the poison” emphasises that the dose determines the toxicity of a substance	⁸^, ⁹
	Mechanistic toxicology adaptation	Adapting Paracelsus’s principle to “The dose disrupts the pathway” to reflect that different doses impact various molecular pathways. Lower doses may affect different mechanisms compared to higher doses	⁸^, ⁹
Advancements in risk assessment	Computational models and QSAR	Utilisations of computational models and QSARs to predict chemical toxicity and improve risk assessment	^15–17^, ⁵²
	Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics integration	Application of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics in understanding and predicting chemical toxicity and risk	⁷

Category	Concept/study	Details	References
Mixture toxicity	Additivity	Substances can have additive effects by targeting the same molecular mechanism in a cell. Example: dioxin-like compounds	⁴
	Enhancer substance	Enhancer substances amplify the effects of a driver substance by increasing its concentration at the target site	⁴
Selective toxicity	Herbicide application	Selective herbicides must damage unwanted plants while minimizing harm to crop tissues. Recent advancements focus on improving selective toxicity for economic benefits	⁵
Historical research	Moore’s research (1917)	Investigated insect fumigants to assess toxic effects	⁶
	Tattersfield et al. (1920 to 1927)	Extensive studies on contact insecticides and fumigants	⁶
	Tilley and Schaffer (1926 to 1928)	Bacteriological research on toxic effects	⁶
	Coulthard, Marshall, and Pyman (1930), Dohme, Cox, and Millar (1926), Klatman, Gatyas, and Shternov (1931)	Studies on chemical toxicity in various compounds	⁶
	Morris and Stirk (1932) and Stiles and Rees (1935)	Research on fungicides and their toxic effects	⁶
Drug safety and breastfeeding	Evidence-based guidelines	Guidelines for drug transfer into breast milk and safety recommendations for nursing mothers and infants	^39–41
	Ferguson’s principle	Framework for predicting and preventing drug-induced fatalities based on the quantitative relationship between chemical structure and drug toxicity	^18–20
Toxicokinetics vs. toxicodynamics	Analogous to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics	Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics are similar to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics but focus on toxicity and adverse effects.	⁷
Principle of toxicology	Paracelsus’s principle	“The dose makes the poison” emphasises that the dose determines the toxicity of a substance	⁸^, ⁹
	Mechanistic toxicology adaptation	Adapting Paracelsus’s principle to “The dose disrupts the pathway” to reflect that different doses impact various molecular pathways. Lower doses may affect different mechanisms compared to higher doses	⁸^, ⁹
Advancements in risk assessment	Computational models and QSAR	Utilisations of computational models and QSARs to predict chemical toxicity and improve risk assessment	^15–17^, ⁵²
	Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics integration	Application of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics in understanding and predicting chemical toxicity and risk	⁷

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