Table 2. Open in new tab Crude and...

	Cognitive Decline	Dementia
Model A: Frailty Status
Nonfrail ( n = 86)	1		1		1		1
Prefrail ( n = 131)	1.4 (0.8–2.4)	.322	1.3 (0.7–2.4)	.418	1.4 (0.6–3.1)	.491	2.4 (0.9–6.5)	.074
Frail ( n = 35)	0.6 (0.1–2.4)	.423	0.4 (0.1–1.9)	.243	1.3 (0.3–6.1)	.763	4.1 (0.7–23.5)	.111
Model B: Cognitive-Frailty Status
Nonfrail/cognitively normal ( n = 40)	1		1		1		1
Nonfrail/cognitively impaired ( n = 46)	0.7 (0.3–1.9)	.504	0.6 (0.2–1.6)	.282	5.7 (0.7–46.4)	.104	2.0 (0.2–18.4)	.531
Prefrail/cognitively normal ( n = 64)	1.1 (0.5–2.4)	.852	1.0 (0.4–2.1)	.907	0.8 (0.1–8.8)	.846	0.8 (0.1–8.8)	.847
Prefrail/cognitively impaired ( n = 67)	1.3 (0.5–3.0)	.597	1.0 (0.4–2.6)	.964	14.7 (1.9–112.3)	.010*	14.5 (1.7–125.1)	.015*
Frail/cognitively normal ( n = 8)	1.1 (0.1–8.4)	.956	0.8 (0.1–6.8)	.841	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Frail/cognitively impaired ( n = 27)	0.3 (0.1–2.4)	.251	0.2 (0.0–1.5)	.118	5.9 (0.5–65.4)	0.151	6.3 (0.5–75.8)	.145
Model C: Gait/Cognition Status
Normal Gait/Cognitively Normal ( n = 84)	1		1		1		1
Normal gait/cognitively impaired ( n = 71)	3.0 (1.4–6.4)	.006*	2.6 (1.1–6.0)	.029*	28.8 (3.8–217.8)	.001*	11.7 (1.4–95.9)	.022*
Slow gait/cognitively normal ( n = 26)	1.0 (0.5–2.0)	.985	0.8 (0.4–1.8)	.611	12.1 (1.1–134.9)	.042*	14.8 (1.2–175.8)	.033*
Slow gait/cognitively impaired ( n = 65)	1.4 (0.6–3.2)	.453	1.2 (0.5–3.1)	.711	28.6 (3.5–231.1)	.002*	35.9 (4.0–319.2)	.001*

Cognitive Decline

Dementia

Unadjusted

Adjusted ^a

Unadjusted

Adjusted ^a

HR (95% CI)

p Value

HR (95% CI)

p Value

HR (95% CI)

p Value

HR (95% CI)

p Value

Model A: Frailty Status

Nonfrail ( n = 86)

Prefrail ( n = 131)

1.4 (0.8–2.4)

.322

1.3 (0.7–2.4)

.418

1.4 (0.6–3.1)

.491

2.4 (0.9–6.5)

.074

Frail ( n = 35)

0.6 (0.1–2.4)

.423

0.4 (0.1–1.9)

.243

1.3 (0.3–6.1)

.763

4.1 (0.7–23.5)

.111

Model B: Cognitive-Frailty Status

Nonfrail/cognitively normal ( n = 40)

Nonfrail/cognitively impaired ( n = 46)

0.7 (0.3–1.9)

.504

0.6 (0.2–1.6)

.282

5.7 (0.7–46.4)

.104

2.0 (0.2–18.4)

.531

Prefrail/cognitively normal ( n = 64)

1.1 (0.5–2.4)

.852

1.0 (0.4–2.1)

.907

0.8 (0.1–8.8)

.846

0.8 (0.1–8.8)

.847

Prefrail/cognitively impaired ( n = 67)

1.3 (0.5–3.0)

.597

1.0 (0.4–2.6)

.964

14.7 (1.9–112.3)

.010*

14.5 (1.7–125.1)

.015*

Frail/cognitively normal ( n = 8)

1.1 (0.1–8.4)

.956

0.8 (0.1–6.8)

.841

n/a

Frail/cognitively impaired ( n = 27)

0.3 (0.1–2.4)

.251

0.2 (0.0–1.5)

.118

5.9 (0.5–65.4)

0.151

6.3 (0.5–75.8)

.145

Model C: Gait/Cognition Status

Normal Gait/Cognitively Normal ( n = 84)

Normal gait/cognitively impaired ( n = 71)

3.0 (1.4–6.4)

.006*

2.6 (1.1–6.0)

.029*

28.8 (3.8–217.8)

.001*

11.7 (1.4–95.9)

.022*

Slow gait/cognitively normal ( n = 26)

1.0 (0.5–2.0)

.985

0.8 (0.4–1.8)

.611

12.1 (1.1–134.9)

.042*

14.8 (1.2–175.8)

.033*

Slow gait/cognitively impaired ( n = 65)

1.4 (0.6–3.2)

.453

1.2 (0.5–3.1)

.711

28.6 (3.5–231.1)

.002*

35.9 (4.0–319.2)

.001*

	Cognitive Decline	Dementia
Model A: Frailty Status
Nonfrail ( n = 86)	1		1		1		1
Prefrail ( n = 131)	1.4 (0.8–2.4)	.322	1.3 (0.7–2.4)	.418	1.4 (0.6–3.1)	.491	2.4 (0.9–6.5)	.074
Frail ( n = 35)	0.6 (0.1–2.4)	.423	0.4 (0.1–1.9)	.243	1.3 (0.3–6.1)	.763	4.1 (0.7–23.5)	.111
Model B: Cognitive-Frailty Status
Nonfrail/cognitively normal ( n = 40)	1		1		1		1
Nonfrail/cognitively impaired ( n = 46)	0.7 (0.3–1.9)	.504	0.6 (0.2–1.6)	.282	5.7 (0.7–46.4)	.104	2.0 (0.2–18.4)	.531
Prefrail/cognitively normal ( n = 64)	1.1 (0.5–2.4)	.852	1.0 (0.4–2.1)	.907	0.8 (0.1–8.8)	.846	0.8 (0.1–8.8)	.847
Prefrail/cognitively impaired ( n = 67)	1.3 (0.5–3.0)	.597	1.0 (0.4–2.6)	.964	14.7 (1.9–112.3)	.010*	14.5 (1.7–125.1)	.015*
Frail/cognitively normal ( n = 8)	1.1 (0.1–8.4)	.956	0.8 (0.1–6.8)	.841	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Frail/cognitively impaired ( n = 27)	0.3 (0.1–2.4)	.251	0.2 (0.0–1.5)	.118	5.9 (0.5–65.4)	0.151	6.3 (0.5–75.8)	.145
Model C: Gait/Cognition Status
Normal Gait/Cognitively Normal ( n = 84)	1		1		1		1
Normal gait/cognitively impaired ( n = 71)	3.0 (1.4–6.4)	.006*	2.6 (1.1–6.0)	.029*	28.8 (3.8–217.8)	.001*	11.7 (1.4–95.9)	.022*
Slow gait/cognitively normal ( n = 26)	1.0 (0.5–2.0)	.985	0.8 (0.4–1.8)	.611	12.1 (1.1–134.9)	.042*	14.8 (1.2–175.8)	.033*
Slow gait/cognitively impaired ( n = 65)	1.4 (0.6–3.2)	.453	1.2 (0.5–3.1)	.711	28.6 (3.5–231.1)	.002*	35.9 (4.0–319.2)	.001*

Table 2.

Open in new tab

Crude and Adjusted Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% Confidence Intervals for Developing Cognitive Decline and Dementia by Baseline Frailty, Cognitive-Frailty, and by Gait and Cognitive Status

	Cognitive Decline				Dementia
	Unadjusted		Adjusted ^a		Unadjusted		Adjusted ^a
	HR (95% CI)	p Value	HR (95% CI)	p Value	HR (95% CI)	p Value	HR (95% CI)	p Value
Model A: Frailty Status
Nonfrail ( n = 86)	1		1		1		1
Prefrail ( n = 131)	1.4 (0.8–2.4)	.322	1.3 (0.7–2.4)	.418	1.4 (0.6–3.1)	.491	2.4 (0.9–6.5)	.074
Frail ( n = 35)	0.6 (0.1–2.4)	.423	0.4 (0.1–1.9)	.243	1.3 (0.3–6.1)	.763	4.1 (0.7–23.5)	.111
Model B: Cognitive-Frailty Status
Nonfrail/cognitively normal ( n = 40)	1		1		1		1
Nonfrail/cognitively impaired ( n = 46)	0.7 (0.3–1.9)	.504	0.6 (0.2–1.6)	.282	5.7 (0.7–46.4)	.104	2.0 (0.2–18.4)	.531
Prefrail/cognitively normal ( n = 64)	1.1 (0.5–2.4)	.852	1.0 (0.4–2.1)	.907	0.8 (0.1–8.8)	.846	0.8 (0.1–8.8)	.847
Prefrail/cognitively impaired ( n = 67)	1.3 (0.5–3.0)	.597	1.0 (0.4–2.6)	.964	14.7 (1.9–112.3)	.010*	14.5 (1.7–125.1)	.015*
Frail/cognitively normal ( n = 8)	1.1 (0.1–8.4)	.956	0.8 (0.1–6.8)	.841	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Frail/cognitively impaired ( n = 27)	0.3 (0.1–2.4)	.251	0.2 (0.0–1.5)	.118	5.9 (0.5–65.4)	0.151	6.3 (0.5–75.8)	.145
Model C: Gait/Cognition Status
Normal Gait/Cognitively Normal ( n = 84)	1		1		1		1
Normal gait/cognitively impaired ( n = 71)	3.0 (1.4–6.4)	.006*	2.6 (1.1–6.0)	.029*	28.8 (3.8–217.8)	.001*	11.7 (1.4–95.9)	.022*
Slow gait/cognitively normal ( n = 26)	1.0 (0.5–2.0)	.985	0.8 (0.4–1.8)	.611	12.1 (1.1–134.9)	.042*	14.8 (1.2–175.8)	.033*
Slow gait/cognitively impaired ( n = 65)	1.4 (0.6–3.2)	.453	1.2 (0.5–3.1)	.711	28.6 (3.5–231.1)	.002*	35.9 (4.0–319.2)	.001*

	Cognitive Decline				Dementia
	Unadjusted		Adjusted ^a		Unadjusted		Adjusted ^a
	HR (95% CI)	p Value	HR (95% CI)	p Value	HR (95% CI)	p Value	HR (95% CI)	p Value
Model A: Frailty Status
Nonfrail ( n = 86)	1		1		1		1
Prefrail ( n = 131)	1.4 (0.8–2.4)	.322	1.3 (0.7–2.4)	.418	1.4 (0.6–3.1)	.491	2.4 (0.9–6.5)	.074
Frail ( n = 35)	0.6 (0.1–2.4)	.423	0.4 (0.1–1.9)	.243	1.3 (0.3–6.1)	.763	4.1 (0.7–23.5)	.111
Model B: Cognitive-Frailty Status
Nonfrail/cognitively normal ( n = 40)	1		1		1		1
Nonfrail/cognitively impaired ( n = 46)	0.7 (0.3–1.9)	.504	0.6 (0.2–1.6)	.282	5.7 (0.7–46.4)	.104	2.0 (0.2–18.4)	.531
Prefrail/cognitively normal ( n = 64)	1.1 (0.5–2.4)	.852	1.0 (0.4–2.1)	.907	0.8 (0.1–8.8)	.846	0.8 (0.1–8.8)	.847
Prefrail/cognitively impaired ( n = 67)	1.3 (0.5–3.0)	.597	1.0 (0.4–2.6)	.964	14.7 (1.9–112.3)	.010*	14.5 (1.7–125.1)	.015*
Frail/cognitively normal ( n = 8)	1.1 (0.1–8.4)	.956	0.8 (0.1–6.8)	.841	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Frail/cognitively impaired ( n = 27)	0.3 (0.1–2.4)	.251	0.2 (0.0–1.5)	.118	5.9 (0.5–65.4)	0.151	6.3 (0.5–75.8)	.145
Model C: Gait/Cognition Status
Normal Gait/Cognitively Normal ( n = 84)	1		1		1		1
Normal gait/cognitively impaired ( n = 71)	3.0 (1.4–6.4)	.006*	2.6 (1.1–6.0)	.029*	28.8 (3.8–217.8)	.001*	11.7 (1.4–95.9)	.022*
Slow gait/cognitively normal ( n = 26)	1.0 (0.5–2.0)	.985	0.8 (0.4–1.8)	.611	12.1 (1.1–134.9)	.042*	14.8 (1.2–175.8)	.033*
Slow gait/cognitively impaired ( n = 65)	1.4 (0.6–3.2)	.453	1.2 (0.5–3.1)	.711	28.6 (3.5–231.1)	.002*	35.9 (4.0–319.2)	.001*

Note: Model A reference category: Nonfrail; Model B reference category: Nonfrail/Cognitively Normal; Model C reference category: Normal Gait/Cognitively Normal. No participants in these reference categories progressed to dementia. N/A = not available.

^a Adjusted for age, sex, years of education, number of comorbidities.

*Significant at the p < .05 level.

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