Because of treatment assignment was by physician preference rather than random selection, CABG and PCI groups were markedly different in many respects as has been previously reported for this registry [11]. We therefore used propensity matching arrive at two well-matched patient groups consisting of 434 male and 185 female patients in each CABG and PCI group (Tables 2 and 3). Overall results for PCI versus CABG, were similar to those for the unmatched patients. For men, the 5-year actuarial MACE-free survival was 69.5 ± 2.2 vs 79.5 ± 2.0, HR 0.548 (95% CI: 0.424–0.682; P < 0.001). For the matched PCI/CABG female groups we found no difference in the 5-year MACE-free survival:68.1 ± 3.4 vs 69.4 ± 3.4, HR 0.752 (95% CI: 0.540–1.049; P= 0.093) (See Fig. 2 for PCI versus CABG MACE-free survival in matched male [panel A] and female [panel B] patients). 
Figure 2:
(A) Freedom from MACE in male patients well-matched for preprocedural risk factors between CABG versus PCI. (B) Freedom from MACE in female patients well-matched for preprocedural risk factors between CABG versus PCI. MACE: major adverse cardiac events; CABG: coronary artery bypass surgery; PCI: percutaneous coronary interventions.
Table 2:
Baseline characteristics of matched male CABG and PCI patient groups
| Variable | CABG | PCI | P-value | Std-Diff |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 434 | 434 | ||
| Males | 100% (434/434) | 100% (434/434) | — | — |
| Pre-op Stroke | 5.1% (22/434) | 4.8% (21/434) | 0.88 | 0.022 |
| Previous CV intervention | 29.0% (126/434) | 28.8% (125/434) | 0.94 | 0.051 |
| Previous CABG surgery | 7.8% (34/434) | 7.6% (33/434) | 0.90 | −0.036 |
| Previous valve surgery | 0.2% (1/434) | 0 | 0.32 | 0.063 |
| Previous PCI procedure | 23.3% (101/434) | 22.4% (97/434) | 0.75 | 0.059 |
| Hypertensive | 76.5% (332/434) | 74.4% (323/434) | 0.48 | −0.054 |
| Angina | 84.8% (368/434) | 82.8% (356/430) | 0.43 | −0.087 |
| Heart failure | 6.0% (26/434) | 5.3% (23/434) | 0.66 | −0.010 |
| Renal failure | 5.1% (22/434) | 4.8% (21/434) | 0.88 | 0.010 |
| On dialysis | 1.4% (6/434) | 1.4% (6/431) | 0.99 | 0.057 |
| Pre-op MI | 29.1% (126/433) | 25.6% (111/434) | 0.24 | −0.037 |
| Arrhythmia | 5.1% (22/434) | 3.7% (16/434) | 0.32 | −0.045 |
| Diabetics on insulin | 9.4% (41/434) | 8.8% (38/434) | 0.72 | −0.025 |
| Triple vessel disease | 34.3% (149/434) | 28.6% (124/434) | 0.068 | −0.119 |
| Preop inotrope use | 0.7% (3/434) | 0.5% (2/434) | 0.65 | 0.031 |
| Elective status | 59.0% (256/434) | 61.5% (267/434) | 0.73 | 0.103 |
| Family history | 45.9% (199/434) | 47.0% (204/434) | 0.73 | 0.023 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 10.1% (44/434) | 9.0% (39/434) | 0.56 | −0.032 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 12.2% (53/434) | 10.8% (47/434) | 0.52 | −0.080 |
| Current/recent smoker | 53.7% (233/434) | 51.2% (222/434) | 0.46 | −0.120 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 56.2% (244/434) | 59.0% (256/434) | 0.41 | 0.009 |
| Preop beta blockade | 60.1% (261/434) | 58.8% (255/434) | 0.68 | 0.023 |
| Age ± SD | 63.85 ± 10.27 | 64.75 ± 11.89 | 0.23 | 0.073 |
| Ejection fraction ± SD | 51.03 ± 10.90 | 51.94 ± 13.79 | 0.28 | 0.014 |
| Variable | CABG | PCI | P-value | Std-Diff |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 434 | 434 | ||
| Males | 100% (434/434) | 100% (434/434) | — | — |
| Pre-op Stroke | 5.1% (22/434) | 4.8% (21/434) | 0.88 | 0.022 |
| Previous CV intervention | 29.0% (126/434) | 28.8% (125/434) | 0.94 | 0.051 |
| Previous CABG surgery | 7.8% (34/434) | 7.6% (33/434) | 0.90 | −0.036 |
| Previous valve surgery | 0.2% (1/434) | 0 | 0.32 | 0.063 |
| Previous PCI procedure | 23.3% (101/434) | 22.4% (97/434) | 0.75 | 0.059 |
| Hypertensive | 76.5% (332/434) | 74.4% (323/434) | 0.48 | −0.054 |
| Angina | 84.8% (368/434) | 82.8% (356/430) | 0.43 | −0.087 |
| Heart failure | 6.0% (26/434) | 5.3% (23/434) | 0.66 | −0.010 |
| Renal failure | 5.1% (22/434) | 4.8% (21/434) | 0.88 | 0.010 |
| On dialysis | 1.4% (6/434) | 1.4% (6/431) | 0.99 | 0.057 |
| Pre-op MI | 29.1% (126/433) | 25.6% (111/434) | 0.24 | −0.037 |
| Arrhythmia | 5.1% (22/434) | 3.7% (16/434) | 0.32 | −0.045 |
| Diabetics on insulin | 9.4% (41/434) | 8.8% (38/434) | 0.72 | −0.025 |
| Triple vessel disease | 34.3% (149/434) | 28.6% (124/434) | 0.068 | −0.119 |
| Preop inotrope use | 0.7% (3/434) | 0.5% (2/434) | 0.65 | 0.031 |
| Elective status | 59.0% (256/434) | 61.5% (267/434) | 0.73 | 0.103 |
| Family history | 45.9% (199/434) | 47.0% (204/434) | 0.73 | 0.023 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 10.1% (44/434) | 9.0% (39/434) | 0.56 | −0.032 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 12.2% (53/434) | 10.8% (47/434) | 0.52 | −0.080 |
| Current/recent smoker | 53.7% (233/434) | 51.2% (222/434) | 0.46 | −0.120 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 56.2% (244/434) | 59.0% (256/434) | 0.41 | 0.009 |
| Preop beta blockade | 60.1% (261/434) | 58.8% (255/434) | 0.68 | 0.023 |
| Age ± SD | 63.85 ± 10.27 | 64.75 ± 11.89 | 0.23 | 0.073 |
| Ejection fraction ± SD | 51.03 ± 10.90 | 51.94 ± 13.79 | 0.28 | 0.014 |
CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; MI: myocardial infarction; SD: standard deviation. Std-Diff: standardized mean difference.
Table 2:
Baseline characteristics of matched male CABG and PCI patient groups
| Variable | CABG | PCI | P-value | Std-Diff |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 434 | 434 | ||
| Males | 100% (434/434) | 100% (434/434) | — | — |
| Pre-op Stroke | 5.1% (22/434) | 4.8% (21/434) | 0.88 | 0.022 |
| Previous CV intervention | 29.0% (126/434) | 28.8% (125/434) | 0.94 | 0.051 |
| Previous CABG surgery | 7.8% (34/434) | 7.6% (33/434) | 0.90 | −0.036 |
| Previous valve surgery | 0.2% (1/434) | 0 | 0.32 | 0.063 |
| Previous PCI procedure | 23.3% (101/434) | 22.4% (97/434) | 0.75 | 0.059 |
| Hypertensive | 76.5% (332/434) | 74.4% (323/434) | 0.48 | −0.054 |
| Angina | 84.8% (368/434) | 82.8% (356/430) | 0.43 | −0.087 |
| Heart failure | 6.0% (26/434) | 5.3% (23/434) | 0.66 | −0.010 |
| Renal failure | 5.1% (22/434) | 4.8% (21/434) | 0.88 | 0.010 |
| On dialysis | 1.4% (6/434) | 1.4% (6/431) | 0.99 | 0.057 |
| Pre-op MI | 29.1% (126/433) | 25.6% (111/434) | 0.24 | −0.037 |
| Arrhythmia | 5.1% (22/434) | 3.7% (16/434) | 0.32 | −0.045 |
| Diabetics on insulin | 9.4% (41/434) | 8.8% (38/434) | 0.72 | −0.025 |
| Triple vessel disease | 34.3% (149/434) | 28.6% (124/434) | 0.068 | −0.119 |
| Preop inotrope use | 0.7% (3/434) | 0.5% (2/434) | 0.65 | 0.031 |
| Elective status | 59.0% (256/434) | 61.5% (267/434) | 0.73 | 0.103 |
| Family history | 45.9% (199/434) | 47.0% (204/434) | 0.73 | 0.023 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 10.1% (44/434) | 9.0% (39/434) | 0.56 | −0.032 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 12.2% (53/434) | 10.8% (47/434) | 0.52 | −0.080 |
| Current/recent smoker | 53.7% (233/434) | 51.2% (222/434) | 0.46 | −0.120 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 56.2% (244/434) | 59.0% (256/434) | 0.41 | 0.009 |
| Preop beta blockade | 60.1% (261/434) | 58.8% (255/434) | 0.68 | 0.023 |
| Age ± SD | 63.85 ± 10.27 | 64.75 ± 11.89 | 0.23 | 0.073 |
| Ejection fraction ± SD | 51.03 ± 10.90 | 51.94 ± 13.79 | 0.28 | 0.014 |
| Variable | CABG | PCI | P-value | Std-Diff |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 434 | 434 | ||
| Males | 100% (434/434) | 100% (434/434) | — | — |
| Pre-op Stroke | 5.1% (22/434) | 4.8% (21/434) | 0.88 | 0.022 |
| Previous CV intervention | 29.0% (126/434) | 28.8% (125/434) | 0.94 | 0.051 |
| Previous CABG surgery | 7.8% (34/434) | 7.6% (33/434) | 0.90 | −0.036 |
| Previous valve surgery | 0.2% (1/434) | 0 | 0.32 | 0.063 |
| Previous PCI procedure | 23.3% (101/434) | 22.4% (97/434) | 0.75 | 0.059 |
| Hypertensive | 76.5% (332/434) | 74.4% (323/434) | 0.48 | −0.054 |
| Angina | 84.8% (368/434) | 82.8% (356/430) | 0.43 | −0.087 |
| Heart failure | 6.0% (26/434) | 5.3% (23/434) | 0.66 | −0.010 |
| Renal failure | 5.1% (22/434) | 4.8% (21/434) | 0.88 | 0.010 |
| On dialysis | 1.4% (6/434) | 1.4% (6/431) | 0.99 | 0.057 |
| Pre-op MI | 29.1% (126/433) | 25.6% (111/434) | 0.24 | −0.037 |
| Arrhythmia | 5.1% (22/434) | 3.7% (16/434) | 0.32 | −0.045 |
| Diabetics on insulin | 9.4% (41/434) | 8.8% (38/434) | 0.72 | −0.025 |
| Triple vessel disease | 34.3% (149/434) | 28.6% (124/434) | 0.068 | −0.119 |
| Preop inotrope use | 0.7% (3/434) | 0.5% (2/434) | 0.65 | 0.031 |
| Elective status | 59.0% (256/434) | 61.5% (267/434) | 0.73 | 0.103 |
| Family history | 45.9% (199/434) | 47.0% (204/434) | 0.73 | 0.023 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 10.1% (44/434) | 9.0% (39/434) | 0.56 | −0.032 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 12.2% (53/434) | 10.8% (47/434) | 0.52 | −0.080 |
| Current/recent smoker | 53.7% (233/434) | 51.2% (222/434) | 0.46 | −0.120 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 56.2% (244/434) | 59.0% (256/434) | 0.41 | 0.009 |
| Preop beta blockade | 60.1% (261/434) | 58.8% (255/434) | 0.68 | 0.023 |
| Age ± SD | 63.85 ± 10.27 | 64.75 ± 11.89 | 0.23 | 0.073 |
| Ejection fraction ± SD | 51.03 ± 10.90 | 51.94 ± 13.79 | 0.28 | 0.014 |
CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; MI: myocardial infarction; SD: standard deviation. Std-Diff: standardized mean difference.
Table 3:
Baseline characteristics of matched female CABG and PCI patient groups
| Variable | CABG | PCI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 185 | 185 | P-Value | Std-Diff |
| Females | 100% (185/185) | 100% (185/185) | — | |
| Pre-op stroke | 9.2% (17/185) | 7.6% (14/185) | 0.57 | −0.080 |
| Previous CV intervention | 18.9% (35/185) | 21.6% (40/185) | 0.52 | 0.083 |
| Previous CABG surgery | 3.8% (7/185) | 4.3% (8/185) | 0.79 | 0.025 |
| Previous valve surgery | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Previous PCI procedure | 16.2% (30/185) | 17.3% (32/185) | 0.78 | 0.060 |
| Hypertensive | 85.4% (158/185) | 83.2% (154/185) | 0.57 | −0.106 |
| Angina | 84.8% (156/184) | 88.1% (163/185) | 0.35 | 0.127 |
| Heart failure | 11.4% (21/184) | 10.8% (20/185) | 0.85 | −0.018 |
| Renal failure | 4.3% (8/185) | 5.4% (10/185) | 0.63 | 0.050 |
| On dialysis | 2.2% (4/185) | 1.6% (3/184) | 0.71 | −0.086 |
| Pre-op MI | 23.8% (43/181) | 28.6% (53/185) | 0.29 | 0.166 |
| Arrhythmia | 3.8% (7/185) | 4.9% (9/185) | 0.61 | 0.028 |
| Diabetics on insulin | 15.7% (29/185) | 13.0% (24/185) | 0.46 | −0.048 |
| Triple vessel disease | 30.3% (56/185) | 27.6% (51/185) | 0.57 | −0.120 |
| Pre-op inotrope use | 0.5% (1/185) | 1.6% (3/185) | 0.32 | 0.061 |
| Elective status | 50.8% (94/185) | 58.4% (108/185) | 0.29 | 0.132 |
| Family history | 50.3% (93/185) | 51.4% (95/185) | 0.84 | −0.054 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 15.1% (28/185) | 13.0% (24/185) | 0.55 | −0.032 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 13.0% (24/185) | 14.1% (26/185) | 0.76 | −0.085 |
| Current/recent smoker | 42.2% (78/185) | 43.2% (80/185) | 0.83 | −0.076 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 60.0% (111/185) | 62.7% (116/185) | 0.59 | 0.225 |
| Pre-op beta blockade | 60.0% (111/185) | 63.8% (118/185) | 0.45 | 0.056 |
| Age ± SD | 66.72 ± 10.93 | 68.23 ± 12.35 | 0.21 | 0.079 |
| Ejection fraction ± SD | 52.56 ± 11.28 | 52.99 ± 13.48 | 0.74 | 0.039 |
| Variable | CABG | PCI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 185 | 185 | P-Value | Std-Diff |
| Females | 100% (185/185) | 100% (185/185) | — | |
| Pre-op stroke | 9.2% (17/185) | 7.6% (14/185) | 0.57 | −0.080 |
| Previous CV intervention | 18.9% (35/185) | 21.6% (40/185) | 0.52 | 0.083 |
| Previous CABG surgery | 3.8% (7/185) | 4.3% (8/185) | 0.79 | 0.025 |
| Previous valve surgery | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Previous PCI procedure | 16.2% (30/185) | 17.3% (32/185) | 0.78 | 0.060 |
| Hypertensive | 85.4% (158/185) | 83.2% (154/185) | 0.57 | −0.106 |
| Angina | 84.8% (156/184) | 88.1% (163/185) | 0.35 | 0.127 |
| Heart failure | 11.4% (21/184) | 10.8% (20/185) | 0.85 | −0.018 |
| Renal failure | 4.3% (8/185) | 5.4% (10/185) | 0.63 | 0.050 |
| On dialysis | 2.2% (4/185) | 1.6% (3/184) | 0.71 | −0.086 |
| Pre-op MI | 23.8% (43/181) | 28.6% (53/185) | 0.29 | 0.166 |
| Arrhythmia | 3.8% (7/185) | 4.9% (9/185) | 0.61 | 0.028 |
| Diabetics on insulin | 15.7% (29/185) | 13.0% (24/185) | 0.46 | −0.048 |
| Triple vessel disease | 30.3% (56/185) | 27.6% (51/185) | 0.57 | −0.120 |
| Pre-op inotrope use | 0.5% (1/185) | 1.6% (3/185) | 0.32 | 0.061 |
| Elective status | 50.8% (94/185) | 58.4% (108/185) | 0.29 | 0.132 |
| Family history | 50.3% (93/185) | 51.4% (95/185) | 0.84 | −0.054 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 15.1% (28/185) | 13.0% (24/185) | 0.55 | −0.032 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 13.0% (24/185) | 14.1% (26/185) | 0.76 | −0.085 |
| Current/recent smoker | 42.2% (78/185) | 43.2% (80/185) | 0.83 | −0.076 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 60.0% (111/185) | 62.7% (116/185) | 0.59 | 0.225 |
| Pre-op beta blockade | 60.0% (111/185) | 63.8% (118/185) | 0.45 | 0.056 |
| Age ± SD | 66.72 ± 10.93 | 68.23 ± 12.35 | 0.21 | 0.079 |
| Ejection fraction ± SD | 52.56 ± 11.28 | 52.99 ± 13.48 | 0.74 | 0.039 |
CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; MI: myocardial infarction. SD: standard deviation; Std-Diff: standardized mean difference.
Table 3:
Baseline characteristics of matched female CABG and PCI patient groups
| Variable | CABG | PCI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 185 | 185 | P-Value | Std-Diff |
| Females | 100% (185/185) | 100% (185/185) | — | |
| Pre-op stroke | 9.2% (17/185) | 7.6% (14/185) | 0.57 | −0.080 |
| Previous CV intervention | 18.9% (35/185) | 21.6% (40/185) | 0.52 | 0.083 |
| Previous CABG surgery | 3.8% (7/185) | 4.3% (8/185) | 0.79 | 0.025 |
| Previous valve surgery | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Previous PCI procedure | 16.2% (30/185) | 17.3% (32/185) | 0.78 | 0.060 |
| Hypertensive | 85.4% (158/185) | 83.2% (154/185) | 0.57 | −0.106 |
| Angina | 84.8% (156/184) | 88.1% (163/185) | 0.35 | 0.127 |
| Heart failure | 11.4% (21/184) | 10.8% (20/185) | 0.85 | −0.018 |
| Renal failure | 4.3% (8/185) | 5.4% (10/185) | 0.63 | 0.050 |
| On dialysis | 2.2% (4/185) | 1.6% (3/184) | 0.71 | −0.086 |
| Pre-op MI | 23.8% (43/181) | 28.6% (53/185) | 0.29 | 0.166 |
| Arrhythmia | 3.8% (7/185) | 4.9% (9/185) | 0.61 | 0.028 |
| Diabetics on insulin | 15.7% (29/185) | 13.0% (24/185) | 0.46 | −0.048 |
| Triple vessel disease | 30.3% (56/185) | 27.6% (51/185) | 0.57 | −0.120 |
| Pre-op inotrope use | 0.5% (1/185) | 1.6% (3/185) | 0.32 | 0.061 |
| Elective status | 50.8% (94/185) | 58.4% (108/185) | 0.29 | 0.132 |
| Family history | 50.3% (93/185) | 51.4% (95/185) | 0.84 | −0.054 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 15.1% (28/185) | 13.0% (24/185) | 0.55 | −0.032 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 13.0% (24/185) | 14.1% (26/185) | 0.76 | −0.085 |
| Current/recent smoker | 42.2% (78/185) | 43.2% (80/185) | 0.83 | −0.076 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 60.0% (111/185) | 62.7% (116/185) | 0.59 | 0.225 |
| Pre-op beta blockade | 60.0% (111/185) | 63.8% (118/185) | 0.45 | 0.056 |
| Age ± SD | 66.72 ± 10.93 | 68.23 ± 12.35 | 0.21 | 0.079 |
| Ejection fraction ± SD | 52.56 ± 11.28 | 52.99 ± 13.48 | 0.74 | 0.039 |
| Variable | CABG | PCI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 185 | 185 | P-Value | Std-Diff |
| Females | 100% (185/185) | 100% (185/185) | — | |
| Pre-op stroke | 9.2% (17/185) | 7.6% (14/185) | 0.57 | −0.080 |
| Previous CV intervention | 18.9% (35/185) | 21.6% (40/185) | 0.52 | 0.083 |
| Previous CABG surgery | 3.8% (7/185) | 4.3% (8/185) | 0.79 | 0.025 |
| Previous valve surgery | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Previous PCI procedure | 16.2% (30/185) | 17.3% (32/185) | 0.78 | 0.060 |
| Hypertensive | 85.4% (158/185) | 83.2% (154/185) | 0.57 | −0.106 |
| Angina | 84.8% (156/184) | 88.1% (163/185) | 0.35 | 0.127 |
| Heart failure | 11.4% (21/184) | 10.8% (20/185) | 0.85 | −0.018 |
| Renal failure | 4.3% (8/185) | 5.4% (10/185) | 0.63 | 0.050 |
| On dialysis | 2.2% (4/185) | 1.6% (3/184) | 0.71 | −0.086 |
| Pre-op MI | 23.8% (43/181) | 28.6% (53/185) | 0.29 | 0.166 |
| Arrhythmia | 3.8% (7/185) | 4.9% (9/185) | 0.61 | 0.028 |
| Diabetics on insulin | 15.7% (29/185) | 13.0% (24/185) | 0.46 | −0.048 |
| Triple vessel disease | 30.3% (56/185) | 27.6% (51/185) | 0.57 | −0.120 |
| Pre-op inotrope use | 0.5% (1/185) | 1.6% (3/185) | 0.32 | 0.061 |
| Elective status | 50.8% (94/185) | 58.4% (108/185) | 0.29 | 0.132 |
| Family history | 50.3% (93/185) | 51.4% (95/185) | 0.84 | −0.054 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 15.1% (28/185) | 13.0% (24/185) | 0.55 | −0.032 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 13.0% (24/185) | 14.1% (26/185) | 0.76 | −0.085 |
| Current/recent smoker | 42.2% (78/185) | 43.2% (80/185) | 0.83 | −0.076 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 60.0% (111/185) | 62.7% (116/185) | 0.59 | 0.225 |
| Pre-op beta blockade | 60.0% (111/185) | 63.8% (118/185) | 0.45 | 0.056 |
| Age ± SD | 66.72 ± 10.93 | 68.23 ± 12.35 | 0.21 | 0.079 |
| Ejection fraction ± SD | 52.56 ± 11.28 | 52.99 ± 13.48 | 0.74 | 0.039 |
CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; MI: myocardial infarction. SD: standard deviation; Std-Diff: standardized mean difference.
