Reference points and linear measurements used in the study. ar (articulare): a mid-planed point located at the intersection of the posterior border of the ramus with the inferior surface of the cranial base, ba (basion): the most inferior point on the anterior margin of foramen magnum, cd (condylion): the mid point on the contour of glenoid fossa where the line indicating maximum mandibular length intercepts the contour of the fossa, gn (gnathion): the most inferior point on the bony chin, mlp (inferior gonion): a mid-planed point at a tangent to the inferior border of the mandible near gonion, n (nasion): junction of the frontal and nasal bones at the nasofrontal suture, pg (pogonion): the most anterior point on the bony chin, pgn (prognathion): the point on the contour of the bony chin indicating maximum mandibular length measured from the temporomandibular joint, pm (pterygomaxillare): the posterior limit of the floor of the nose at the tip of the posterior nasal spine, pm′: constructed point at the perpendicular projection of pm on HP, rli (posterior gonion): a mid-planed point at a tangent to the posterior border of the ramus near gonion, s (sella): the midpoint of the sella turcica, sm (supramentale): the deepest point in the concavity of the anterior mandible between the alveolar crest and pogonion, sp (spinal point): the anterior limit of the floor of the nose at the tip of the anterior nasal spine, sp′: constructed point at the perpendicular projection of sp on n−gn line, ss (subspinale): the deepest point in the concavity of the anterior maxilla between the anterior nasal spine and the alveolar crest, tgo: constructed point at the intersection between RL and ML, G (Glabella): the most anterior point on the forehead, in the region of the supra-orbital ridges, Pg′ (Soft Tissue Pogonion): the most anterior point on the soft tissue chin, Sn (Subnasale): the junction of the columella of the nose with the philtrum of the upper lip. HP (contructed Horizontal Plane): a line −7^o from NSL passing through s, ML (Mandibular Line): gn-mlp, NL (Nasal Line): sp-pm, NSL (Nasion Sella Line): n−s, RL (Ramus Line): ar-rli. Hard tissue variables: NSBaº (n-s-ba), SNAº (s-n-ss), ANBº (ss-n-sm), NSL/NLº, NSL/MLº, ML/RLº, NAPgº (n-ss-pg), Palatal plane length mm (sp-pm), Mandibular length mm (cd-pgn), n−sp′/n−gn (%), Posterior upper FH mm (pm-pm′), Posterior FH mm (s-tgo). Soft tissue variable: Facial convexityº (G-Sn-Pg′).