Seasonal impacts on neonatal birth outcomes. Violin plots showing neonatal (A) LGAZ, (B) WGAZ, and (C) HCGAZ measured within 48 h of birth. Anthropometric measures were adjusted using the INTERGROWTH 21st standards. Infants were categorized into seasons based on month of birth. Nov to Feb is winter (n = 149), Mar to June is summer (n = 143), and July to October is rainy season (n = 163), respectively. LGAZ, length-for-age Z-score; WGAZ, weight-for-age Z-score; and HCGAZ, head circumference-for-age Z-score. Groups were compared via one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc comparisons using Tukey HSD. Results of covariate-adjusted linear regression models are presented in tables.