Partisan politics in the Netherlands: effective tax rates (1970–2017). Note: This figure shows the relation between government ideology (indicated using gray shades in the background) and different effective tax rates. The y-axis shows the level of the effective tax rates as percentage points. The data on government ideology are from the Comparative Political Data Set 1960–2021 (Armingeon et al. 2023). The data on effective tax rates are from Kostarakos and Varthalitis (2020).