Financial damages distributions for strategies and stack layers. This figure visualizes, first, differences in financial damages between the strategies and implication of actors, and second, financial damages between the tech stack layers. The top panel contains boxplot panels comparing financial damages (from $1k to $1B) for DeFi actors as perpetrators (dark gray) and targets (light gray) as well as across Strategies: Malicious use of contract, Market manipulation, Human risk, and Technical vulnerability. Median damages are highest for Human risk and Technical vulnerability. The bottom panel displays financial damages (from $1k to $1B) across the DeFi stack: Distributed Ledger Technology, Cryptoassets, DeFi Protocols, DeFi Compositions, and Interfaces.