Direct tumor-promoting actions of GH on the nontumor cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME): different cells in the TME, including the tumor proximal nontumor cells, can produce GH and also express GHR (and PRLR), thereby enabling an autocrine/paracrine GH action in the TME. The GH action on the nontumor components (immune cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, stem cells, endothelial cells) can exert several tumor-promoting effects in the TME (as mentioned and discussed in this review) but this awaits direct experimental validation.