Illustration of the ARPENN architecture employed in this research. In the figure, ‘ga’ represents gravity anomaly, ‘vgg’ represents vertical gravity gradient, ‘nvd’ represents the north–south component of deflection of the vertical, ‘evd’ represents the east–west component of deflection of the vertical, ‘bg’ represents the input band-pass filtered gravity anomaly, and ‘lon’ and ‘lat’ represent longitude and latitude, respectively. ‘bs’ represents the batch size of the input.