Last records of extirpated populations per species relative to earliest local estimates of foxes and cats, by location (a) and year (b). In panel (a), the contour and point colors show the record year; large points show locations of confirmed records, small points of unconfirmed records (excluded from analyses); and the points locate the center of record regions. In panel (b), the error ranges account for documented uncertainty in the time and place of extirpation and arrival records. Species are included if foxes and cats were listed as a threat or cause of extirpation or extinction in the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2024) or the EPBC (EPBC 2013, 2015). The earliest local records of foxes were sourced from Fairfax (2019) and of cats from Abbott (2008), from which the maps (a) were adapted. The records are detailed in supplemental table S1. Polygons for imprecise extirpation records are shown for each species individually at https://ejlundgren.github.io/introduced_predators_evidence/. See supplemental figure S1 for assessment of spatial clustering of records and supplemental figure S2 for summaries for EX, T, EM, and LC species. Abbreviations: EM, threatened and extirpated on the mainland; EX, extinct; LC, least concern; T, threatened (including near threatened, vulnerable, endangered, and critically endangered).