Administration of Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorated TNBS-induced colitis in mice. A, Graphical representation showing the process of TNBS-induced chronic colitis. Mice were divided two groups as described in mentioned in Materials and Methods. B, Body weight changes were daily monitored. C, Disease activity index (DAI) was recorded according to rectal bleeding, diarrhea and body weight change. D-E, Colon lengths were observed and analyzed in 3 groups. F, Representative photomicrographs of HE in colonic tissues. G, Histology scores (HAI) including inflammation damage, infiltrating mononuclear cells and loss of goblet cells were measured. Statistical significance was determined using Student’s t-tests, with significance levels indicated as *P ≤ .05; **P ≤ .01. pre, before treatment; i.r., intrarectal delivery; TNBS, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid.