Effect of E. coli Nissle (EcN) on the host defense in slc26a3^+/+ and slc26a3^−/− mice: A, The significant increase in host defense markers such as Il22 and antimicrobial peptides Reg3b, Reg3g, and Pla2g2a in the slc26a3^−/− cecum was lowered to basal levels after gavage with EcN (B), but remained unchanged in the slc26a3^−/− distal colon after gavage with EcN. N = 8-11 per group, each dot represents 1 mouse. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. Statistical differences were calculated using unpaired Student’s t-tests or nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-tests. # represents the statistics performed between the 2 different genotypes, * represents the statistics performed between the same genotype posttreatment. # and * P < .05.