Atmospheric and stellar retrieval results for WASP-52 b. Top: NIRISS/SOSS transmission spectrum from the exoTEDRF data set reduction (order 1: coloured and order 2: black data points), along with the three models overplotted: atmosphere-only (yellow), atmosphere + spots (red), and atmosphere + spots + faculae (blue). The coloured NIRISS/SOSS order 1 data are offset by the best-fitting retrieved offset from each model. The different models are represented by the median retrieved spectrum (solid line) and the |$\pm 1\, \sigma$| confidence interval (shaded contours). Bottom: posterior probability distributions corresponding to the three retrieval models. The top row highlights the retrieved stellar contamination parameters, while the middle and bottom rows show the retrieved atmospheric properties (see Table 2 for the full retrieval results).