Two examples of important conditional spatial effects to consider in a nature recovery spatial prioritization problem. In panels (a) and (b), the contribution of nature recovery actions at planning unit A to a species’ conservation target is conditional on nature recovery actions occurring in unit B. In panel (a) this is due to dispersal constraints that are resolved in panel (b) through nature recovery actions creating appropriate habitat through which the species can disperse to site A, and regardless of whether B contributes directly to the species’ target. In panels (c) and (d), the contribution of actions at a single planning unit may facilitate occupancy at neighboring sites (e.g., via patch size, connectivity effects) increasing the value of nature recovery actions at a focal site. In panel (c), the hatched planning units are suitable targets for nature recovery actions to benefit a target species, whereas solid planning units have suitable habitat but are currently unoccupied because of patch size or connectivity constraints. In panel (d), nature recovery actions at units A and B permit occupancy of not only A but the surrounding planning units. In a, b, and d, the solid planning units indicate suitable habitat patches, which are occupied or not depending on patch size and connectivity constraints. The unfilled planning units are unsuitable for the species without appropriate nature recovery action, whereas the hatched planning units indicate nature recovery actions to create suitable habitat.