Simulation of intestinal microenvironment using intestinal organoids.Various approaches to integrating organoids with different cell types or microorganisms include: 1) MSCs isolated from tissue samples and combined with organoids. 2) Cancer organoids derived from tumor tissues paired with CAFs to study tumor-stromal interactions. 3) Patient-derived organoids integrated with immune cells, including T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages, to mimic immune microenvironments. 4) Small intestinal organoids cultivated alongside submucosal and myenteric neurons from the intestinal nervous system to explore neural interactions. 5) Organoids embedded in hydrogels containing vascular networks to promote vascularization and simulate blood supply. 6) Bacteria or other microorganisms introduced to organoids to model host–microbe interactions.