Approaches and applications of intestinal organoids.Top panel: Intestinal organoids can be derived from intestinal crypts, ESCs, or iPSCs. They are typically cultured in Matrigel or synthetic hydrogels, which provide structural support for their growth and self-organization. Middle panel: Co-culturing organoids with various cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells, immune cells, glial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and microorganisms, enables the modeling diverse intestinal diseases. These include colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, pathogen infections, and tissue repair. Bottom panel: Organoids serve as powerful tools in drug screening and transplantation research, allowing precise evaluation of drug responses and demonstrating significant potential in regenerative medicine.