Schizophrenia Subtyping Based on MRICIs. (A) The CH*ARI Values of K-Means as Functions of Number of Subtypes and Clustering Parameters. (B) Leave-One-Site-Out Validation of the Clustering Accuracy. (C) Box Plots of the Intergroup Differences in MRICIs between Subtype-I (Left) and Subtype-II (Right). (D) Represents Intergroup Differences in PANSS, Where the y-Tick Represents the Effect Size (ES) of Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test. (E) Spearman Correlations between Each MRICI and Symptom in Subtype-I and Subtype-II, Along with the Differences in Correlations between the 2 Subtypes Assessed by Permutation Tests (n = 10,000). ** Represents P < .05 with Bonferroni Corrected, and * Represents Uncorrected P < .05

Abbreviations: CH = Calinski–Harabasz index; ARI = adjusted rand index; MRICI = MRI composite indicator; FE = first-episode schizophrenia patients; NFE = non-first-episode schizophrenia patients; ES = effect size; Pd = positive symptom dimension; Nd = negative symptom dimension; Cd = cognitive symptom dimension; Ed = excitative symptom dimension; Dd = depressive symptom dimension; GMV = gray matter volume; FA = fractional anisotropy; FCS = functional connectivity strength