Total Formal, Small, and Informal Manufacturing Employment in Tanzania, Ethiopia, Taiwan, and Vietnam.

Source: Authors calculation using various datasets.

Notes: Total manufacturing employment comes from the Economic Transformation Database (ETD) for Tanzania, Taiwan and Vietnam, and the study's own estimates for Ethiopia (described in “Adjusting GGDC Economic Transformation Database (ETD) Ethiopia Manufacturing Employment Estimates” in section S1 of the supplementary online appendix). Formal-sector employment is based on UNIDO data and in the cases of Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Vietnam the study also plots formal-sector employment using aggregates from the firm-level censuses for each country; these firms employ 10 or more workers. The study labels the difference between total and formal as small and informal firm employment.