Ratio between each simulation’s estimated standard error and the empirical standard error by estimator and model specification, continuous outcome, n = 800, |$\sigma =400$|⁠, 5000 simulations under the null. Black squares denote the mean variance ratio (=SER). The 0.01% of correct model specification simulations and 1.72% of misspecified outcome model simulations where the ratio was above 2.75 or below 0.5 are not displayed.