List of abbreviations

angiotensin converting enzyme

angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor

adult congenital heart disease

acute cellular rejection

acute coronary syndrome

adrenocorticotrophic hormone

acute and chronic therapeutic impact of a vasopressin antagonist

anti-diuretic hormone

atrial fibrillation

American Heart Association

American Heart Failure Trial

acute heart failure

apoptosis inducing factor

anterior interventricular vein

acute kidney injury

advanced life support

acute myocardial infarction

AMP-activated protein kinase

antibody-mediated rejection

atrial natriuretic peptide

action potential

action potential duration

amiodarone pulmonary toxicity

aortic regurgitation

angiotensin receptor blocker

arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

atherosclerotic renovascular disease

aortic stenosis

atrial septal defects

Angioplasty and Stenting for Renal Artery Lesions

anaerobic threshold

Assessment of Treatment with Lisinopril and Survival

area under the curve

aortic valve; atrioventricular

Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillator

arginine vasopressin

β-blocker

bilevel positive airway pressure

Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Study

body mass index

B-type natriuretic peptide

body surface area

coronary artery bypass grafting

carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase

coronary artery disease

cell adhesion molecules

Cardiac Arrest Study of Hamburg

cardiac allograft vasculopathy

congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries

congenital disorders of glycosylation

coronary heart disease

chronic heart failure

Chinese hamster ovary

Cardiovascular Health Study

cardiac index

Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study

creatine kinase

chronic kidney disease

cardiac magnetic resonance

C-type natriuretic peptide

central nervous system

cardiac output

Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial

Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

continuous positive airway pressure

cardiopulmonary metabolic exercise testing

Committee for Practice Guideline

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

cardiac rehabilitation

C-reactive protein

cardiac resynchronization therapy

coronary sinus

central sleep apnoea

cardiac support device

central venous cannulation

central venous pressure

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial

dilated cardiomyopathy

distal convoluted tubule

Defibrillators in Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Treatment Evaluation

diastolic filling time

Type 2 DIABetes, Hypertension, Cardiovascular, Events and Ramipril study

Defibrillator in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial

diabetes mellitus

disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs

deep venous thrombosis

Endothelin A Receptor Antagonist Trial in Heart

electron beam CT

Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening Study

end-diastolic volume

ejection fraction

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Evaluation of Losartan in The Elderly

endothelial progenitor cells

Eplerenone Post-acute MI Heart failure Efficacy and Survival Study

endoplasmic reticulum

effective regurgitant orifice

European Respiratory Society

enzyme replacement therapy

erythropoiesis-stimulating agents

European Society of Cardiology

European Society of Intensive Care Medicine

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Epworth sleepiness score

end-systolic volume

electron transfer flavoprotein

electron transfer flavoprotein

efficacy of vasopressin antagonism in decompensated heart failure

Fas-associated death domain

fatty acid oxidation disorders

full blood count

Food and Drug Administration

fluoro-d-glucose

fibroblast growth factor

functional mitral regurgitation

functional residual capacity

forced vital capacity

great cardiac vein

glomerular filtration rate

gap junctions

General Practice Research Database

glycogen storage disorders

Gold Standards Framework

highly active antiretroviral therapy

half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo

home-based intervention

Heart failure Endpoint evaluation of Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan

heart failure with normal (preserved) ejection fraction

haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets

heart failure

heart failure nurse specialists

Heart Failure Society of America

Heart Failure Survival Score

hereditary haemochromatosis

human leucocyte antigen

hypoplastic left heart syndrome

heart to mediastinal ratio

Hypertension Optimal Treatment Study

health-related quality of life

haematopoietic stem cell transplantation

intra-aortic balloon pump

implantable cardioverter defibrillator

intensive care unit

idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

infective endocarditis

ischaemic heart disease

international normalized ratio

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Immediate Risk Stratification Improves Survival

International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation

inferior vena cava

jugular venous pressure

Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire

left bundle branch block

long-chain fatty acids

long-chain hydratase and hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase

late gadolinium enhancement

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

long-term oxygen therapy

left ventricle/left ventricular

left ventricular assist device

left ventricular dysfunction

left ventricular diastolic dysfunction

left ventricular end-diastolic pressure

left ventricular ejection fraction

left ventricular end-systolic volumes

left ventricular end-systolic volume index

left ventricular hypertrophy

left ventricular mass index

left ventricular systolic dysfunction

multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenases

Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Trial

Metoprolol in Dilated Cardiomyopathy

multidetector row CT

Modification of Diet in Renal Disease

mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes

Multicentre Evaluation of Tolvaptan Effect on Remodelling

myocardial infarction

methoxyisobutylisonitrile

Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire

muscle LIM protein

myocardial perfusion scintigraphy

mitral stenosis

muscle sympathetic nerve activity

mitochondrial trifunctional protein

multiple gated acquisition

Multicenter UnSustained Tachycardia Trial

maximum voluntary ventilation

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

nuclear factor of activated T-cells

National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute

New York Heart Association

number needed to harm

natriuretic peptides

natriuretic peptide receptor

negative predictive value

nuclear respiratory factors

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

New York Heart Association

optimal medical therapy

obstructive sleep apnoea

pulmonary artery catheter

pulmonary artery flotation catheter

pulmonary arterial hypertension

percutaneous coronary intervention

polymerase chain reaction

pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

peritoneal dialysis

platelet-derived growth factor

pulseless electrical activity

positive end-expiratory pressure

peak expiratory flow

positron emission tomography

pulmonary hypertension

posterior interventricular vein

protein-losing enteropathy

percutaneous mitral commissurotomy

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea

peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor

prostate specific antigen

phase-sensitive inversion recovery

post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease

paracorporeal ventricular assist device

pulmonary vein isolation

posterior vein of the left ventricle

pulmonary vascular resistance

pulse wave velocity

quality-adjusted life year

quality of life

rheumatoid arthritis; right atrium/atrial

renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system

Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study

RANK ligand

regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted

renal artery stenosis

right bundle branch block

randomized controlled trial

respiratory disturbance index

red cell distribution width

rapid eye movement

Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction

right heart catheterization

radionuclide ventriculography

receiver operating curve

reactive oxygen species

respiratory quotient

relative risk

relative risk reduction

renal replacement therapy

right ventricle/ventricular

right ventricular end diastolic pressure

regional wall motion abnormalities

retinoid X receptors

Survival and Ventricular Enlargement

sudden cardiac death

Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial

sleep-disordered breathing

systolic heart failure

Seattle Heart Failure Model

scanning ion-conductance microscopy

Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network

systemic lupus erythematosus

Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction

sinus of Valsalva

single photon emission CT

Study of Patients Intolerant of Converting Enzyme

sarcoplasmic reticulum; sinus rhythm

steady-state free precession

Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart

short-tau inversion recovery

sulphonylurea drug

superior vena cava

systemic vascular resistance

tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion

Trial of Atorvastatin in Rheumatoid Arthritis

transverse-axial tubular

transcatheter aortic valve implantation

tricarboxylic acid

tissue Doppler imaging

transforming growth factor

total lung capacity

Toll-like receptors

tandem mass spectrometry

tumour necrosis factor

transoesophageal echocardiogram

target of rapamycin

tricuspid regurgitation

Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events with Aranesp Therapy

tricuspid stenosis

turbo-spin echo

triphenyltetrazolium chloride

thiazolidenedione drug (glitazone)

unstable angina

Universities Group Diabetes Project

United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Survey

unfolded protein response

ventricular assist device

vital capacity

minute ventilation

vascular endothelial growth factor

ventricular fibrillation

valvular heart disease

Vasodilator Heart Failure Trial

ventricular premature beats

ventricular restoration surgery

ventricular septal defect; ventricular systolic dysfunction

ventricular tachyarrhythmia; ventricular tachycardia

velocity time integral

Warfarin-Aspirin Study in Heart

white cell count

worsening renal function