Index

Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures and/or tables

abciximabIndividual drug classes, Cerebrovascular disease, Thienopyridines, Invasive strategy
STEMIFacilitated percutaneous coronary interventions

abdominal obesityOffice or clinic blood pressure measurement, Population strategy

abdominal ultrasound, pulmonary arterial hypertensionAbdominal ultrasound scan

absent pulsesAbsent pulses/hypertension

absolute risk reductionSubgroup analyses

absorptionDose–response relationships, Absorption of drugs

accessory pathwaysAccessory pathways, pre-excitation syndromes, and their tachycardias
anatomical typesPathogenesis
atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardiaAVRT utilizing an accessory pathway, AVRT utilizing an accessory pathway
bidirectional and unidirectional conductionPathogenesis
concealedConcealed accessory pathways
developmental and genetic factorsPathogenesis
pathogenesisPathogenesis, Bidirectional or unidirectional conduction over accessory pathways
perihisianCatheter ablation, Diagnosis, Catheter ablation in CTI-independent atrial flutters, Topographic classification of accessory pathways, Typical, atypical, and non-evident WPW syndrome, ECG during tachycardia in WPW syndrome, Treatment, Treatment, Radiofrequency catheter ablation, Radiofrequency catheter ablation
topographic classificationTopographic classification of accessory pathways, Typical, atypical, and non-evident WPW syndrome See also Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome

ACCOMPLISH trialGoals of treatment

ACE inhibitorsIndividual drug classes
anginaManagment of dyslipidemia, Angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors
chronic renal diseaseRenin–angiotensin system blockade
clinical benefitsClinical benefits, Angiotensin receptor blockers
congestive heart failureAtrial fibrillation in congestive heart failure
contraindicationsResistant hypertension
heart failureHeart failure with a low left ventricular ejection fraction, Mechanism of action
hypertensionPredisposing clinical conditions
mechanism of actionHeart failure with a low left ventricular ejection fraction
practical useClinical benefits, Angiotensin receptor blockers
in pregnancyTherapy of heart failure
prophylaxis of sudden cardiac deathSecondary prophylaxis in dilated cardiomyopathy
STEMIAdjunctive therapy in the acute phase
preventionAntiplatelet and anticoagulant treatment

acebutololCalcium-channel blockers

acenocoumarolIndividual drug classes, Maintenance therapy

acetylsalicylic acid See aspirin

ACIP trialPercutaneous interventions versus coronary bypass surgery

ACME trialIndications for percutaneous coronary interventions

actinPathophysiology

ACTION trialAngiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors

ACTIVE studySecondary stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation

ACTIVE W trialOther antithrombotic agents

activin-receptor-like kinaseGroup 5

acute coronary syndromesSummary, Introduction
with atrial fibrillationPerioperative anticoagulation
biochemical markersBiochemical markers, Definition of acute myocardial infarction
Braunwald risk classificationPhysical examination
chest painChest pain in acute coronary syndrome (also see Chapter 16)
diagnosis and risk stratificationNo-reflow phenomenon
differential diagnosisHistory and clinical presentation, Differential diagnoses
drivingSpecific cardiac conditions
ECGPhysical examination, The electrocardiogram
family historyFamily history
genetic influencesGenetic influences in atherothrombosis and the initiation of acute coronary syndromes
health economic implicationsTime trends
history and clinical presentationNo-reflow phenomenon
imaging techniquesNovel biomarkers
incidence and prevalenceIntroduction
magnetic resonance imagingMyocardial perfusion, Coronary arteries, Novel biomarkers
NSTE-ACSIntroduction
nuclear imagingAcute coronary syndromes ( Chapter 16)
pathophysiologyPathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes
physical examinationPhysical examination
plaque See plaque
risk factorsTime trends
risk scoresCoronary angiography, Risk stratification in NSTE-ACS
STEMI See STEMI
thrombotic responseThrombotic response
time trendsTime trends, Time trends
see also individual conditions

acute myocardial infarctionIntroduction
definitionDefinition of acute myocardial infarction, Troponins for risk stratification

adenosineArrhythmias
acute rate controlRate control in paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation
atrial tachycardiaElectrophysiological studies
in pregnancyTherapy of heart failure
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndromeTreatment

adherens junction proteinsAdherens junction proteins

adolescents
physical activityAdults with CVD
risks of inactivityPhysical activity

ADONIS trialPrevention of atrial fibrillation, Prevention of atrial fibrillation

adrenomedullinVasopressin

adult congenital heart diseaseAbsent pulses/hypertension, Grown-up congenital heart disease
non-cardiac issuesGrown-up congenital heart disease

ADVANCE trialHypertension

adverse drug reactionsPleiotropic effects of drugs

Aeris-wireWires

Agatston scoreThe patient with intermediate to high pre-test likelihood of CAD or known CAD, Clinical applications of cardiac computed tomography

age
and acute coronary syndrome riskTime trends
and atrial fibrillationAgeing and atrial fibrillation
as predictive factor
and venous thromboembolismTypes of acute deep vein thrombosis ( Fig. )

air pollutantsOccupational risk factors for heart disease

air travel
heart failureDriving
pulmonary arterial hypertensionTreatment goals and follow-up strategy

airway obstructionAbsent pulses/hypertension

ajmalineT-wave ‘memory’

Alagille syndromeAetiology and prevention
pulmonary valve stenosisNatural history and management

alanine aminotransferase, in heart failureNatriuretic peptides

albuminuriaChronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk factor

alcohol, in heart failureAdherence

alcohol intakeAlcohol
and erectile dysfunctionSmoking
and hypertensionLifestyle changes

alcoholic cardiomyopathyAlcoholic cardiomyopathy

aldosterone antagonistsIndividual drug classes
atrial fibrillationHybrid therapy for atrial fibrillation
clinical benefitsAldosterone antagonists, Mechanism of action, Angiotensin receptor blockers, Clinical benefits
dosageAngiotensin receptor blockers
heart failureMechanism of action, Aldosterone antagonists
mechanism of actionAldosterone antagonists
prophylaxis of sudden cardiac deathSecondary prophylaxis in dilated cardiomyopathy
STEMI preventionAldosterone blockade

aldosteronism, primaryPrimary aldosteronism

aliskirenIndividual drug classes

alkylating agentsPharmacogenomics, pharmacogenetics, and cardiovascular drugs

allelesClinical presentation and management

ALLHAT trialTrials based on mortality and morbidity end-points comparing treatments initiated by different drug classes, Cerebrovascular disease

alpha-blockersIndividual drug classes

alpha-galactosidaseDilated cardiomyopathy (also see Chapter 18)

alteplasePersonal perspective

Alu repetitive sequenceClinical presentation and management

ambrisentanSitaxsentan

ambulatory ECG monitoringAmbulatory ECG monitoring

amilorideIndividual drug classes

amiodaroneAntiarrhythmic and other drugs (also see Chapter 28), Individual drug classes, Asthma/reversible airways obstruction
acute rate controlPharmacological rate control, Pharmacological rate control
arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathyAdherens junction proteins
atrial fibrillationDrugs for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation, Drugs for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation, Prevention of atrial fibrillation, Prevention of atrial fibrillation, Prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery, Prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery
atrial flutterElectrophysiological studies
atrial tachycardiaTreatment of multifocal AT
atrioventricular nodal reciprocating tachycardiaRadiofrequency catheter ablation
clinical trialsImplantable cardioverter defibrillator trials for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death
congestive heart failureAtrial fibrillation in congestive heart failure
focal junctional tachycardiaDiagnosis
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyMendelian monogenic human diseases: an overview, Timing of therapy
in pregnancyTherapy of heart failure
prophylaxis of sudden cardiac deathSecondary prophylaxis in dilated cardiomyopathy, Implantable cardioverter defibrillator trials for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death
side effectsThe Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study and the Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg
ventricular tachycardiaThe Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study and the Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg, The Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study and the Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg

amlodipineIndividual drug classes, Calcium-channel blockers
anginaCalcium-channel blockers

¹³N-ammoniaPositron emission tomography, Hybrid imaging

amoxicillinProphylaxis and prevention

Amplatz catheterLeft side of the heart

Amplatzer deviceCardiac valves

amputationPrimary amputation

amyloidosisCardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and the transplanted heart, Dilated cardiomyopathy (also see Chapter 18), Differential diagnosis
acquiredDifferential diagnosis
beta2-microglobulinDifferential diagnosis
cardiovascular involvementDifferential diagnosis
clinical presentationDifferential diagnosis, Management and outcome
diagnosisDifferential diagnosis, Management and outcome
hereditaryDifferential diagnosis
management and outcomeManagement and outcome
MRIMyocardial sarcoidosis, Myocardial non-compaction

anaemiaCardiovascular examination
chronic renal diseaseInterventions to reduce the cardiovascular risk
heart failureAnaemia, Natriuretic peptides, Asthma/reversible airways obstruction
and NSTE-ACSAnaemia

anaerobic thresholdVentilatory response to incremental exercise

Andersen syndromeGenetic bases and pathophysiology

Andersen–Tawil syndromeGenetic bases and pathophysiology

Anderson–Fabry disease See Fabry disease

ANDROMEDA trialConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications, Prevention of atrial fibrillation

aneurysmsPericardial pain
aorticPericardial pain, Comparison to other modalities, Pulmonary emboli
dissectingPericardial pain
left ventricularLeft ventricular morphology
sinus of ValsalvaAtrioventricular connections
thoracic aortaPericardial pain
thoracic arteryGreat vessels, Pulmonary emboli

anginaDiagnosis of coronary artery disease, Introduction
antiplatelet drugsAntiplatelet agents
assessmentThe ischaemic cascade, Assessment of angina pectoris
behavioural risk ractorsBehaviour change and management of behavioural risk factors
characteristics ofAssessment of angina pectoris
chest X-rayNon-invasive tests
classificationNon-invasive tests
clinical evaluationInvasive assessment of functional severity of coronary lesions, Based on the assessment of left ventricular function
consultation ratesEpidemiology
coronary angiographyStress cardiovascular magnetic resonance, Invasive assessment of functional severity of coronary lesions, Based on coronary angiography
and diabetes mellitusManagement of diabetes mellitus (E Chapter 14), Management of diabetes mellitus (E Chapter 14)
diagnosisAngina equivalents, Non-invasive tests
drivingSpecific cardiac conditions, Specific cardiac conditions
dyslipidaemia inBehaviour change and management of behavioural risk factors
ECGNon-invasive tests
ECG exercise stress testEchocardiography at rest, ECG exercise stress test
echocardiographyEchocardiography at rest
flyingSpecific cardiac conditions
fractional flow reserveLeft side of the heart
and heart failureDriving
Holter monitoringEchocardiography at rest
and hypertensionManagement of diabetes mellitus (E Chapter 14), Management of diabetes mellitus (E Chapter 14)
interventions to improve symptomsInterventions to improve symptoms and myocardial ischaemia
invasive testsStress cardiovascular magnetic resonance
left ventricular functionBased on the assessment of left ventricular function
lifestyle changesChronic stable angina: medical treatment, Chronic stable angina: medical treatment
medical treatmentChronic stable angina: medical treatment
microvascularSpinal cord stimulation (SCS), Pathogenesis
myocardial revascularizationChronic stable angina: myocardial revascularization
non-invasive testsNon-invasive tests
and obesityObesity
painPericardial pain, Chest pain (Table )
patient's description ofPericardial pain
percutaneous coronary interventionPercutaneous coronary interventions
pharmacological therapyBehaviour change and management of behavioural risk factors, Managment of dyslipidemia
physical examinationAngina equivalents
post-infarctionManagement of the later in-hospital complications
potentially dangerous drugs inChronic stable angina: myocardial revascularization
prevalenceAssessment of angina pectoris
Prinzmetal'sAnaemia
prognosisECG exercise stress test
refractoryManagement of refractory angina, Spinal cord stimulation (SCS)
risk stratificationInvasive assessment of functional severity of coronary lesions
sexual activity and erectile dysfunctionAngina, Behaviour change and management of behavioural risk factors
symptomsAngina equivalents
unstable See unstable angina
vasospasticDiagnosis See also chest pain

angina decubitusChest pain (Table ), Chest pain (Table ), Pericardial pain

angina equivalentsAngina equivalents

angiogenic therapySpinal cord stimulation (SCS)

angiography See coronary angiography

angioplasty
hypotension followingPatient with hypotension following invasive cardiac investigations or percutaneous coronary intervention
and myocardial perfusion scintigraphyPreoperative risk assessment ( Chapter 34)

angiopoeitin-1Group 2

angiosarcomaMalignant tumours of the heart
echocardiographyBenign tumours
MRIPersonal perspective

angiotensin receptor blockersIndividual drug classes
anginaManagement of diabetes mellitus (E Chapter 14)
atrial fibrillationHybrid therapy for atrial fibrillation
clinical benefitsAngiotensin receptor blockers, Clinical benefits, Clinical benefits
congestive heart failureAtrial fibrillation in congestive heart failure
contraindicationsResistant hypertension
heart failureAngiotensin receptor blockers, Mechanism of action, Clinical benefits, Mechanism of action
mechanism of actionAngiotensin receptor blockers
practical useClinical benefits, Clinical benefits
in pregnancyTherapy of heart failure
STEMIAdjunctive therapy in the acute phase
STEMI preventionAntiplatelet and anticoagulant treatment

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors See ACE inhibitors

ankle-brachial index (ABI)Peripheral arterial disease, Clinical classification of chronic peripheral arterial disease

ankylosing spondylitis, aortitisAortic stenosis with low gradient, low ejection fraction

ankyrinIntroduction, Genetic bases and pathophysiology

annulo-aortic ectasia
aortic aneurysmAetiology
aortic dissectionEhlers–Danlos syndrome

anoxic seizuresAbsent pulses/hypertension

anti-ischaemic drugs
beta-blockersAnti-ischaemic agents
calcium channel blockersAnti-ischaemic agents
nitratesAnti-ischaemic agents
NSTE-ACSAnti-ischaemic agents

antiarrhythmicsIndividual drug classes
atrial fibrillationRhythm- versus rate-control studies, Pharmacological cardioversion
clinical trialsImplantable cardioverter defibrillator trials for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death
and DC cardioversionInvestigational antiarrhythmic agents
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyTiming of therapy
investigationalInvestigational antiarrhythmic agents
post-left atrial ablationInvestigational antiarrhythmic agents
in pregnancyManagement of arrhythmias
prolongation of QT intervalAntiarrhythmic and other drugs (also see Chapter 28), Antiarrhythmic and other drugs (also see Chapter 28)

Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillator (AVID) trialDevice and drug therapy of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with structural heart disease

anticoagulantsIndividual drug classes
adjunctiveAngiography after fibrinolytic therapy
anginaManagement of diabetes mellitus (E Chapter 14), Oral anticoagulants
atrial fibrillationAntiplatelet therapy versus control
direct thrombin inhibitorsSelective factor Xa Inhibitor (fondaparinux)
fractional flow reserveWires
heparin-induced thrombocytopeniaUpper extremity deep vein thrombosis
infective endocarditisAnticoagulation
international normalized ratioInvestigational drugs, Anticoagulation near-patient testing and self-monitoring
low-molecular-weight heparinsNewer drugs
near-patient testing and self-monitoringAnticoagulation near-patient testing and self-monitoring, Anticoagulation near-patient testing and self-monitoring
NSTE-ACSNewer drugs, Diagnosis validation
percutaneous coronary interventionVitamin-K-antagonists
perioperativePerioperative anticoagulation
in pregnancyProsthetic heart valves, Prosthetic heart valves
prosthetic valvesAnticoagulant therapy, Anticoagulant therapy
pulmonary arterial hypertensionSupportive therapy
STEMI preventionAntiplatelet and anticoagulant treatment
unfractionated heparinNewer drugs, Newer drugs
venous thromboembolismTreatment modalities of the acute phase, Treatment modalities of the acute phase
vitamin K antagonistsVitamin-K-antagonists

antidromic tachycardiaAntidromic tachycardia, Pre-excited atrial flutter and fibrillation

antihypertensivesWeight reduction and physical exercise, Diabetes mellitus
atherosclerosisArterial wall and atherosclerosis
atrial fibrillationArterial wall and atherosclerosis
cerebrovascular diseaseConcomitant cerebrovascular disease
choice ofChoice of antihypertensive drugs
clinical trialsTrials based on mortality and morbidity end-points comparing active treatment with placebo, Ambulatory blood pressure measurement, Primary aldosteronism, Randomized trials based on intermediate end-points
congestive heart failureConcomitant cerebrovascular disease
contraindicationsResistant hypertension
coronary heart diseaseConcomitant cerebrovascular disease
in diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus
diabetes-induced hypertensionArterial wall and atherosclerosis
elderly patientsTherapeutic approaches in special conditions
left-ventricular hypertrophyRandomized trials based on intermediate end-points

antimetabolitesPharmacogenomics, pharmacogenetics, and cardiovascular drugs

antioxidantsOverweight and obesity in patients with CHD

antiplatelet drugsIndividual drug classes, Vitamin-K-antagonists
adjunctiveAngiography after fibrinolytic therapy
anginaManagement of diabetes mellitus (E Chapter 14), Antiplatelet agents
aspirin See aspirin
atrial fibrillationAntiplatelet therapy versus control, Jugular venous pulse character, Other antithrombotic agents
bleeding riskThienopyridines
NSTE-ACSVitamin-K-antagonists
pharmacogeneticsGenetic variation in pharmacodynamics
pre-non-cardiac surgeryAntiplatelet therapy
STEMI preventionAntiplatelet and anticoagulant treatment
stroke preventionSecondary stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation
thienopyridinesThienopyridines
withdrawalWithdrawal of oral antiplatelet agents

antithrombotic drugsSecondary stroke prevention and hypertension
atrial fibrillationEmbolic targets, Embolic targets

Antithrombotic Trialists’ CollaborationClopidogrel

anxietyPsychological risk factors and behavioural support, Anxiety
behavioural interventionsPharmacological and behavioural interventions
and poor prognosisAnxiety, Anxiety

aortaAneurysms of the thoracic aorta
anatomyAneurysms of the thoracic aorta
atheromatosisEmergency echocardiography
(blue’Pathogenesis
coarctation See coarctation of aorta
diameterTumours, Aorta
echocardiographyTumours
gender-related normal valuesAortitis
giant cell arteritisPericardium (also see Chapter 19)
intramural haematomaGreat vessels (also see Chapter 31)
occlusionLeft side of the heart See also aortic

aortic aneurysmPericardial pain, Aneurysms of the thoracic aorta
aetiologyAetiology, Aetiology
aortic wall structureNatural history
aortographyMedical management
ascendingAsymptomatic patients with chronic aortic regurgitation, Aetiology
chest X-rayDiagnostic procedures
classificationAetiology
clinical featuresClinical features
CT imagingDiagnostic procedures, Pulmonary emboli, Diagnostic procedures
definitionAneurysms of the thoracic aorta, Aneurysms of the thoracic aorta
diagnostic proceduresClinical features
drivingHeart failure, valve disease, and other conditions
effect of aortic sizeNatural history
epidemiologyAneurysms of the thoracic aorta
matrix metalloproteinase expression inAetiology, Aetiology
medical managementMedical management
MRIDiagnostic procedures, Comparison to other modalities, Pulmonary emboli, Medical management
natural historyNatural history
PETMedical management
risk factorsNatural history, Clinical features
surgical and endovascular managementSurgical and endovascular management, Surgical and endovascular management
ultrasoundDiagnostic procedures

aortic arch
in aortic dissectionAortic arch in acute type A (type I and II) dissection, Interventional endovascular strategy
doubleAtrioventricular connections
interruptionLong-term outcome
obstruction See coarctation of aorta

aortic atheromatous diseaseAortic atheromatous disease: thrombotic or cholesterol emboli

aortic dissectionTumours, Pulmonary artery, Differential diagnosis of chest pain, Dissection of the thoracic aorta
acquired conditionsDissection of the thoracic aorta
annulo-aortic ectasiaEhlers–Danlos syndrome
aortic arch inAortic arch in acute type A (type I and II) dissection, Interventional endovascular strategy
classicEhlers–Danlos syndrome
clinical featuresPlaque rupture/ulceration, Plaque rupture/ulceration
CT imagingGreat vessels, Functional imaging with computed tomography
definition and classificationEhlers–Danlos syndrome, Intramural haematoma
diagnostic proceduresDiagnostic procedures, Diagnostic procedures
Ehlers–Danlos syndromeAetiology, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
epidemiologyDissection of the thoracic aorta, Marfan syndrome
familialEhlers–Danlos syndrome
iatrogenicMarfan syndrome
interventional endovascular therapyInterventional endovascular strategy, Indications for stent-graft placement
elective settingInterventional therapy in an elective setting, Interventional therapy in an elective setting
emergency settingInterventional therapy in an emergency setting
stent-graft placementInterventional endovascular strategy, Indications for stent-graft placement
intramural haematomaIntramural haematoma, Plaque rupture/ulceration
long-term therapy and follow-upInterventional therapy in an emergency setting
Marfan syndromeGreat vessels, Aetiology, Marfan syndrome
medical managementMedical management, Medical management
MRIGreat vessels (also see Chapter 31)
natural historyNatural history, Natural history
plaque rupture/ulcerationPlaque rupture/ulceration
pregnancy-relatedMarfan syndrome
risk factorsDissection of the thoracic aorta
surgical managementMedical management, Surgical management

aortic endocarditisLaboratory signs

aortic pressureTests used to challenge the coronary vascular bed, Mechanisms of metabolic regulation of myocardial blood flow

aortic regurgitationAortic valve ( Chapter 22), Tricuspid valve, Aortic stenosis with low gradient, low ejection fraction
acuteAcute aortic regurgitation
aetiologyAortic stenosis with low gradient, low ejection fraction
aneurysm of ascending aortaAsymptomatic patients with chronic aortic regurgitation
asymptomatic patientsAsymptomatic patients with chronic aortic regurgitation
chest X-rayDiagnosis
diagnosisDiagnosis
ECGDiagnosis
echocardiographyCardiac valves, Other non-invasive investigations
exercise therapyInitiation of training therapy
historyDiagnosis
and hypertensionAcute aortic regurgitation
infective endocarditisAcute aortic regurgitation
invasive investigationsOther non-invasive investigations
medical treatmentMedical treatment
MRIValvular heart disease
natural historyNatural history
non-invasive investigationsOther non-invasive investigations
pathophysiologyAortic stenosis with low gradient, low ejection fraction
physical examinationDiagnosis
pulse pressure waveformPulsus paradoxus
semi-quantitative classificationAngiography in heart valve diseases and cardiomyopathies
surgeryMedical treatment, Medical treatment, Medical treatment
symptomatic patientsTreatment strategy

aortic root aneurysmAortic stenosis with low gradient, low ejection fraction

aortic ruptureTraumatic rupture of the aorta
aetiologyTraumatic rupture of the aorta
clinical presentationMechanisms of rupture
diagnostic proceduresMechanisms of rupture
managementMechanisms of rupture
mechanisms ofMechanisms of rupture
outcomesOutcomes
pathogenesisTraumatic rupture of the aorta
spinal cord protectionSpinal cord protection
surgical and interventional proceduresSurgical and interventional procedures in typical TAR, Spinal cord protection

aortic sclerosisNatural history

aortic stenosisAortic valve ( Chapter 22), Other non-invasive investigations
aetiologyAetiology, Aetiology
asymptomatic patientsAsymptomatic patients
chest X-rayDiagnosis
combined treatment proceduresAsymptomatic patients
and coronary artery diseaseAsymptomatic patients
diagnosisDiagnosis
ECGDiagnosis
echocardiographyEchocardiography, Echocardiography
elderly patientsAsymptomatic patients
follow-upAsymptomatic patients
heart failureHeart failure due to valvular heart disease
historyDiagnosis
incidenceEpidemiology and incidence
invasive investigationsOther non-invasive investigations
with low gradient, low ejection fractionAortic stenosis with low gradient, low ejection fraction
medical treatmentMedical treatment
natural historyOther non-invasive investigations, Natural history
non-invasive investigationsOther non-invasive investigations
pathophysiologyAetiology, Pathophysiology
percutaneous aortic valvuloplastyMedical treatment
physical examinationDiagnosis
pulse pressure waveformPulsus paradoxus
supravalvularCardiac catheterization
surgeryMedical treatment, Medical treatment
symptomatic patientsTranscatheter aortic valve implantation, Symptomatic patients
systolic murmursMurmurs
transcatheter aortic valve implantationTranscatheter aortic valve implantation, Symptomatic patients, Acute aortic regurgitation
valve planimetryValvular heart disease

aortic ulcerPericardium (also see Chapter 19)

aortic valveAortic valve ( Chapter 22), Tricuspid valve
areaAetiology
bicuspidAortic valve ( Chapter 22), Aortic stenosis with low gradient, low ejection fraction, Aetiology
CT imagingComputed tomography for valve disease
endocarditisTricuspid valve
MRI imagingValvular heart disease
normal valuesPulmonary valve
paravalvular leakageCardiac computed tomography in electrophysiology

aortic valvuloplasty in pregnancyPersonal perspective

aortic wall
and aortic aneurysmNatural history
weakening ofNatural history

aortitisAortic stenosis with low gradient, low ejection fraction, Aortitis
aetiologyAortitis
clinical featuresClinical features, Therapeutic management
definitionAortitis
diagnostic proceduresClinical features, Aortic atheromatous disease: thrombotic or cholesterol emboli
epidemiologyAortitis
managementTherapeutic management
pathogenesisAortitis

aorto-iliac lesions, TASC classificationRevascularization management

aortographyMedical management

apelinVasopressin

apical impulse (apex beat)Apical impulse (apex beat)
abnormalities ofApical impulse (apex beat)
left parasternal (right ventricular) heaveApical impulse (apex beat)

apixaban, atrial fibrillationAnticoagulation near-patient testing and self-monitoring

apolipoprotein EGene–environment interaction and risk prediction, Novel CHD genes

APSIS trialCalcium-channel blockers

arachnodactylyCardiovascular examination

argatroban, heparin-induced thrombocytopeniaPersonal perspective

ARMYDA-3 trial‘Upstream’ therapy

arrhythmia absolutaConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications, Initial evaluation of patients with atrial fibrillation

arrhythmiasParoxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, Arrhythmias and conduction disturbances
in athletesRhythm and conduction abnormalities, Rhythm and conduction abnormalities
bradycardias See bradycardias
in diabetes mellitusDiabetes and cardiac arrhythmias
diagnosisAn approach to arrhythmia diagnosis
drivingArrhythmias, Supraventricular tachycardias (also see E Chapter 28)
exercise therapyExercise therapy after cardiac surgery
in genetic disordersGenetic disorders in the structurally normal heart, Genetic disorders in the structurally normal heart
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyArrhythmia
myocardial ischaemiaArrhythmias
non-cardiac surgeryNeurological
post-radiation diseaseClinical management
precipitating factorsPresyncope and syncope (also see Chapter 26)
in pregnancy
fetalMaternal bradyarrhythmias
maternalManagement of arrhythmias
re-entrantElectrophysiological mechanisms of ventricular tachycardia, Automatic ventricular arrhythmias
and sexual activityAngina
in STEMIArrhythmias and conduction disturbances
syncopeArrhythmia, Uncertain diagnosis, Uncertain diagnosis, Unexplained syncope in patients with high risk of death
tachycardias See tachycardias
treatment See antiarrhythmics
ventricular automaticAutomatic ventricular arrhythmias

arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasiaLeft atrium and pulmonary veins, Left atrium and pulmonary veins, Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (also see Chapters 9 and 18), Myocardial sarcoidosis, Adherens junction proteins, Coronary artery disease, Recurrent ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
aetiologyCoronary artery disease
clinical presentationAdherens junction proteins, Pathophysiology
definitionCoronary artery disease
detection in athletesEfficacy of preparticipation ECG screening
diagnostic criteriaGenetic bases and pathophysiology
diagnostic testingPathophysiology, Pathophysiology
ECGGenetic bases and pathophysiology, Pathophysiology
genetic loci/genesGenetic bases and pathophysiology
geneticsGenetic bases and pathophysiology, Coronary artery disease, Pathophysiology
managementAdherens junction proteins
arrhythmiasManagement of heart failure
heart failureManagement of heart failure
MRIArrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (also see Chapters 9 and 18), Myocardial sarcoidosis
pathophysiologyGenetic bases and pathophysiology, Pathophysiology
prevalenceCoronary artery disease
prognosis and outcomeManagement of heart failure
risk stratificationRisk stratification

arterial blood gases, pulmonary arterial hypertensionDiagnostic strategy

arterial remodellingEndothelial dysfunction and pathological thrombogenicity

arterial sclerosis, magnetic resonance imagingVessel wall, Vessel wall

arteriogenesisThe ischaemic cascade

arteriovenous oxygen differenceCatheterization protocol

ARTS I trialPercutaneous interventions versus coronary bypass surgery

ARTS trialAdjunctive therapy, Adjunctive therapy

ascitesOedema and ascites

ASCOT trialPleiotropic effects of drugs

ASCOT-LLA trialLipid disorders

ASH-crashComplications

Ashman phenomenonNon-invasive work-up

aspartate aminotransferase, in heart failureNatriuretic peptides

aspergillomaSurgical treatment

Aspergillus spp.Rare causes

aspirinIndividual drug classes, Secondary stroke prevention and hypertension
anginaManagement of diabetes mellitus (E Chapter 14), Antiplatelet agents
NSTE-ACSVitamin-K-antagonists, Diagnosis validation
pre-non-cardiac surgeryAntiplatelet therapy
in pregnancyTherapy of heart failure
resistanceClopidogrel
side effectsThienopyridines
STEMIFacilitated percutaneous coronary interventions
stroke preventionSecondary stroke prevention and hypertension

asthmaAsthma/reversible airways obstruction

atenololCalcium-channel blockers
atrial fibrillationPrevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery
in pregnancyTherapy of heart failure

ATHENA trialPrevention of atrial fibrillation

atherogenic dyslipidaemiaAtherogenic dyslipidaemia

atheromatosisTumours
aorticAortic atheromatous disease: thrombotic or cholesterol emboli
magnetic resonance imagingVessel wall, Vessel wall

atherosclerosis
calcium scoreCoronary anomalies
in childhoodPhysical activity
clinical trialsArterial wall and atherosclerosis
diabetes mellitusAtherosclerotic burden associated with diabetes, Hyperglycaemia
magnetic resonance imagingVessel wall, Vessel wall
optical coherence tomographyOptical coherence tomography, Normal coronary morphology and atherosclerosis
pathophysiologyPathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes, Pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes
prestenoticPrestenotic atherosclerosis See also plaque

atherothrombosis, genetic influencesGenetic influences in atherothrombosis and the initiation of acute coronary syndromes

athletes
ECG
abnormalities inMedical history, Appropriate interpretation of the athlete’s ECG
physiologic and pathologicPreparticipation screening in the USA
interpretation ofPreparticipation screening in the USA, Appropriate interpretation of the athlete’s ECG
heart inTetralogy of Fallot, Comprehensive rehabilitation and risk factor management, The athlete’s heart, Epidemiology of sudden death in the athlete
bradycardiaDefinition of bradycardia
management of cardiovascular diseaseManagement of athletes with cardiovascular diseases

atorvastatinIndividual drug classes

ATP testSuspected supraventricular tachycardia

ATRAMI studyVentricular ectopy and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia

atria
left See left atria(l)
right See right atria(l)
situsNomenclature See also atrial

atrial conduction disturbancesConduction disturbances, AV nodal block (also see Chapter 27)

atrial defibrillator‘Antitachycardia’ pacing, Hybrid therapy for atrial fibrillation

atrial ectopic beatsPresyncope and syncope (also see Chapter 26)

atrial extrasystolesIntroduction
definition and epidemiologyIntroduction, Definition and epidemiology
diagnosisPathogenesis, Diagnosis
pathogenesisPathogenesis
treatmentTreatment

atrial fibrillationAtrial fibrillation, Causes of bradycardia, Summary
with acute coronary syndromePerioperative anticoagulation
adrenergicAntithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation
and ageingAgeing and atrial fibrillation
antiarrhythmicsRhythm- versus rate-control studies, Pharmacological cardioversion
anticoagulantsEmbolic targets
perioperativePerioperative anticoagulation
antihypertensives inArterial wall and atherosclerosis
antiplatelet therapyAntiplatelet therapy versus control, Jugular venous pulse character, Other antithrombotic agents
antithrombotic therapyEmbolic targets, Embolic targets
Ashman phenomenonNon-invasive work-up
and atrial septal defectPredisposing clinical conditions
and cardiac pacingThromboembolism or stroke in relation to pacing modality, Patient-based choice of pacing mode
and cardiomyopathyPredisposing clinical conditions, Predisposing clinical conditions
cardioversionCardioversion, Cardioversion
electricalElectrical cardioversion, Electrical cardioversion
pharmacologicalPharmacological cardioversion
transoesophageal echocardiography-guidedCardioversion
catheter ablationAblation of atrial fibrillation, Ablation of atrial fibrillation
complicationsComplications, Complications
follow-upFollow-up considerations
indicationsPhrenic nerve injury, Surgical ablation
surgicalSurgical ablation
cause of first episodeAgeing and atrial fibrillation
chest X-rayClinical history
and chronic renal diseaseConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications
clinical historyClinical history
clinical presentationAtrial fibrillation
complicationsConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications, Consequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications
and congenital heart diseasePredisposing clinical conditions
in congestive heart failureAtrial fibrillation in congestive heart failure
consequencesConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications
contractile dysfunctionAtrial fibrillation-induced contractile dysfunction
and COPDConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications
and coronary artery diseasePredisposing clinical conditions
detection ofEpidemiology, Epidemiology, Other genetic abnormalities associated with atrial fibrillation, Initial evaluation of patients with atrial fibrillation
development over timeDevelopment of atrial fibrillation over time in an individual patient, Predisposing clinical conditions
diabetes mellitusDiabetes and cardiac arrhythmias
and diabetes mellitusConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications
diagnosisNarrow QRS tachycardias, Narrow QRS tachycardias
differential diagnosisInitial evaluation of patients with atrial fibrillation
ECGClinical history, Other genetic abnormalities associated with atrial fibrillation, Clinical history
echocardiographyClinical history, Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation
electrical activation of atriaPathophysiological changes that can cause atrial fibrillation, Focal activity in the pulmonary veins
electrical remodellingFocal activity in the pulmonary veins, Atrial fibrillation-induced contractile dysfunction
epidemiologyEpidemiology
and ethnicityEpidemiology
exercise capacityConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications
exercise testingClinical history
focal activity in pulmonary veinsFocal activity in the pulmonary veins
genetic bases and pathophysiologyAtrial fibrillation
genetic factorsGenetic factors associated with atrial fibrillation, Genetic factors associated with atrial fibrillation
and heart failureAetiology: causes of heart failure, Driving, Predisposing clinical conditions, Predisposing clinical conditions
Holter monitoringClinical history
hybrid therapyHybrid therapy for atrial fibrillation, Hybrid therapy for atrial fibrillation
and hypertensionPredisposing clinical conditions, Predisposing clinical conditions
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyArrhythmia
implantable pacemakers/defibrillatorsImplantable pacemakers and defibrillators
incidenceEpidemiology
initial evaluationInitial evaluation of patients with atrial fibrillation
initial managementInitial evaluation of patients with atrial fibrillation
initiation and maintenancePathophysiological changes that can cause atrial fibrillation, Electrical remodelling
intracellular calcium overloadAgeing and atrial fibrillation
investigational drugsInvestigational drugs, Investigational drugs
investigationsClinical history
left ventricular functionConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications
and metabolic syndromeConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications
mortalityConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications, Consequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications
myocardial infarctionArrhythmias and conduction disturbances, Arrhythmias and conduction disturbances
and obesityConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications
paroxysmalTypes of atrial fibrillation, Anticoagulation near-patient testing and self-monitoring
pathophysiological changesPathophysiological changes that can cause atrial fibrillation
permanentTypes of atrial fibrillation, Rate control in paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation
persistentTypes of atrial fibrillation
pharmacological rate controlPharmacological rate control, Pharmacological rate control
pharmacological therapyNon-pharmacological methods to prevent stroke in atrial fibrillation
physical examinationClinical history
pre-excitedPre-excited atrial flutter and fibrillation, Primary repolarization disturbances
predisposing clinical conditionsPredisposing clinical conditions
in pregnancyPerioperative anticoagulation
prevalenceEpidemiology, Types of atrial fibrillation
preventionPrevention of atrial fibrillation, Prevention of atrial fibrillation
post-surgeryAtrial fibrillation in congestive heart failure
quality of lifeConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications
rhythm vs. rate control managementNon-pharmacological methods to prevent stroke in atrial fibrillation, Where to initiate antiarrhythmic drug therapy
silentInitial evaluation of patients with atrial fibrillation
and sleep apnoeaConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications
STEMIArrhythmias and conduction disturbances
and strokeConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications, Pathophysiological changes that can cause atrial fibrillation, Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation, Risk factors for stroke
as first presentationPerioperative anticoagulation
non-pharmacological preventionNon-pharmacological methods to prevent stroke in atrial fibrillation, Non-pharmacological methods to prevent stroke in atrial fibrillation
stroke preventionSecondary stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation
structural changesAtrial fibrillation-induced contractile dysfunction, Ageing and atrial fibrillation
and tachycardiomyopathyPredisposing clinical conditions, Predisposing clinical conditions
and tall statureConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications
thrombogenesisThrombogenesis in atrial fibrillation, Risk factors for stroke
thrombus inRight atrium, atrial septum, and caval veins
and thyroid dysfunctionPredisposing clinical conditions
types ofEpidemiology, Development of atrial fibrillation over time in an individual patient
(upstream’ therapy‘Upstream’ therapy, ‘Upstream’ therapy, Hybrid therapy for atrial fibrillation
vagalClinical history
and valvular heart diseasePredisposing clinical conditions

Atrial Fibrillation, ASpirin, AntiKoagulation (AFASAK) studyEmbolic targets

atrial flutterRight atrium, atrial septum, and caval veins, Introduction, Atrial flutter, Perioperative anticoagulation, How to distinguish between a supraventricular and a ventricular tachycardia?
atypicalAtypical atrial flutters
catheter ablationRole of catheter ablation in CTI AFL
clinical characteristicsAtypical atrial flutters, Electrocardiographic characteristics
definition and epidemiologyAtrial flutter, Pathogenesis
diagnosisNarrow QRS tachycardias, Narrow QRS tachycardias, Atypical atrial flutters
drug-inducedHybrid therapy for atrial fibrillation
ECGElectrocardiographic characteristics, Other genetic abnormalities associated with atrial fibrillation
electrophysiologyElectrophysiological studies
pathogenesisPathogenesis
pre-excitedPre-excited atrial flutter and fibrillation, Primary repolarization disturbances
right atrial CVIPathogenesis, Right atrial CTI AFL
treatmentElectrophysiological studies

atrial septal defectCardiac valves, Emergency echocardiography, Common congenital cardiac malformations, Long-term outcome
and atrial fibrillationPredisposing clinical conditions
chest X-rayChest radiograph
closure devicesCardiac valves
diagnosisLong-term outcome
ECGChest radiograph
echocardiographyChest radiograph
exercise therapyExercise therapy in women
incidenceEpidemiology and incidence
long-term outcomeLong-term outcome
managementChest radiograph, Long-term outcome, Grown-up congenital heart disease
morphologyLong-term outcome
MRICongenital heart disease (also see Chapter 10), Congenital heart disease (also see Chapter 10)
natural historyChest radiograph
pathophysiologyLong-term outcome
recurrence risk in offspringMaternal low-risk conditions

atrial septum, echocardiographyRight atrium, atrial septum, and caval veins

atrial stressorsElectrical remodelling, Ageing and atrial fibrillation

atrial tachycardiaCatheter ablation
catheter ablationCatheter ablation
clinical characteristicsDiagnosis, Electrocardiographic characteristics
definitionCatheter ablation
diagnosisDiagnosis
ECGDiagnosis, Electrocardiographic characteristics
electrophysiological studiesElectrophysiological studies, Treatment of multifocal AT
multifocalTreatment of multifocal AT
pathogenesisCatheter ablation
treatmentElectrophysiological studies

atrial thrombusPericardial abnormalities

atrial tumours
angiosarcomaBenign tumours
fibrosarcomaBenign tumours
myxomaTumours, Aorta, Epidemiology, classification, and nomenclature, Benign tumours, Myxoma

atrio-oesophageal fistulaComplications

atrioventricular blockArrhythmias and conduction disturbances, Conduction disturbances, AV nodal block (also see Chapter 27), Intrahisian block, Sinus node disease
cardiac pacingEvidence-based choice of optimal pacing mode
modePatient-based choice of pacing mode
infrahisianIntraventricular block
Mobitz type IIntraventricular block
Mobitz type IIIntraventricular block
suprahisianIntraventricular block

atrioventricular conduction disturbancesConduction disturbances
AV nodal blockArrhythmias and conduction disturbances, Conduction disturbances, AV nodal block (also see Chapter 27), Intrahisian block
bradycardiaAtrioventricular conduction disturbances
intrahisian blockIntrahisian block, Intraventricular block

atrioventricular connectionsAtrioventricular connections

atrioventricular dissociationHow to distinguish between a supraventricular and a ventricular tachycardia?

atrioventricular junctional extrasystolesIntroduction
definition and epidemiologyIntroduction, Definition and epidemiology
diagnosisPathogenesis, Diagnosis
pathogenesisPathogenesis
treatmentTreatment

atrioventricular nodal reciprocating tachycardiaIntroduction, Catheter ablation in CTI-independent atrial flutters
catheter ablationRadiofrequency catheter ablation
clinical characteristicsDiagnosis, Treatment
definitionCatheter ablation in CTI-independent atrial flutters, Catheter ablation in CTI-independent atrial flutters
diagnosisDiagnosis
ECGDiagnosis, Radiofrequency catheter ablation
electrophysiologyDiagnosis, Radiofrequency catheter ablation
pathogenesisCatheter ablation in CTI-independent atrial flutters, Pathogenesis
treatmentTreatment

atrioventricular nodeRecording the electrical activity of the heart, Introduction
catheter ablationCatheter ablation of the atrioventricular node, Catheter ablation of the atrioventricular node
with resynchronization therapyCatheter ablation of the atrioventricular node
cystic tumour ofCystic tumour of the atrioventricular node

atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardiaIntroduction
accessory pathwaysAVRT utilizing an accessory pathway, AVRT utilizing an accessory pathway

atrioventricular septal defectLong-term outcome
cardiac catheterizationDiagnosis
chest X-rayDiagnosis
coronary angiographyDiagnosis
diagnosisDiagnosis
ECGDiagnosis
echocardiographyDiagnosis
incidenceEpidemiology and incidence
long-term outcomeLong-term outcome
managementDiagnosis
morphologyLong-term outcome, Pathophysiology
natural historyDiagnosis
pathophysiologyPathophysiology
recurrence risk in offspringMaternal low-risk conditions

atrioventricular valvesNomenclature

atropine, NSTE-ACSDiagnosis validation

attenuation correctionAttenuation correction

auscultationApical impulse (apex beat)
additional heart soundsFurther effects of respiration on auscultation, Further effects of respiration on auscultation
effects of respirationFurther effects of respiration on auscultation
ejection soundMurmurs
gallop rhythmMurmurs
mid-systolic clicksMurmurs
murmursFurther effects of respiration on auscultation, Murmurs, Murmurs
normal heart soundsApical impulse (apex beat), Further effects of respiration on auscultation
opening snapMurmurs
pericardial knockMurmurs
pericardial rubContinuous murmurs
prosthetic valvesMurmurs
S4Murmurs

Austin Flint murmurKey points, Diagnosis

autoimmune pericardial diseasePericardial disease in renal failure

automatic external defibrillatorAutomatic external defibrillator
in sports medicineAutomatic external defibrillator programme

automaticityIntroduction

autonomic balance, and prognosisIndependent risk or confounding by somatic symptoms?, Platelet function

autonomic failureArrhythmia

autoreactive pericarditisPericardial disease in renal failure

autoregulationResponse to changes in perfusion pressure: autoregulation, Response to changes in perfusion pressure: autoregulation
mechanisms ofResponse to changes in perfusion pressure: autoregulation, Response to changes in myocardial oxygen consumption: metabolic regulation

autosomal dominantMendelian monogenic human diseases: an overview

autosomal recessiveMendelian monogenic human diseases: an overview

autosomesClinical presentation and management

AVERT studyIndications for percutaneous coronary interventions, Exercise-based interventions in cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention

AZD0837, atrial fibrillationAnticoagulation near-patient testing and self-monitoring

azimilideAntiarrhythmic and other drugs (also see Chapter 28)

azithromycinProphylaxis and prevention

Bachmann's bundle blockAV nodal block (also see Chapter 27)

balloon atrial septostomySitaxsentan

BARI trialSubgroup analyses, Revascularization strategies, Revascularization strategies, Percutaneous interventions versus coronary bypass surgery

Barker hypothesisGenetic influences in atherothrombosis and the initiation of acute coronary syndromes

baroreflexVentricular ectopy and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, Device and drug therapy of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with structural heart disease

Bayes theoremECG exercise stress test

Baysian analysisClinical presentation and management

beating heart surgery ((off pump’)Beating heart surgery (‘off-pump’)

BEAUTIFUL trialSubgroup analyses, Driving

Becker muscular dystrophyPeripartum cardiomyopathy

Becker's signKey points

behavioural interventionsPharmacological and behavioural interventions, Anxiety
anxietyPharmacological and behavioural interventions
depression and vital exhaustionPharmacological and behavioural interventions

Behçet's disease
aortic aneurysmNatural history
aortitisAortic stenosis with low gradient, low ejection fraction, Clinical features

benazeprilIndividual drug classes

BENESTENT trialAdvances in the treatment and prevention of restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions

benflumethiazideIndividual drug classes

beraprostTreprostinil

beta-blockersIndividual drug classes, Individual drug classes
acute rate controlPharmacological rate control
anginaOral anticoagulants, Management of diabetes mellitus (E Chapter 14), Calcium-channel blockers, Interventions to improve symptoms and myocardial ischaemia
arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathyAdherens junction proteins
atrial fibrillationDrugs for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation, Atrial fibrillation in congestive heart failure, Prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery, Hybrid therapy for atrial fibrillation
atrioventricular nodal reciprocating tachycardiaRadiofrequency catheter ablation
chronic renal diseaseInterventions to reduce the cardiovascular risk
clinical trialsImplantable cardioverter defibrillator trials for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death
congestive heart failureAtrial fibrillation in congestive heart failure
contraindicationsResistant hypertension
dosageAngiotensin receptor blockers
heart failureBeta-blockers, Mechanism of action, Clinical benefits
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyMendelian monogenic human diseases: an overview, Timing of therapy
mechanism of actionBeta-blockers
NSTE-ACS C6.S10.1.2Diagnosis validation
pharmacogeneticsBeta-blockers
pre-non-cardiac surgeryMedical therapy, Medical therapy
in pregnancyTherapy of heart failure
STEMIAdjunctive therapy in the acute phase
STEMI preventionAntiplatelet and anticoagulant treatment
survival curvesAldosterone antagonists
vs. calcium antagonistsCalcium-channel blockers
vs. nitratesComparison of nitrates with beta-blockers or calcium-channel blockers

beta-thalassaemia majorDilated cardiomyopathy (also see Chapter 18)

betaxololCalcium-channel blockers

bezafibrateIndividual drug classes

bi-nodal diseaseSinus node disease

bifascicular blockBifascicular blocks, Intraventricular block
cardiac pacingEvidence-based choice of optimal pacing mode
modePatient-based choice of pacing mode
RBBB with left anterosuperior hemiblockBifascicular blocks, Bifascicular blocks, Intraventricular block
RBBB with left postero-inferior hemiblockRBBB with left postero-inferior hemiblock, RBBB with left postero-inferior hemiblock, Intraventricular block

bifurcation lesions, fractional flow reserveFractional flow reserve in sequential stenoses

biliary excretionDrug excretion

biochemical markers See biomarkers

biomarkersBiochemical markers
of inflammationMarkers of inflammation
multimarker testingPoint-of-care testing, Point-of-care testing
novelNovel biomarkers, Novel biomarkers
point-of-care testingPoint-of-care testing

biopsy, endomyocardial See endomyocardial biopsy

bisoprololCalcium-channel blockers
atrial fibrillationPrevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery
clinical trialsImplantable cardioverter defibrillator trials for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death
dosageAngiotensin receptor blockers, Clinical benefits
heart failureMechanism of action
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyTiming of therapy

bivalirudinSelective factor Xa Inhibitor (fondaparinux)
STEMIHeparins

biventricular hypertrophyBiventricular enlargement

blood cystCystic tumour of the atrioventricular node

blood gas analysis, congenital malformationsChest radiography

blood oxygen measurementsHaemodynamic measurements during cardiac catheterization

blood pressureOther pulses, Blood pressure
in chronic renal diseaseChronic kidney disease and cardiovascular mortality, Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular mortality
lifestyle managementBlood pressure See also hypertension

blood pressure control, chronic renal diseaseInterventions to reduce the cardiovascular risk

blood pressure measurementDiagnostic evaluation, Office or clinic blood pressure measurement
ambulatoryAmbulatory blood pressure measurement
homeHome blood pressure
office/clinicOffice or clinic blood pressure measurement
threshold valuesRenovascular hypertension

blood vessels, hypertensive damageHeart

blood viscosity, exercise effects onExercise therapy and chronic heart failure

blood volume in pregnancyCardiovascular adaptations during normal pregnancy

blue scleraCardiovascular examination

Borg scale of perceived exertionCriteria for maximal effort attainment

bosentanSupportive therapy, Treprostinil

bradycardia–tachycardia syndromeSinus node disease

bradycardiasSummary, Arrhythmias
anatomy and physiologyIntroduction, Introduction
atrioventricular blockAtrioventricular conduction disturbances
causesCauses of bradycardia, Causes of bradycardia
definitionDefinition of bradycardia
diagnosisAn approach to arrhythmia diagnosis
diagnostic approachDiagnostic approach to the bradycardic patient
drug therapyTreatment of bradycardia
drug-inducedHybrid therapy for atrial fibrillation
ECGAtrioventricular conduction disturbances, Diagnostic approach to the bradycardic patient
electrophysiological testingElectrophysiological testing
Holter monitoringDiagnostic approach to the bradycardic patient
implantable loop recorderDiagnostic approach to the bradycardic patient, Electrophysiological testing
implantable pacemakersTreatment of bradycardia
intraventricular blockIntraventricular block
in pregnancyMaternal bradyarrhythmias
signs and symptomsCauses of bradycardia
sinusPresyncope and syncope (also see Chapter 26), Arrhythmias and conduction disturbances, Sinus node disease
temporary pacingTreatment of bradycardia, Implantable pacemakers

brain natriuretic peptideIntroduction

Braunwald risk classificationPhysical examination, Biochemical markers

breathlessness See dyspnoea

broad QRS complex tachycardiaBroad QRS complex tachycardia: clinical approach, Non-invasive work-up
invasive work-upInvasive work-up
non-invasive work-upBroad QRS complex tachycardia: clinical approach, Non-invasive work-up

Broadbent's signKey points

Brugada syndromeAntiarrhythmic and other drugs (also see Chapter 28), An approach to ECG reading, Gene-specific approach to LQTS therapy, Other genetic abnormalities associated with atrial fibrillation, Short QT syndrome (also see Chapter 9), Drug-induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias
acquiredRisk factors for torsade de pointes
clinical presentationClinical presentation, Clinical presentation
detection in athletesEfficacy of preparticipation ECG screening
genetic basis and pathophysiologyGenetic bases and pathophysiology, Clinical presentation
risk stratification and therapyRisk stratification and therapy, Risk stratification and therapy

bruit de MoulinBlunt cardiac trauma

bruitsContinuous murmurs

bumetanideIndividual drug classes

bundle branch blockArrhythmias and conduction disturbances, Conduction disturbances, Intrahisian block
alternatingIntraventricular block
bilateralRBBB with left postero-inferior hemiblock, Delta wave and ECG localization of accessory connections
left See left bundle branch block
right See right bundle branch block
syncopeKey points for use of ILR and ELR

bundle branchesDefinition of bradycardia, Definition of bradycardia

bundle of HisDefinition of bradycardia, Sinus node disease

C-reactive proteinInsulin resistance, Markers of inflammation
heritabilityGenetic determinants of CHD phenotypes

CABGChoice of conduit, Definition of cardiac rehabilitation within preventive cardiology
beating heart surgery ((off pump’)Beating heart surgery (‘off-pump’)
choice of conduitBeating heart surgery (‘off-pump’)
clinical trialsPercutaneous interventions versus coronary bypass surgery
CTBypass grafts, Coronary plaque imaging
diagnosisCoronary plaque imaging
glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors inUpstream use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors prior to revascularization
heart failureSurgery
NSTE-ACSCoronary artery bypass graft
repeat coronary artery surgeryBeating heart surgery (‘off-pump’)

cachexia, heart failureAnaemia

CAD See coronary artery disease

calcification
coronary arteriesClinical applications of cardiac computed tomography, Assessment of coronary stenoses
detection by intracoronary ultrasoundQualitative assessment
pericardialGreat vessels

calcium antagonistsIndividual drug classes
anginaCalcium-channel blockers, Management of diabetes mellitus (E Chapter 14), Calcium-channel blockers
atrial fibrillationDrugs for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation
contraindicationsResistant hypertension
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyMendelian monogenic human diseases: an overview, Timing of therapy
NSTE-ACSAnti-ischaemic agents
pulmonary arterial hypertensionCalcium-channel blockers
side effectsCalcium-channel blockers
STEMIAdjunctive therapy in the acute phase
STEMI preventionAntiplatelet and anticoagulant treatment
vs. beta-blockersCalcium-channel blockers
vs. nitratesComparison of nitrates with beta-blockers or calcium-channel blockers

calcium scoreThe patient with intermediate to high pre-test likelihood of CAD or known CAD, Assessment of coronary stenoses
myocardial infarction predictionAssessment of coronary stenoses
significance ofCoronary anomalies See also Agatston score

calcium stonesNon-neoplastic masses

calcium supplements, in pregnancyTherapy of heart failure

CAMELOT studyAngiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors

Canadian Implantable Defibrillator StudyDevice and drug therapy of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with structural heart disease

cancer, and heart failureAsthma/reversible airways obstruction

candesartanIndividual drug classes
dosageAngiotensin receptor blockers, Mechanism of action
heart failureMechanism of action

Candida spp.Rare causes

CAPRIE trialSecondary stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation, Oral anticoagulants

captoprilIndividual drug classes
dosageAngiotensin receptor blockers

Captopril Prevention Project (CAPP)High blood pressure

capture beatsHow to distinguish between a supraventricular and a ventricular tachycardia?, The ECG and site of ventricular tachycardia origin

CAPTURE trialInvasive strategy

Cardiac Arrest Study HamburgDevice and drug therapy of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with structural heart disease

cardiac autonomic neuropathySelected issues

cardiac catheterizationIntroduction
atrioventricular septal defectDiagnosis
blood oxygen measurementsHaemodynamic measurements during cardiac catheterization
coarctation of aortaDiagnosis
common arterial trunkDiagnosis
congenital malformationsCardiac catheterization and angiography, Interventional catheterization, Grown-up congenital heart disease
dilated cardiomyopathyLeft and right heart catheterization
Fallot's tetralogyChest radiograph
hypoplastic left heart syndrome ECG
left heartIntroduction, Left side of the heart
left ventricular outflow obstructionDiagnosis
patent arterial ductChest radiograph
physiological stress test duringCatheterization protocol
pressure measurementsLeft side of the heart, Haemodynamic measurements during cardiac catheterization
protocolCatheterization protocol, Tests used to challenge the coronary vascular bed
pulmonary arterial hypertensionAbdominal ultrasound scan
right heartIntroduction, Left side of the heart
total anomalous pulmonary venous connectionCardiac catheterization
univentricular atrioventricular connectionChest radiograph
ventricular septal defectCardiac catheterization

cardiac constriction
elasticSubacute elastic constriction
transientTransient cardiac constriction, Aetiological considerations

cardiac indexVentricular volumes
heart failureHigh- and low-output heart failure

cardiac ischaemiaIschaemia and infarction
chronic heart failureIschaemia and viability, Ischaemia and viability
dobutamine stress MRIDobutamine stress, Myocardial perfusion
electrocardiogram
Q wavesIschaemic T waves, Ischaemic T waves
ST changesIschaemia and infarction, Ischaemia and infarction
T wavesIschaemic T waves, Ischaemic T waves
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyIschaemia
MRI detectionViability
myocardial See myocardial ischaemia
myocardial perfusionMyocardial perfusion, Acute coronary syndromes (also see Chapter 16)
post-infarctionManagement of the later in-hospital complications
stress echocardiographyStress echocardiography, Stress echocardiography
and syncopeUncertain diagnosis

cardiac ischaemic painArrhythmias, The ischaemic cascade

cardiac massesNon-neoplastic masses
calciumNon-neoplastic masses
CT imagingCardiac and pericardial abnormalities, Pericardial abnormalities
infectionsNon-neoplastic masses, Surgical treatment
MRITumours and masses, Tumours and masses
thrombi See thrombus See also tumours

alpha-cardiac myosin heavy chainPathophysiology

cardiac outputHaemodynamic measurements during cardiac catheterization, Ventricular volumes, Definition and classification of pulmonary hypertension
pregnancyCardiovascular adaptations during normal pregnancy

cardiac pacing
all-cause and cardiovascular mortalityAll-cause and cardiovascular mortality
antitachycardia‘Antitachycardia’ pacing
and atrial fibrillationThromboembolism or stroke in relation to pacing modality
atrial fibrillationImplantable pacemakers and defibrillators, Minimizing ventricular pacing
atrioventricular blockEvidence-based choice of optimal pacing mode
bifascicular/trifascicular blockEvidence-based choice of optimal pacing mode
bradycardiaTreatment of bradycardia, Implantable pacemakers, Pacemaker implantation techniques
clinical trialsQuality of life
complicationsComplications of pacemaker treatment, Complications of pacemaker treatment
drivingArrhythmias
endocarditisTricuspid valve
exercise therapyExercise therapy after cardiac surgery
follow-upOrganization of a pacemaker implantation laboratory, Pacemaker follow-up
functional aspects of pacemaker clinicOrganization of a pacemaker implantation laboratory, Pacemaker follow-up
goals ofPacemaker follow-up
implantation techniquesCurrent pacemaker nomenclature
indicationsIndications for pacemaker implantation, Evidence-based choice of optimal pacing mode
mode
and atrial fibrillationPatient-based choice of pacing mode
atrioventricular/bifascicular/trifascicular blockPatient-based choice of pacing mode
choice ofEvidence-based choice of optimal pacing mode
managed ventricular pacingPatient-based choice of pacing mode
and mortalityPatient-based choice of pacing mode
patient-based choiceQuality of life
selectionAll-cause and cardiovascular mortality
in sinus node diseasePatient-based choice of pacing mode
new indicationsNew indications for cardiac pacing
nomenclatureCurrent pacemaker nomenclature, Current pacemaker nomenclature, Complications of pacemaker treatment
pacemaker implantation laboratoryOrganization of a pacemaker implantation laboratory
practical aspects for patientsPractical considerations for the patient with a pacemaker
in pregnancyThe pregnant patient with a pacemaker or ICD
preventativeMinimizing ventricular pacing, ‘Antitachycardia’ pacing
quality of lifeQuality of life
right ventricular apicalPatient-based choice of pacing mode
runaway pacemakerPractical considerations for the patient with a pacemaker
thromboembolism/stroke riskThromboembolism or stroke in relation to pacing modality
trans-telephonic monitoringPractical considerations for the patient with a pacemaker

cardiac palpationJugular venous pulse character
apical impulse (apex beat)Apical impulse (apex beat)

cardiac resynchronization therapyIs cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without ICD needed?, Is cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without ICD needed?, Positron emission tomography
heart failureMechanism of action, Cardiac resynchronization therapy, Surgery
mitral regurgitationCardiac resynchronization therapy

cardiac rupture, STEMICardiac rupture

cardiac tamponadePatient with hypotension following invasive cardiac investigations or percutaneous coronary intervention, Treatment, Aetiology
aetiologyAetiology
clinical findingsAetiology
diagnosisDiagnosis, Diagnosis
low-pressureAetiology
post-atrial ablationPhrenic nerve injury
treatmentDiagnosis

cardiac transplantation
dilated cardiomyopathyLeft and right heart catheterization
heart failureLeft ventricular assist devices
pregnancyCardiac transplantation

cardiac traumaOutcomes
aetiologyOutcomes
bluntBlunt cardiac trauma
clinical featuresPathogenesis
medical managementBlunt cardiac trauma
outcomeOutcome after cardiac trauma
pathogenesisPathogenesis, Pathogenesis
penetratingPathogenesis
surgical managementSurgical management

cardiac tumours See tumours

cardioembolic strokePathophysiology of acute ischaemic stroke and diagnostic procedures

cardiogenic embolism, echocardiographyCardiogenic embolism

cardiogenic shock, STEMIAntithrombotic therapy without reperfusion therapy

cardiomyopathyNon-neoplastic masses
alcoholicAlcoholic cardiomyopathy
arrhythmogenic See arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
in athletesCardiomyopathies, Myocarditis (also see Chapter 18)
and atrial fibrillationPredisposing clinical conditions, Predisposing clinical conditions
chemotherapy-inducedHypertension
coronary angiographyAngiography in heart valve diseases and cardiomyopathies, Angiography in heart valve diseases and cardiomyopathies
dilated See dilated cardiomyopathy
echocardiographyHypertension, Hypertension
histiocytoidHistiocytoid cardiomyopathy
hypertensiveImmunoadsorption
hypertrophic See hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
inheritedGenetic factors associated with atrial fibrillation
iron overload (siderotic)Dilated cardiomyopathy (also see Chapter 18), Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (also see Chapters 9 and 18)
ischaemicIschaemic cardiomyopathy
left ventricular non-compactionCardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and the transplanted heart
magnetic resonance imagingCardiomyopathy
metabolicAlcoholic cardiomyopathy
muscular dystrophiesManagement
obstructiveAortic valve ( Chapter 22)
peripartumPeripartum cardiomyopathy
restrictive See restrictive cardiomyopathy
tachycardiomyopathyManagement
TakotsuboTakotsubo cardiomyopathy
unclassifiedManagement of heart failure
uraemicCauses of death and underlying pathology in end-stage renal disease

cardiopulmonary disease, syncopeStructural cardiac or cardiopulmonary disease

cardiorenal syndromeComorbidity

cardiotoxic drugsCardiovascular safety of non-cardiovascular drugs

cardiovascular disease
age and gender as predictors
HeartScoreHeartScore®
individual risk modification
mortalityFacts and figures about CVD in Europe
prevention See prevention
priorities in clinical practice,
risk factorsPopulation strategy
SCORE chartPrevention strategies, Estimation of total risk
societal causesIntroduction
statisticsIntroduction
total risk estimationEstimation of total risk, Estimation of total risk

cardiovascular drugsSummary
ACE inhibitorsIndividual drug classes
adverse effectsPleiotropic effects of drugs
aldosterone antagonistsIndividual drug classes
angiotensin receptor blockersIndividual drug classes
antiarrhythmicsIndividual drug classes
anticoagulants and fibrinolyticsIndividual drug classes
antiplatelet drugsIndividual drug classes
beta-blockersIndividual drug classes, Individual drug classes
diureticsIndividual drug classes
inotropicMeta-analysis
lipid-loweringIndividual drug classes
pharmacogeneticsPharmacogenomics, pharmacogenetics, and cardiovascular drugs
pharmacogenomicsPharmacogenomics, pharmacogenetics, and cardiovascular drugs
place in treatmentAbsorption of drugs
prescribing for special groupsBeta-blockers
renin inhibitorsIndividual drug classes
vasodilatorsIndividual drug classes See also clinical pharmacology; and individual drugs

cardiovascular historyThe anatomic position of the heart
distance perceptionChest pain (Table )
identification of danger areasPolyuria [13, 14]
preparation for rapid actionChest pain (Table )
systematic approach toThe basic cardiovascular history
time perceptionChest pain (Table )

cardiovascular magnetic resonance See magnetic resonance imaging

cardioversionCardioversion, Cardioversion
antiarrhythmics andInvestigational antiarrhythmic agents
electricalElectrical cardioversion, Electrical cardioversion
pharmacologicalPharmacological cardioversion
transoesophageal echocardiography-guidedCardioversion

CARE trialLipid disorders

CARE-HF trialComplications of pacemaker treatment

Carey–Coombs murmurKey points

CARISA trialTrimetazidine

Carney complexPapillary fibroelastoma

carnitine deficiencyPathophysiology

carotid sinus
hypersensitivityReflex syncope (synonym: neurally mediated syncope)
syncopeReflex syncope (synonym: neurally mediated syncope)

carotid sinus massageDiagnostic tests, Orthostatic challenge

carotid sinus syndrome, cardiac pacingNew indications for cardiac pacing

carotid stenosis
low-gradeLow-grade carotid stenosis (<50% in symptomatic patients and <60% in asymptomatic patients)
moderate/severeLow-grade carotid stenosis (<50% in symptomatic patients and <60% in asymptomatic patients)

carotidyniaClinical features

carriersClinical presentation and management

Carvallo's signKey points, Pathophysiology

carvedilolCalcium-channel blockers
atrial fibrillationPrevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery
clinical trialsImplantable cardioverter defibrillator trials for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death
dosageAngiotensin receptor blockers, Clinical benefits
heart failureMechanism of action

CAST trialEndpoints in clinical trials, Survival curve interpretation, Invasive work-up

catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardiaGenetic bases and pathophysiology, Short QT syndrome (also see Chapter 9)
additional loci and phenocopiesGenetic bases and pathophysiology
clinical presentationGenetic bases and pathophysiology, Genetic bases and pathophysiology
genetic bases and pathophysiologyGenetic bases and pathophysiology, Genetic bases and pathophysiology
genetic modifiersGenetic modifiers in inherited arrhythmogenic disorders

catheter ablation
atrial fibrillationAblation of atrial fibrillation, Ablation of atrial fibrillation
complicationsComplications, Complications
follow-upFollow-up considerations
indicationsPhrenic nerve injury, Surgical ablation
surgicalSurgical ablation
atrial flutterRole of catheter ablation in CTI AFL
atrial tachycardiaCatheter ablation
atrioventricular nodal reciprocating tachycardiaRadiofrequency catheter ablation
atrioventricular nodeCatheter ablation of the atrioventricular node, Catheter ablation of the atrioventricular node
supraventricular tachycardiaCatheter ablation
ventricular tachycardiaCatheter ablation or surgical treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndromeRadiofrequency catheter ablation

catheters
AmplatzLeft side of the heart
coronary angiographyCatheter selection and manipulation
FeldmanLeft side of the heart
fractional flow reserveDefinition of fractional flow reserve
JudkinsLeft side of the heart, Catheter selection and manipulation
pigtailIntroduction
Swan–GantzIntroduction See also cardiac catheterization

caval filtersCatheter-based procedures

caval veins, echocardiographyRight atrium, atrial septum, and caval veins

cavo-tricuspid-isthmusVagal and pharmacological manoeuvres

CD36 deficiencyPathophysiology

cefazolinProphylaxis and prevention

ceftriaxoneProphylaxis and prevention

celecoxib, anginaTrimetazidine

central obesityObesity

cephalexinProphylaxis and prevention

cerebral vascular diseaseAcute limb ischaemia
carotid stentingEndovascular treatment, Tailored-approach concept
definitionAcute limb ischaemia
diabetes mellitusCerebrovascular disease
diagnosisDiagnostic strategy, Low-grade carotid stenosis (<50% in symptomatic patients and <60% in asymptomatic patients)
endovascular treatmentEndovascular treatment, Endovascular treatment
medical therapyAsymptomatic patients with moderate or severe carotid stenosis (>60%)
revascularizationAsymptomatic patients with moderate or severe carotid stenosis (>60%)
risk-benefit analysisDiagnostic strategy

cerebrovascular accident See stroke

certoparin, venous thromboembolismTreatment modalities of the acute phase

CHADS2 scoreThrombogenesis in atrial fibrillation

Chagas diseaseCardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and the transplanted heart, Aetiology: causes of heart failure

character traits in heart diseasePsychological risk factors and behavioural support

Charcot–Marie–Tooth diseaseClinical presentation

CHARISMA trialCerebrovascular disease, Secondary stroke prevention and hypertension, Other antithrombotic agents

chest
computed tomographyCardiac computed tomography
unusual noisesPolyuria [13, 14]

chest painChest pain (Table ), History and clinical presentation
acute coronary syndromesChest pain in acute coronary syndrome (also see Chapter 16)
aneurysmsPericardial pain
anginalPericardial pain, Chest pain (Table )
cardiovascular causesDifferential diagnosis of chest pain
chronicDiagnosis of coronary artery disease
clinical classificationDifferential diagnosis of chest pain
congenital malformationsAbsent pulses/hypertension
CT evaluationPulmonary emboli
differential diagnosisDifferential diagnosis of chest pain, Non-cardiovascular causes of chest pain
examinationContinuous murmurs
gastrointestinalChest pain (Table )
gradingHistory and clinical presentation
imaging techniquesThe patient with stable chest pain presenting at the outpatient clinic, Imaging approach to the patient with stable chest pain, The patient with chronic heart failure
ischaemicChest pain (Table )
musculoskeletalChest pain (Table ), Chest pain in acute coronary syndrome (also see Chapter 16)
myocarditisPericardial pain
non-cardiacChest pain in acute coronary syndrome (also see Chapter 16), Chest pain (Table ), Non-cardiovascular causes of chest pain
pericardialPericardial pain
pleuriticChest pain (Table )
types ofChest pain (Table ) See also coronary artery disease; See also myocardial infarction

chest pain unitAcute coronary syndromes ( Chapter 16)

chest X-ray
anginaNon-invasive tests
aortic aneurysmDiagnostic procedures
aortic arch interruptionLong-term outcome
aortic regurgitationDiagnosis
aortic stenosisDiagnosis
atrial fibrillationClinical history
atrial septal defectChest radiograph
atrioventricular septal defectDiagnosis
coarctation of aortaDiagnosis
common arterial trunkDiagnosis
congenital malformationsAbsent pulses/hypertension
Ebstein's anomalyDiagnosis
Fallot's tetralogyChest radiograph
heart failureChest X-ray, Doppler echocardiography
hypoplastic left heart syndromeLife-long outcome
left ventricular outflow obstructionDiagnosis
mitral regurgitationDiagnosis
mitral stenosisPhysical examination
patent arterial ductChest radiograph
pregnancyAdditional diagnostic tools
pulmonary arterial hypertensionDiagnostic strategy, Ventilation–perfusion (V[Lt]/Q[Lt]) lung scan
pulmonary atresiaPulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
pulmonary valve stenosisDiagnosis
total anomalous pulmonary venous connectionPathophysiology
transposition of great arteriesDiagnosis
tricuspid regurgitationPathophysiology
tricuspid stenosisDiagnosis
univentricular atrioventricular connectionChest radiograph

Cheyne–Stokes respirationParoxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea

Chiari networkCardiac valves

children
benign tumours inPericardial cyst
physical activityAdults with CVD
prescribing forChildren
pulmonary arterial hypertensionSpecific pulmonary arterial hypertension types
risks of inactivityPhysical activity

chromosomesClinical presentation and management

chronic heart failure
aetiologyThe patient with chronic heart failure
cardiac resynchronization therapyIs cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without ICD needed?, Is cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without ICD needed?
imaging techniquesThe patient with chronic heart failure, The aetiology underlying heart failure
ischaemia and viabilityIschaemia and viability, Ischaemia and viability
left ventricle inThe size and shape of the left ventricle, Mitral regurgitation
mitral regurgitationThe size and shape of the left ventricle, Is cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without ICD needed?

chronic ischaemic heart disease See ischaemic heart disease

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
and atrial fibrillationConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications
non-cardiac surgeryNeurological
pulmonary hypertensionGroup 2, Therapy

chronic renal diseaseSummary
and atrial fibrillationConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications
beta-blockersInterventions to reduce the cardiovascular risk
blood pressure controlInterventions to reduce the cardiovascular risk
blood pressure inChronic kidney disease and cardiovascular mortality, Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular mortality
and cardiovascular mortalityChronic kidney disease and cardiovascular mortality
as cardiovascular risk factorChronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk factor
causes of deathCauses of death and underlying pathology in end-stage renal disease
clinical examinationsCauses of death and underlying pathology in end-stage renal disease
coronary angiographyCauses of death and underlying pathology in end-stage renal disease
correction of anaemiaInterventions to reduce the cardiovascular risk
diuretic therapyDiuretic therapy, Diuretic therapy
homocysteineRenin–angiotensin system blockade
impact on cardiac eventsChronic kidney disease and cardiovascular mortality
MRIRadiocontrast nephropathy
and NSTE-ACSThe elderly
pathologyCauses of death and underlying pathology in end-stage renal disease
phosphataemiaRenin–angiotensin system blockade
radiocontrast nephropathyRadiocontrast nephropathy
renin–angiotensin system blockadeRenin–angiotensin system blockade
salt restriction and volume controlRenin–angiotensin system blockade
sleep apnoea and depressionRenin–angiotensin system blockade
stages ofChronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk factor
statins inInterventions to reduce the cardiovascular risk
vitamin D inRenin–angiotensin system blockade

chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertensionGroup 2, Therapy
diagnosisTherapy
genetics and aetiologyGroup 5
therapyAbdominal ultrasound scan, Therapy

chronotropic incompetenceCauses of bradycardia

Churg–Strauss syndromeClinical features

chylopericardiumRare causes

cibenzolineIndividual drug classes
atrial fibrillationPrevention of atrial fibrillation

cilazaprilIndividual drug classes

ciprofibrateIndividual drug classes

clarithromycinProphylaxis and prevention

CLARITY trialPrimary percutaneous coronary interventions

class effectClass effect

clindamycinProphylaxis and prevention

clinical pharmacologyBasic concepts in clinical pharmacology
adverse drug reactionsPleiotropic effects of drugs
biological half-lifeDrug excretion
class effectClass effect
dose–response relationshipsDose–response relationships
drug interactionsPleiotropic effects of drugs
duration of actionDrug excretion
pharmacodynamicsBasic concepts in clinical pharmacology
pharmacokineticsDose–response relationships
pleiotropic drug effectsPleiotropic effects of drugs
response to therapyDrug excretion

clinical trialsClinical trials and assessment of evidence
CONSORTStatistical aspects of clinical trials, What is a positive result?
endpointsEndpoints in clinical trials
external validityExternal validity
internal validityInterpreting a trial report
interpreting reportsInterpreting a trial report
meta-analysisExternal validity
positive resultsStatistical aspects of clinical trials
randomized controlledClinical trials and assessment of evidence
standards of reportingStatistical aspects of clinical trials
statisticsStatistical aspects of clinical trials
subgroup analysesSubgroup analyses
treatment effectsSubgroup analyses, Number needed to treat

clonidine, acute rate controlRate control in paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation

clopidogrelSecondary stroke prevention and hypertension
anginaManagement of diabetes mellitus (E Chapter 14), Clopidogrel
atrial fibrillationOther antithrombotic agents, Other antithrombotic agents
dose and timingDose and timing of clopidogrel
drug interactionsDose and timing of clopidogrel
NSTE-ACSDiagnosis validation
NSTEMIThienopyridines
pharmacogeneticsGenetic variation in pharmacodynamics
resistanceDose and timing of clopidogrel
STEMIFacilitated percutaneous coronary interventions

CLOUT trialLesions of intermediate severity

coarctation of aortaDiagnosis
clinical featuresDiagnosis
diagnosisDiagnosis
exercise therapyCoarctation of the aorta
incidenceEpidemiology and incidence
long-term outcomeLong-term outcome
managementDiagnosis
morphologyDiagnosis
MRIAtrioventricular connections
natural historyDiagnosis
pathophysiologyDiagnosis
recurrence risk in offspringMaternal low-risk conditions

cold pressure testTests used to challenge the coronary vascular bed

colestyramineIndividual drug classes

Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS)Lipid disorders

collaterals, fractional flow reserveApplication of fractional flow reserve in different lesion subset, Application of fractional flow reserve in different lesion subset

Colombo, Matteo RealdoIntroduction

colour Doppler mappingTechnical equipment for echocardiography

COMMIT CCSIntroduction, Adjunctive therapy in the acute phase

COMMIT trialPrimary percutaneous coronary interventions

common arterial trunkEpidemiology and incidence, Chest radiograph
diagnosisDiagnosis
incidenceEpidemiology and incidence
long-term outcomeDiagnosis
managementDiagnosis
morphologyChest radiograph
natural historyDiagnosis
pathophysiologyChest radiograph

Compton scatteringAttenuation correction

computed tomographySummary
acute coronary syndromesCoronary angiography
aortic aneurysmDiagnostic procedures, Pulmonary emboli, Diagnostic procedures
aortic stenosisOther non-invasive investigations
cardiacCardiac computed tomography
cardiac anatomyImage evaluation
cardiac/pericardial abnormalitiesCardiac and pericardial abnormalities
chestCardiac computed tomography
chest pain evaluationPulmonary emboli
coarctation of aortaDiagnosis
congenital heart diseaseCardiac computed tomography in electrophysiology
congenital malformationsCardiac computed tomography in electrophysiology, Cardiac catheterization and angiography, Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography
contrast mediaRadiation and contrast media issues, Image evaluation
coronary anatomyStress cardiovascular magnetic resonance
coronary anomaliesCoronary anomalies, Coronary plaque imaging
coronary artery bypass graftsBypass grafts, Coronary plaque imaging
coronary artery calcificationClinical applications of cardiac computed tomography, Assessment of coronary stenoses
coronary plaque imagingCoronary plaque imaging, Cardiac masses and thrombi
coronary stenosesAssessment of coronary stenoses, Coronary anomalies
coronary stentsBypass grafts, Cardiac and pericardial abnormalities
ECG-synchronizationCardiac computed tomography, Cardiac computed tomography
electrophysiologyCardiac computed tomography in electrophysiology, Cardiac computed tomography in electrophysiology
functional imagingFunctional imaging with computed tomography
great vesselsGreat vessels
image evaluationImage evaluation, Image evaluation
maximum intensity projectionImage evaluation
multiplanar reformationImage evaluation
myocardial stressMyocardial stress computed tomography
pregnancyComputed tomography
principles ofIntroduction, Introduction
pulmonary arterial hypertensionVentilation–perfusion (V[Lt]/Q[Lt]) lung scan, Magnetic resonance imaging
radiation issuesRadiation and contrast media issues, Image evaluation
scanner geometryIntroduction
scanner performanceTechnical scanner performance, Radiation and contrast media issues
spiral/helical See spiral CT
triple rule-out scanFunctional imaging with computed tomography
tumoursCardiac and pericardial abnormalities, Pericardial abnormalities, Diagnosis through interdisciplinary collaboration, Endomyocardial biopsy
valvular heart diseaseComputed tomography for valve disease, Computed tomography for valve disease
volume renderingImage evaluation, Clinical applications of cardiac computed tomography

concealed accessory pathwaysConcealed accessory pathways
definitionConcealed accessory pathways
diagnosisConcealed accessory pathways
pathogenesisConcealed accessory pathways
treatmentConcealed accessory pathways

conduction disturbancesArrhythmias and conduction disturbances, Conduction disturbances
in athletesRhythm and conduction abnormalities, Rhythm and conduction abnormalities
atrialConduction disturbances, AV nodal block (also see Chapter 27)
atrioventricular See atrioventricular conduction disturbances
bifascicular blocksBifascicular blocks
bilateral bundle branch block and trifascicular blockRBBB with left postero-inferior hemiblock, Delta wave and ECG localization of accessory connections
bundle branch blockArrhythmias and conduction disturbances, Conduction disturbances, Intrahisian block
fascicular blockLeft bundle branch block
nuclear imagingConduction abnormality ( Chapter 27), Conduction abnormality ( Chapter 27)
post-radiation diseaseClinical management
primary repolarizationPrimary repolarization disturbances
progressive cardiac conduction defectRisk stratification and therapy
in STEMIArrhythmias and conduction disturbances

conduction systemIntroduction, Introduction

confidence intervalsStatistical aspects of clinical trials

congenital heart diseaseSummary
abnormal chest radiographAbsent pulses/hypertension
abnormal heart rateOther presentations
absent pulses/hypertensionAbsent pulses/hypertension
adult presentation See adult congenital heart disease
aetiology and preventionAetiology and prevention
airway obstructionAbsent pulses/hypertension
angiographyCardiac catheterization and angiography
atria and veinsCongenital heart disease (also see Chapter 10), Congenital heart disease (also see Chapter 10)
and atrial fibrillationPredisposing clinical conditions
atrioventricular connectionsAtrioventricular connections
blood gas analysisChest radiography
cardiac catheterizationCardiac catheterization and angiography, Interventional catheterization, Grown-up congenital heart disease
chest painAbsent pulses/hypertension
chest X-rayAbsent pulses/hypertension
coronary arteriesCoronary arteries
CT imagingCardiac computed tomography in electrophysiology, Cardiac catheterization and angiography, Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography
cyanosisCyanosis ( Table ), Other presentations
drivingHeart failure, valve disease, and other conditions
ECGChest radiography
echocardiographyChest radiography
epidemiology and incidenceEpidemiology and incidence, Epidemiology and incidence
exercise intoleranceExercise therapy in women, Exercise therapy in women
fetal circulationFetal circulation
fits, faints and funny turnsAbsent pulses/hypertension
great arteries and conduitsAtrioventricular connections
heart murmurOther presentations
investigationAbsent pulses/hypertension
magnetic resonance imagingCongenital heart disease (also see Chapter 10)
medical managementManagement
MRICardiac catheterization and angiography, Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography
nomenclatureIntroduction
pathophysiologyFunction of the fetal heart
postoperative follow-upAtrioventricular connections
pregnancyOther conditions, Congenital heart disease and pregnancy, Congenital heart disease and pregnancy, Therapy of heart failure
presentation in early infancyCyanosis ( Table )
surgical managementManagement, Interventional catheterization
transposition of great arteriesCoronary arteries
ventriclesAtrioventricular connections
viscero-atrial situsCongenital heart disease (also see Chapter 10), Nomenclature

congestive heart failure
antihypertensives inConcomitant cerebrovascular disease
atrial fibrillation inAtrial fibrillation in congestive heart failure

CONSORTStatistical aspects of clinical trials, What is a positive result?

constrictive pericarditisTumours, Management of moderate and large pericardial effusion
aetiologyAetiological considerations
chronicChronic constrictive pericarditis, Chronic constrictive pericarditis
differential diagnosisChronic constrictive pericarditis
elasticSubacute elastic constriction
transientTransient cardiac constriction, Aetiological considerations

consultation behaviourReluctance to make life style changes

contiguous genesClinical presentation and management

continuous-wave DopplerTechnical equipment for echocardiography

contrast echocardiographyValvular heart disease ( Chapter 21), Valvular heart disease ( Chapter 21)

contrast media for CTRadiation and contrast media issues, Image evaluation

CONVINCE trialTrials based on mortality and morbidity end-points comparing treatments initiated by different drug classes

COPD See chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

cor pulmonaleChamber enlargement/hypertrophy

Cori diseaseGlycogen storage disease

corneal arcusCardiovascular examination

coronary angiographyInvasive imaging techniques and coronary morphology, Stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance
acute coronary syndromesCoronary angiography
anginaStress cardiovascular magnetic resonance, Invasive assessment of functional severity of coronary lesions, Based on coronary angiography
atrioventricular septal defectDiagnosis
cardiomyopathyAngiography in heart valve diseases and cardiomyopathies, Angiography in heart valve diseases and cardiomyopathies
catheter selection and manipulationCatheter selection and manipulation
chronic renal diseaseCauses of death and underlying pathology in end-stage renal disease
coarctation of aortaDiagnosis
common arterial trunkDiagnosis
complicationsInvasive imaging techniques and coronary morphology, Consent for the procedure, risks and benefits of angiography
congenital malformationsCardiac catheterization and angiography
consent forInvasive imaging techniques and coronary morphology
definitions of lesionsAngiographic report
Fallot's tetralogyChest radiograph
heart failurePulmonary function testing
hypoplastic left heart syndrome ECG
left coronary arteryCatheter selection and manipulation, Catheter selection and manipulation, Cannulation
left internal mammary arteryOptimal views
left ventricular outflow obstructionDiagnosis
optimal viewsOptimal views ( ), Cannulation, Optimal views
patent arterial ductChest radiograph
reportOptimal views, Angiographic report
right coronary arteryOptimal views ( )
risk stratificationBased on coronary angiography
risks and benefitsInvasive imaging techniques and coronary morphology
syncopeSuspected supraventricular tachycardia
univentricular atrioventricular connectionChest radiograph
valvular heart diseaseAngiography in heart valve diseases and cardiomyopathies, Angiography in heart valve diseases and cardiomyopathies
venous bypass graftsOptimal views See also cardiac catheterization

coronary anomalies in athletesAtherosclerotic coronary artery disease

coronary arteriesIntroduction, Distribution of coronary vascular resistance in series
angiography See coronary angiography
anomaliesCoronary anomalies, Coronary plaque imaging
anomalousCoronary plaque imaging
calcificationClinical applications of cardiac computed tomography, Assessment of coronary stenoses
calcium scoringThe patient with intermediate to high pre-test likelihood of CAD or known CAD, Assessment of coronary stenoses
CTClinical applications of cardiac computed tomography, Assessment of coronary stenoses
MRICoronary arteries, Coronary arteries, Coronary arteries
plaque See plaque
segmentationHybrid imaging
stentsBypass grafts, Cardiac and pericardial abnormalities

coronary artery bypass graft See CABG

coronary artery cannulation
left coronary arteryCatheter selection and manipulation, Catheter selection and manipulation
right coronary arteryOptimal views ( )

coronary artery diseaseDefinition of fractional flow reserve
and aortic stenosisAsymptomatic patients
in athletesAtherosclerotic coronary artery disease
and atrial fibrillationPredisposing clinical conditions
congenitalCoronary arteries
detection in athletesEfficacy of preparticipation ECG screening
diagnosisDiagnosis of coronary artery disease
drivingSpecific cardiac conditions
ECG-gated SPECTECG-gated SPECT
echocardiographyPulmonary artery, Pulmonary artery
exercise testingMethodological aspects of exercise testing in the clinical context, Methodological aspects of exercise testing in the clinical context
exercise trainingExercise therapy in stable CAD, after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and after MI with preserved ejection fraction
and glucose controlGlycaemic control
hybrid imagingHybrid imaging
myocardial perfusion scintigraphyDiagnosis of coronary artery disease
obesityOverweight and obesity in patients with CHD
occult, erectile dysfunction as predictor ofCardiovascular risk factors
PETPositron emission tomography
post-radiation diseaseClinical management
prognosisConduction abnormality ( Chapter 27), Preoperative risk assessment ( Chapter 34)
stress ECGStress ECG, Ambulatory ECG monitoring
typeIntroduction, Conduction abnormality ( Chapter 27)

coronary artery stenosis
CTAssessment of coronary stenoses, Coronary anomalies
fractional flow reserveApplication of fractional flow reserve in different lesion subset
prediction ofCoronary anomalies
sequentialFractional flow reserve in sequential stenoses

coronary bypass surgeryPercutaneous interventions versus coronary bypass surgery
indicationsIndications for coronary bypass surgery, Indications for coronary bypass surgery

coronary circulationFunctional assessment of the coronary circulation, Introduction
arterial system See coronary arteries
autoregulationResponse to changes in perfusion pressure: autoregulation, Response to changes in perfusion pressure: autoregulation
Doppler wire measurementsPitfalls and limitations of fractional flow reserve
flow-mediated dilatationDistribution of coronary vascular resistance in parallel, Mechanisms of flow-mediated dilatation
fractional flow reserve See fractional flow reserve
index of microvascular resistanceCoronary thermodilution
metabolic regulationResponse to changes in myocardial oxygen consumption: metabolic regulation
reactive hyperaemiaMechanisms of metabolic regulation of myocardial blood flow, Coronary flow reserve
response to flow changesDistribution of coronary vascular resistance in parallel
thermodilutionCoronary thermodilution
thermodilution-based absolute blood flowCoronary thermodilution
vascular resistanceDistribution of coronary vascular resistance in series, Distribution of coronary vascular resistance in series

coronary collateral circulationThe ischaemic cascade

coronary flow reserveCoronary flow reserve, Coronary flow reserve
assessment ofAssessment of coronary flow reserve in man

coronary heart disease
antihypertensives inConcomitant cerebrovascular disease
candidate genesGenetic determinants of CHD phenotypes
dietary recommendationsOverweight and obesity in patients with CHD
familial hypercholesterolaemiaGenetic modifiers in inherited arrhythmogenic disorders
gene–environment interactionA monogenic cause of CHD: familial hypercholesterolaemia, Gene–environment interaction and risk prediction
genetic determinants of phenotypeGenetic determinants of CHD phenotypes
meta-analysis risk estimateGene–environment interaction and risk prediction, Novel CHD genes, DNA testing in FH patients
mortalityPrevention strategies
novel genesNovel CHD genes, Novel CHD genes
obesityOverweight and obesity in patients with CHD
polygenicA monogenic cause of CHD: familial hypercholesterolaemia, DNA testing in FH patients
pregnancyTurner syndrome
risk allelesGenetic determinants of CHD phenotypes
risk predictionGene–environment interaction and risk prediction
stroke preventionSecondary stroke prevention in patients with coronary heart disease

coronary interventions
optical coherence tomographyNormal coronary morphology and atherosclerosis, Optical coherence tomography for assessment of coronary interventions
ultrasound guidanceLesions of intermediate severity

coronary vascular bed challenge testsTests used to challenge the coronary vascular bed

coronary vascular resistance
in parallelDistribution of coronary vascular resistance in parallel
in seriesDistribution of coronary vascular resistance in series, Distribution of coronary vascular resistance in series

Corrigan's pulseKey points, Diagnosis

cortisol, link to poor prognosisIndependent risk or confounding by somatic symptoms?

coughParoxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea

COURAGE studyFractional flow reserve in sequential stenoses, Indications for percutaneous coronary interventions, Exercise-based interventions in cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention

COX-2 inhibitors
anginaTrimetazidine, Chronic stable angina: myocardial revascularization
STEMIFacilitated percutaneous coronary interventions

Coxiella burnetiiCausative pathogens

Coxsackie virus, myocarditisGenetics, Genetics

CREATE trialPharmacological and behavioural interventions, Anxiety

CREATE-ECLA trialGlycaemic control

creatinine, in heart failureChest X-ray

critical limb ischaemiaExercise rehabilitation

CT See computed tomography

CT coronary angiographyAssessment of coronary stenoses, Hybrid imaging
indications forCoronary plaque imaging

CURE trialEndpoints in clinical trials

cushingoid faciesCardiovascular examination

Cushing's syndromeCushing’s syndrome

CVI See cavo-tricuspid-isthmus

cyanosisCardiovascular examination, Other presentations
medical complicationsCyanosis ( Table )

cyanotic heart disease in pregnancyCyanotic heart disease without pulmonary hypertension, Cyanotic heart disease without pulmonary hypertension

cyclophosphamideNon-neoplastic masses

cyclosporineSupportive therapy

cyst
bloodCystic tumour of the atrioventricular node
pericardialRare causes, Tumours and masses, Great vessels, Pericardial cyst

cystathionine β-synthase deficiencyGenetic influences in atherothrombosis and the initiation of acute coronary syndromes

cystic tumour of atrioventricular nodeCystic tumour of the atrioventricular node

cytochrome P450Drug distribution

cytoskeletal proteinsSarcomeric proteins

d-dimerDiagnostic tools

dabigatran, atrial fibrillationInvestigational drugs

dalteparinSelective factor Xa Inhibitor (fondaparinux)
venous thromboembolismTreatment modalities of the acute phase

danaparoid, heparin-induced thrombocytopeniaPersonal perspective

Danon diseasePathophysiology, Bidirectional or unidirectional conduction over accessory pathways

DANPACE trialQuality of life

DAVID trialPatient-based choice of pacing mode

DAVIT II studyCalcium-channel blockers

de Musset's signKey points

DECREASE trialsIntroduction, Beta-blockers

deep vein thrombosis
ascendingTypes of acute deep vein thrombosis ( Fig. ), Pulmonary embolism
descendingPulmonary embolism, Pulmonary embolism
upper extremityUpper extremity deep vein thrombosis

defective intracellular traffickingGene-specific approach to LQTS therapy

DEFER trialBeating heart surgery (‘off-pump’)

defibrillationResuscitation
automatic external defibrillatorAutomatic external defibrillator
wearable automatic defibrillatorWearable automatic defibrillator

DEFINITE trialImplantable cardioverter defibrillator trials for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death

deletionsClinical presentation and management

depressionPsychological risk factors and behavioural support, Introduction
behavioural interventionsPharmacological and behavioural interventions
chronic renal diseaseRenin–angiotensin system blockade
heart failureAsthma/reversible airways obstruction
and poor prognosisPsychological risk factors for poor prognosis
and type D personalityType D personality construct, Type D personality construct

desminSarcomeric proteins, Genetics

desmoplakinGenetic bases and pathophysiology

Detection of Ischaemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics (DIAD) studyDiabetes and cardiac arrhythmias

dextrocardiaElectrical position of the heart: P, QRS, and T axis, Repolarization, Nomenclature

diabetes mellitusSummary
and acute coronary syndrome riskFamily history, Hypertension ( Chapter 13)
and anginaManagement of diabetes mellitus (E Chapter 14), Management of diabetes mellitus (E Chapter 14)
antihypertensive treatmentDiabetes mellitus
atherosclerotic burdenAtherosclerotic burden associated with diabetes, Hyperglycaemia
and atrial fibrillationConsequences of atrial fibrillation and its complications
cardiac arrhythmiasDiabetes and cardiac arrhythmias
cardiac autonomic neuropathySelected issues
cerebrovascular diseaseCerebrovascular disease
coronary artery diseaseClinical presentation and management of cardiovascular disease
diagnostic criteriaIntroduction, Diagnostic criteria
endothelial dysfunctionAtherosclerotic burden associated with diabetes
epidemiologyIntroduction
glycaemic controlGlycaemic control
hazard ratiosInsulin resistance
heart failureDiabetes and heart failure
and heart failureAetiology: causes of heart failure, Asthma/reversible airways obstruction
hyperglycaemiaAtherosclerotic burden associated with diabetes, Hyperglycaemia
hypertension inArterial wall and atherosclerosis, Office or clinic blood pressure measurement, Hypertension
hypertension riskOffice or clinic blood pressure measurement
impaired glucose toleranceIntroduction
incidenceDiagnostic criteria
lipid disordersOxidative stress
managementAldosterone blockade
and myocardial ischaemiaConduction abnormality ( Chapter 27)
and NSTE-ACSThe elderly
peripheral arterial diseaseCerebrovascular disease
revascularization strategiesRevascularization strategies
silent myocardial ischaemiaSelected issues
STEMIDiabetic patients
sudden cardiac deathSudden cardiac death
thrombosis and coagulationThrombosis and coagulation, Prognostic implications
vascular risk factorsAtherosclerotic burden associated with diabetes

DIABETES trialAdjunctive therapy

diabetic footDiabetic foot, Diabetic foot, Primary amputation

diagnostic algorithms
pulmonary arterial hypertensionDiagnostic algorithm, Diagnostic algorithm
venous thromboembolismDiagnostic algorithms in venous thromboembolism, Diagnostic algorithms in venous thromboembolism

DIAMOND trialDrugs for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation, Prevention of atrial fibrillation

diastolic blood pressure, predictive valueIntroduction

diastolic dysfunctionFundoscopy
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyPathophysiology

diastolic murmursDiastolic murmurs (Figs. and )
continuousContinuous murmurs
earlyDiastolic murmurs (Figs. and )

diclofenac, anginaTrimetazidine

dietDrug treatment (also see Chapter 13), Drug treatment (also see Chapter 13)
alcoholAlcohol
anginaChronic stable angina: medical treatment
antioxidantsOverweight and obesity in patients with CHD
fruits, vegetables, vitamins and supplementsN-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Alcohol
heart failureAdherence
high fibreOverweight and obesity in patients with CHD
lipidsDrug treatment (also see Chapter 13), Lipids
MediterraneanAlcohol, Overweight and obesity in patients with CHD
omega-3 fatty acidsOverweight and obesity in patients with CHD
polyunsaturated fatty acidsN-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, N-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
saltAlcohol
STEMISecondary prevention

dietary adviceComprehensive rehabilitation and risk factor management
coronary heart diseaseOverweight and obesity in patients with CHD

DIGAMIIntroduction, Chronic treatment

DiGeorge syndromeAetiology and prevention

digitalisAntiarrhythmic and other drugs (also see Chapter 28)
atrial fibrillationDrugs for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation
clinical benefitsDigitalis glycosides (including digoxin)
heart failureMechanism of action, Digitalis glycosides (including digoxin)
mechanism of actionDigitalis glycosides (including digoxin)
pulmonary arterial hypertensionCalcium-channel blockers

digoxinMeta-analysis
acute rate controlPharmacological rate control, Pharmacological rate control
atrial fibrillationPrevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery
atrioventricular nodal reciprocating tachycardiaRadiofrequency catheter ablation
heart failureMechanism of action, Digitalis glycosides (including digoxin)
in pregnancyTherapy of heart failure

dilated cardiomyopathyHypertension, Hypertension, Genotype–phenotype correlation, Prognosis and outcome
adherens junction proteinsAdherens junction proteins
aetiologyAetiology
beta-adrenergic system inPathophysiology, Natriuretic peptides
calcium homeostasisPathophysiology, Natriuretic peptides
cardiac catheterizationLeft and right heart catheterization
cardiopulmonary exercise testingNeurohormones, Neurohormones
clinical courseClinical presentation, Clinical presentation
clinical presentationClinical presentation, Clinical presentation
cytoskeletal proteinsSarcomeric proteins
definitionPrognosis and outcome
detection in athletesEfficacy of preparticipation ECG screening
diagnostic criteriaAetiology
diagnostic testingNatriuretic peptides
echocardiographyNeurohormones
electrocardiogramNeurohormones
endomyocardial biopsyLeft and right heart catheterization
genetic basesClinical presentation, Clinical presentation
geneticsGenetics
and heart failureDilated cardiomyopathy, Dilated cardiomyopathy, Heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy
idiopathicGenotype–phenotype correlation
managementLeft and right heart catheterization
mitochondrial DNAAdherens junction proteins
modifier genes inClinical presentation
MRIDilated cardiomyopathy (also see Chapter 18), Iron overload (siderotic) cardiomyopathy, Neurohormones, Left and right heart catheterization
natriuretic peptides inNatriuretic peptides
nuclear envelope/nuclear laminar proteinsClinical presentation, Sarcomeric proteins
pathophysiologyClinical presentation, Clinical presentation, Pathophysiology, Pathophysiology
prevalencePrognosis and outcome
prognosis and outcomePrognosis and outcome
sarcomeric proteinsSarcomeric proteins
secondary prophylaxisSecondary prophylaxis in dilated cardiomyopathy
symptomsClinical presentation, Pathophysiology

diltiazemCalcium-channel blockers
acute rate controlPharmacological rate control, Pharmacological rate control
atrial fibrillationPrevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery
atrial tachycardiaElectrophysiological studies, Treatment of multifocal AT
atrioventricular nodal reciprocating tachycardiaRadiofrequency catheter ablation
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyTiming of therapy

DINAMIT trialImplantable cardioverter defibrillator trials for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death, Catheter ablation or surgical treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias

DIPOM trialBeta-blockers

dipyridamoleSecondary stroke prevention and hypertension, Non-invasive testing

disability-adjusted life years (DALY)Facts and figures about CVD in Europe

disopyramideIndividual drug classes
atrial fibrillationDrugs for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation, Prevention of atrial fibrillation
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyTiming of therapy

dissecting aneurysmsPericardial pain

distributionDrug distribution

diureticsIndividual drug classes
chronic renal diseaseDiuretic therapy, Diuretic therapy
clinical benefitsHeart failure with a low left ventricular ejection fraction
contraindicationsResistant hypertension
heart failureHeart failure with a low left ventricular ejection fraction
loopDiuretic therapy
mechanism of actionHeart failure with a low left ventricular ejection fraction
practical useHeart failure with a low left ventricular ejection fraction
in pregnancyTherapy of heart failure
pulmonary arterial hypertensionCalcium-channel blockers
thiazideDiuretic therapy

dobutamineMeta-analysis
pulmonary arterial hypertensionCalcium-channel blockers

dobutamine stress echocardiographyViability

dobutamine stress MRIDobutamine stress, Myocardial perfusion

dofetilideAntiarrhythmic and other drugs (also see Chapter 28)
atrial fibrillationPharmacological cardioversion, Drugs for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation, Prevention of atrial fibrillation
atrial flutterElectrophysiological studies
clinical trialsImplantable cardioverter defibrillator trials for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death
congestive heart failureAtrial fibrillation in congestive heart failure

dominant negative effectGene-specific approach to LQTS therapy

dopamineMeta-analysis

dopexamineMeta-analysis

Doppler echocardiographyPhysical and technical principles of echocardiography, Physical and technical principles of echocardiography, Technical equipment for echocardiography
autocorrelationTechnical equipment for echocardiography
colour mappingTechnical equipment for echocardiography
continuous-waveTechnical equipment for echocardiography
deformationTechnical equipment for echocardiography
heart failureNatriuretic peptides, Stress echocardiography
Nyquist velocityTechnical equipment for echocardiography
pregnancyAdditional diagnostic tools, Computed tomography
pulsed-waveTechnical equipment for echocardiography
tissueTechnical equipment for echocardiography, Technical equipment for echocardiography

Doppler wirePitfalls and limitations of fractional flow reserve

Dose–response curvesBasic concepts in clinical pharmacology, Dose–response relationships

Dose–response relationshipsDose–response relationships, Dose–response relationships

double-inlet ventricle, incidenceEpidemiology and incidence

double-outlet right ventricle, incidenceEpidemiology and incidence

Down syndromeAetiology and prevention, Long-term outcome
atrioventricular septal defectDiagnosis

doxorubicinChemotherapy, radiotherapy, and cardiotoxicity in malignant cardiac neoplasms

drivingDriving regulations
acute coronary syndromesSpecific cardiac conditions
anginaSpecific cardiac conditions, Specific cardiac conditions
aortic aneurysmHeart failure, valve disease, and other conditions
arrhythmiasArrhythmias, Supraventricular tachycardias (also see E Chapter 28)
congenital heart diseaseHeart failure, valve disease, and other conditions
coronary artery diseaseSpecific cardiac conditions
heart failureDriving, Heart failure, valve disease, and other conditions
heart/lung transplantationHeart failure, valve disease, and other conditions
hypertensionHeart failure, valve disease, and other conditions
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyImplantable cardioverter defibrillators (also see E Chapter 30)
implantable cardioverter defibrillatorsSyncope (also see E Chapter 26), Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (also see E Chapter 30)
ischaemic heart diseaseSpecific cardiac conditions, Specific cardiac conditions
Marfan syndromeHeart failure, valve disease, and other conditions
myocardial infarctionSpecific cardiac conditions
pacemakersArrhythmias
supraventricular tachycardiaSupraventricular tachycardias (also see E Chapter 28)
syncopeSyncope (also see E Chapter 26)
valvular heart diseaseHeart failure, valve disease, and other conditions
ventricular tachycardia/fibrillationSupraventricular tachycardias (also see E Chapter 28)

dronedaroneIndividual drug classes
acute rate controlRate control in paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation
atrial fibrillationPrevention of atrial fibrillation

drop attacksPresyncope and syncope (also see Chapter 26)

drug addicts, infective endocarditis inProblems in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis

drug interactionsPleiotropic effects of drugs

drug-eluting stentsAdjunctive therapy, Adjunctive pharmacological treatment

drug-related pericardial diseaseRare causes

DS14Clinical implications

DU176b, atrial fibrillationAnticoagulation near-patient testing and self-monitoring

Duchenne muscular dystrophyPeripartum cardiomyopathy

Duroziez's signKey points, Diagnosis

dynamic exercise testCatheterization protocol

dyslipidaemia
in anginaBehaviour change and management of behavioural risk factors
atherogenicAtherogenic dyslipidaemia
drug treatmentDrug treatment of dyslipidaemia, Psychosocial factors

dyspnoeaPericardial pain
heart failureOxidative stress, xanthine oxidase, and uric acid
paroxysmal nocturnalParoxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, Functional classification

dystrophinSarcomeric proteins, Genetics, Genetics

early repolarization syndromeST changes in ischaemia (also see Chapters 16 and 17), Repolarization, Aetiological diagnosis approach

Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy StudyClinical presentation and management of cardiovascular disease

Ebstein's anomalyValvular heart disease, Ebstein’s malformation, Pathogenesis, Bidirectional or unidirectional conduction over accessory pathways
diagnosisDiagnosis
long-term outcomeEchocardiography
managementEchocardiography
morphologyEbstein’s malformation
pathophysiologyLong-term outcome, Ebstein’s malformation
in pregnancyMaternal low-risk conditions

EC50Potency and efficacy of drugs

ECG See electrocardiogram

ECG exercise stress testEchocardiography at rest, ECG exercise stress test
Bruce protocolBased on the assessment of myocardial ischaemia
high risk findingsBased on the assessment of myocardial ischaemia
with imagingECG exercise stress test, Stress tests in combination with imaging

ECG-gated SPECTECG-gated SPECT, Positron emission tomography
heart failureECG-gated SPECT

ECG-gatingDiagnosis of coronary artery disease, Diagnosis of coronary artery disease

ECG-synchronization CTCardiac computed tomography, Cardiac computed tomography

echocardiographic stress testEchocardiographic stress tests

echocardiographyIntroduction, Summary
A-modeTechnical equipment for echocardiography
acute coronary syndromesCoronary angiography
anginaEchocardiography at rest
angiosarcomaBenign tumours
aortaTumours
aortic arch interruptionLong-term outcome
aortic regurgitationCardiac valves, Other non-invasive investigations
aortic stenosisEchocardiography, Echocardiography
atrial fibrillationClinical history, Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation
atrial septal defectChest radiograph
atrial septumRight atrium, atrial septum, and caval veins
atrioventricular septal defectDiagnosis
B-modeTechnical equipment for echocardiography
cardiac valvesCardiac valves
cardiogenic embolismCardiogenic embolism
cardiomyopathyHypertension, Hypertension
caval veinsRight atrium, atrial septum, and caval veins
coarctation of aortaDiagnosis
common arterial trunkDiagnosis
congenital malformationsChest radiography
contrastValvular heart disease ( Chapter 21), Valvular heart disease ( Chapter 21)
coronary artery diseasePulmonary artery, Pulmonary artery
DICOMTechnical equipment for echocardiography
dilated cardiomyopathyNeurohormones
DopplerPhysical and technical principles of echocardiography, Physical and technical principles of echocardiography, Technical equipment for echocardiography
autocorrelationTechnical equipment for echocardiography
colour mappingTechnical equipment for echocardiography
continuous-waveTechnical equipment for echocardiography
deformationTechnical equipment for echocardiography
Nyquist velocityTechnical equipment for echocardiography
pulsed-waveTechnical equipment for echocardiography
tissueTechnical equipment for echocardiography, Technical equipment for echocardiography
Ebstein's anomalyCyanosis ( Table ), Interventional catheterization, Diagnosis, Echocardiography
electronic beam steeringTechnical equipment for echocardiography
emergencyEmergency echocardiography
Fallot's tetralogyChest radiograph
fast Fourier transformTechnical equipment for echocardiography
heart failureHeart failure, Cardiogenic embolism
hypertensionHypertension, Heart
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyArrhythmia, Management
hypoplastic left heart syndromeLife-long outcome, ECG
infective endocarditisDiagnosis, Echocardiographic signs of infective endocarditis
interventionalIntraoperative and interventional echocardiography
intraoperativeIntraoperative and interventional echocardiography
left atriumLeft atrium and pulmonary veins
left ventricleSpecific cardiovascular structures
left ventricular outflow obstructionDiagnosis
M-modeTechnical equipment for echocardiography, Technical equipment for echocardiography
matrix arraysTechnical equipment for echocardiography, Valvular heart disease ( Chapter 21)
mitral regurgitationCardiac valves, Asymptomatic patients, Diagnosis, Echocardiography
mitral stenosisPhysical examination, Other non-invasive investigations
myocarditisHypertension
patent arterial ductChest radiograph
pericardiumPericardium, Pericardium
piezoelectric crystalsTechnical equipment for echocardiography, Technical equipment for echocardiography
principles ofPhysical and technical principles of echocardiography
pulmonary arterial hypertensionEchocardiography, Ventilation–perfusion (V[Lt]/Q[Lt]) lung scan
pulmonary arteryPulmonary artery
pulmonary atresiaPulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
pulmonary valve stenosisDiagnosis
pulmonary veinsLeft atrium and pulmonary veins
right atriumRight atrium, atrial septum, and caval veins, Right atrium, atrial septum, and caval veins
right ventricleRight ventricle
Simpson's ruleOther techniques and developments
sound wavesPhysical and technical principles of echocardiography
speckle trackingPhysical and technical principles of echocardiography, Physical and technical principles of echocardiography
standard examTransoesophageal echocardiography
stressThe patient with intermediate to high pre-test likelihood of CAD or known CAD, Stress echocardiography
syncopeDiagnostic tests
technical equipment forTechnical equipment for echocardiography
three-dimensionalTechnical equipment for echocardiography, Other techniques and developments
total anomalous pulmonary venous connectionPathophysiology
transducersTechnical equipment for echocardiography
transoesophagealTransoesophageal echocardiography, Transoesophageal echocardiography
transplanted heartHypertension
transposition of great arteriesDiagnosis
transthoracicTransthoracic echocardiography and the standard exam, Transthoracic echocardiography and the standard exam
tricuspid regurgitationCardiac valves, Pathophysiology
tricuspid stenosisDiagnosis
tumoursDiagnosis through interdisciplinary collaboration, Cardiac magnetic resonance and multislice computed tomography
two-dimensionalTechnical equipment for echocardiography, Other techniques and developments
ultrasound frequenciesPhysical and technical principles of echocardiography
univentricular atrioventricular connectionChest radiograph
valvular heart diseaseCardiac valves, Patient evaluation
venous thromboembolismPulmonary angiography, Diagnostic algorithms in venous thromboembolism
ventricular septal defectCommon congenital cardiac malformations
volume data setTechnical equipment for echocardiography, Valvular heart disease ( Chapter 21)
windowsTransthoracic echocardiography and the standard exam, Transthoracic echocardiography and the standard exam
apicalTransthoracic echocardiography and the standard exam
parasternalTransthoracic echocardiography and the standard exam
right parasternalTransthoracic echocardiography and the standard exam
subcostalTransthoracic echocardiography and the standard exam
suprasternalTransthoracic echocardiography and the standard exam