Alexis Antonia acted as a research assistant for the Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing at the University of Newcastle, Australia since its inception until her retirement in 2020.
Nicolas Barker was Head of Conservation and then Special Collections at the British Library, 1976–1992. He is a Gold Medallist of the Bibliographical Society.
Hugh Craig is Emeritus Professor of English and Director of the Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing at the University of Newcastle, Australia.
Christopher Donaldson is Lecturer in Cultural History at Lancaster University, where he is also an associate of the Regional Heritage Centre. His recent publications include Henry Hobhouse’s Tour of Cumbria in 1774 (2018).
A. S. G. Edwards is Honorary Professor of Medieval Manuscripts at the University of Kent, Canterbury. He has most recently edited an issue of the journal Florilegium on medieval manuscript fragments and, with Julia Boffey, The Oxford History of English Poetry Volume 3: 1400–1500 for Oxford University Press.
James Mosley was Librarian of the St Bride Printing Library for forty-two years. He is a Gold Medallist of the Bibliographical Society.
Geri Della Rocca de Candal was ERC Postdoctoral Research Fellow (2014–19) at the Faculty of Medieval and Modern Languages and the Bodleian Libraries, Oxford, as part of the 15cBOOKTRADE project. He was the Treasurer of the Oxford Bibliographical Society (2016–19), and is currently President of the Society for the Preservation of Rare Books (SPRB).
Jonathan Walmsley is an editor for the Clarendon Edition of the Works of John Locke.
REVIEWERS
Germaine Warkentin is Professor Emeritus of English at the University of Toronto, and edited The Collected Writings of Pierre-Esprit Radisson (2 vols, Toronto, 2012–14).
Lotte Hellinga was Deputy Keeper at the British Library and published in 2007 volume XI, ‘England’, of the Catalogue of Books Printed in the XVth Century now in the British Library (BMC).
Anke Timmermann is an antiquarian bookseller, historian of science, and writer, and formerly a Munby Fellow in Bibliography at Cambridge University Library.
Ben Higgins is Career Development Fellow in English Literature at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, and the author of Shakespeare’s Syndicate (Oxford University Press, 2022).
David McKitterick is a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.
Information
THE BIBLIGRAPHICAL SOCIETY LIBRARY AND ARCHIVE
The Bibliographical Society Library, for many years housed at Stationers’ Hall in the City of London, moved in January 2007 to Senate House of the University of London. Since July 2017 it has had a new home, The Albert Sloman Library at the University of Essex, where the collection is available in open-access shelving. Full details of contacts and opening hours at The Albert Sloman Library can be found at http://libwww.essex.ac.uk/.
The Bibliographical Society Archive is deposited in the Bodleian Library. It may be used by scholars and by Members of the Society. All researchers wishing to use the Archive must have a valid Bodleian reader’s ticket, but Members of the Society who are not otherwise eligible should bring to Bodleian Admissions their current signed Society’s Programme Card together with proof of identification. The archive covers every aspect of the Society’s activities from its foundation in 1892 to 2008. Comprising the records of a private society without a permanent office and run by honorary officers, the coverage is patchy and at times haphazard, and researchers will find unexpected gaps and equally unexpected inclusions. Further details are available at the Society’s website (http://www.bibsoc.org.uk/content/ library-and-archives) and a finding-list is on the Bodleian website: http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/bib-soc/bib-soc.html
THE LIBRARY, VIRTUAL ISSUE
The ‘Virtual Issue’ now accompanies the journal’s four print issues every December. It com-prises a retrospective gathering of key articles in a particular field that have appeared in the pages of The Library since the journal’s first appearance. These are chosen by a guest editor, who also supplies an editorial reflecting on the field, its history, and its prospects, here and beyond. These virtual issues are available, free of charge to any interested reader, on The Library’s page on OUP’s website (http://library.oxfordjournals.org). The articles are made freely available for three months from the date of publication, but the editorials are available permanently.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY GRANTS
Applications for major grants to be awarded in February 2023 should be submitted by 6 January 2023 and should be supported by letters from two referees familiar with the applicant’s work. A limited sum is also available for minor grants of £50 to £200, and for conference subventions of up to
£250 to assist conference organizers to fund the attendance of two or more students at appropriate conferences. Minor grants and conference subven- tions are processed throughout the year. Application forms and guidelines relating to all awards may be downloaded from the Society’s website: http://www.bibsoc.org.uk/fellowships
Further information may be obtained from the Secretary of the Fellowships and Bursaries Sub-Committee, Anthony Davis, The Bibliographical Society, c/o Institute of English Studies, University of London, Senate House, London wc1e 7hu, email: [email protected].
THE ‘TRANSACTIONS’ AND ‘THE LIBRARY’
The Society has published a journal since 1893, originally entitled the Trans- actions of the Bibliographical Society. In 1920 it took over the publication of The Library (which had appeared since 1889) and adopted that as the main title of the Transactions.
The different series of the Transactions and The Library are as follows:
Transactions of the Bibliographical Society. Vols 1–15 (1893–1919).
The Library. Vols 1–10 (1889–1898).
The Library. Second/New series. Vols 1–10 (1900–1910).
The Library. Third series. Vols 1–10 (1910–1919). The Library. Fourth series. Vols 1–26 (1920–1946). The Library. Fifth series. Vols 1–33 (1946–1978).
The Library. Sixth series. Vols 1–21 (1979–1999).
The Library. Seventh series. Vols 1– (2000–)
The last three years of The Library are always available. Members’ orders for these should be sent to the Hon. Secretary, enclosing an appropriate remittance: single parts, £5.00 each, volumes £19.00 (postage included). Some earlier back issues of Transactions and The Library may also be obtainable by members, who should enquire of the Hon. Secretary as to availability and price.
Non-members wishing to purchase back issues of The Library should refer to the inside back cover of the journal, or contact Journals Customer Service Department, Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp, UK.
THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY
The Annual General Meeting 2021
The one hundred and twenty-nineth Annual General Meeting was held online via Zoom on Tuesday, 19 October 2021. The President, Professor James Raven, was in the Chair. The minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting (which had been printed in The Library for June 2021) were taken as read, seconded by Mr Richard Linenthal and confirmed.
The President referred to the Annual Report which had been circulated and expressed his enormous thanks to all members of Council and others who helped to keep the Society’s meetings and events going in unprecedented circumstances. He thanked the Hon. Secretary in particular for organising and managing all of the Society’s events over the past year.
Despite the restrictions on meeting in person, the Society held a full season of very successful online events throughout the year which attracted large audiences. The Society also arranged a virtual winter visit to three libraries in Mexico: the National Library of Mexico, the National Library of Anthro- pology and History, and the Francisco de Burgoa Library. The virtual summer visit took the Society to three libraries in Australia: the State Library of Victoria, the Baillieu Library, University of Melbourne, and Monash University Library. The President drew attention to the Society’s most recent publication, Charles Benson, The Dublin Book Trade 1801–1850, London, The Bibliographical Society, 2021.
The President highlighted the opportunities virtual events have brought for the Society, including the ability to bring together large audiences from different countries around the world and enable more members to partici- pate in the Society’s events than ever before. He confirmed that the Society plans to move to hybrid events once meetings in person at the Society of Antiquaries become possible again. All events will be live-streamed and, where possible, also recorded. As has become common practice throughout the pandemic, members will be informed of arrangements before each meeting by email and on the Society’s website.
The President noted with regret the deaths of Mr A. R. Heath; Mr E. H. Milligan; Mr M. R. Perkin, and Ms Jean Tsushima. He then proposed the adoption of the Annual Report for 2020–2021 as circulated in advance of the Annual General Meeting. It was seconded by Dr David Shaw and carried.
The Hon. Treasurer presented the Accounts for 2020. He thanked Mr Richard Linenthal, former Hon. Treasurer, for his help in handing over the accounts in exceptionally difficult circumstances.
The Accounts were published with the Annual Report and follow the same pattern as they have done for several years. Following advice from the Charity Commission, the Society had once again had the accounts examined by an independent examiner and had not had them formally audited.
In general terms the accounts for 2020 represent a drop in income, but the Society is still in a strong position and able to maintain and continue its programme of publishing its quarterly journal and bibliographical mono- graphs, funding electronic publications and giving annual research awards and support for special projects.
The figures show a 20% drop in subscription income from the previous year (2019: c.£25,000; 2020: £20,000). However, this is largely explained by the resolution of an accounting issue that needed to be compensated for. In practice, the subscription figure remains largely in line with previous years. Investment income decreased from about £41,000 in 2019 to £32,000 in 2020. However, income from OUP for electronic sales of the journal increased slightly to £74,000 (from £72,000). For many years this income has been of enormous benefit to the Society, but for good order’s sake Council reminds itself that it would be unwise to take it for granted, and the Society’s financial commitments are judged accordingly and conservatively.
As far as expenditure goes, the permanent endowment fund has continued to support bibliographical research allowing the Society to give away some £10,000 in the form of both major and minor awards, and conference subventions. Again, this was an inevitably reduced figure owing to the fact that many awards could not be taken up because of the pandemic. The costs of publishing the quarterly journal were lower than in the previous year, and expenditure on other publications was confined to the support of electronic resources. There are currently ample reserved funds to support future publi- cations. Details are included in the ‘Review of the Year’ that precedes the annual accounts.
This is the general overview of the accounts for the year 2020. It was of course a year of unprecedented difficulty, which inevitably had an impact on the Society as it did on everyone. In line with contraction in the UK and world equity markets the Society’s investments have suffered. So too has the Society’s overall income. The Society are in a fortunate position, though, to live well within its means. At the end of 2020 the Society amalgamated its investment funds into one portfolio managed by Cazenove, and it is encouraging to see that this, and the growth in the markets, has led to promising signs over the last few months.
The Hon. Treasurer proposed the adoption of the Annual Accounts for 2020. This was formally seconded by Ms Margaret Lane Ford. The Hon. Treasurer proposed the appointment of Thornton Springer as the Society’s examiners for the year 2021. This was formally seconded by Professor David McKitterick.
The President explained that, owing to the slightly amended rules of rotation, two members of Council will rotate off this year. The retiring members of Council are Dr Mark Byford and Dr Julia Walworth. The President thanked Dr Walworth in particular for her work as secretary of the Publications Sub-Committee and Dr Byford for his role in organising some of the Society’s recent additional events and for serving on the Libraries at Risk Sub-Committee. The two new candidates nominated for Council are Dr Justin Croft and Mr Daryl Green. These nominations were formally seconded by Professor Mirjam Foot and approved.
The President confirmed that the Hon. Secretary was willing to serve another one-year term and thanked her for all her work for the Society over the past year. The election of the Hon. Secretary was proposed, seconded by Mr Barry McKay and carried.
The President confirmed that the Hon. Treasurer was willing to serve another one-year term and thanked him for his work for the Society over the past year. The election of the Hon. Treasurer was proposed, seconded by Dr Eric Nye and carried.
There was no other business on this occasion.
After the formal business of the Annual General Meeting, the President introduced Dr Nil Palabiyik who delivered a lecture on The Mad, the Bad and the Silenced: Three Tales about Ottoman Learning and Renaissance Book Culture. The lecture was followed by questions and bibliographical socialising.
Karen Limper-Herz, Hon. Secretary, October 2021
Annual Report 2020–21
Officers of the Society
President: J. Raven; Past Presidents: H. Woudhuysen, K. Jensen, M. L. Ford; Vice-Presidents: R. A. Linenthal, N. Bell, K. Limper-Herz, E. Potten; Hon. Secretary: K. Limper-Herz; Hon. Treasurer: M. Payne; Hon. Librarian: R. Myers; Hon. Editors of The Library: W. Poole and J. Willoughby; Hon. Editor of Monographs: D. R. S. Pearson.
Council: S. Beattie, K. Birkwood, M. Byford, Y. Lewis, G. Mandelbrote,
J. Simpson, L. Sims, A. Timmermann and J. Walworth.
Ex officio: E. Dourish, D. J. Shaw.
Membership
The membership of the Society now stands at 885. 36 new members were elected during 2020.
Meetings
The Annual General Meeting was held online on Tuesday, 20 October 2020. The business of the meeting was preceded by the Presidential Address, delivered by Margaret Lane Ford and entitled Bookselling and Bibliography.
The following ordinary meetings were held online:
17 November 2020
ADRIAN EDWARDS: Insights into the King’s Library of George III
15 December 2020
DAVID SHAW: Paper for octavos: innovation in early sixteenth-century book production
19 January 2021
ALISON WALKER and ALICE WICKENDEN: The Sloane Printed Books Project
16 February 2021
STEPHEN CLARKE: Horace Walpole and W. S. Lewis: a collector revealed
16 March 2021
RACHEL JACOBS: Waddesdon Manor: a Rothschild Collection
20 April 2021
GRAHAM POLLARD MEMORIAL LECTURE
EDWARD WILSON-LEE: Hernando Colón and the Universal Library Machine
18 May 2021
HOMEE AND PHIROZE RANDERIA LECTURE
MIRJAM FOOT: New movements in French twentieth-century binding design: the importance of patronage
Winter visit
A virtual winter visit to the National Library of Mexico and the National Library of Anthropology and History in Mexico City, and the Francisco de Burgoa Library in Oaxaca was held on 24 February 2021.
Summer visit
A virtual summer visit to the State Library of Victoria, Baillieu Library at the University of Melbourne, and Special Collections at Monash University was held on 27 July 2021.
Deaths
Council notes with regret the deaths of: Mr A. R. Heath; Mr E. H. Milligan; Mr M. R. Perkin; Ms Jean Tsushima.
SELECT PUBLICATIONS
Charles Benson, The Dublin Book Trade 1801–1850. London: The Biblio- graphical Society, 2021.
David G. Selwyn, Edmund Geste and his Books: Reconstructing the Library of a Cambridge Don and Elizabethan Bishop, 2017.
C. Cook, Incunabula in the Westminster Abbey and Westminster School Libraries, with bookbinding descriptions by M. M. Foot, 2013
N. Tattersfield, The Complete Illustrative Work of Thomas Bewick, 3 vols, 2011.
H. D. L. Vervliet, French Renaissance Printing Types: a Conspectus, 2010.
Printing in England in the Fifteenth Century, a reprint with supplementary material by L. Hellinga of E. G. Duff, Fifteenth-Century English Books, 2009.
R. Gameson, The Earliest Books of Canterbury Cathedral, 2008.
A. Shell and A. Emblow, Index to the Court Books of the Stationers’ Company, 1679–1717, 2007.
M. M. Foot (ed.), Eloquent Witnesses. Bookbindings and their History, 2004.
M. Perkin, Directory of the Parochial Libraries of the Church of England and the Church in Wales (second edition), 2004.
K. Scott, Dated and Datable English Manuscript Borders, c. 1395–1499, 2002.
M. Pollard, Dictionary of Members of the Dublin Booktrade, 1550–1800, 2002.
D. J. Shaw (Editor-in-Chief), The Cathedral Libraries Catalogue, vol. 2, 1998.
D. Hunter, Opera and Song Books Published in England, 1703–1726, 1997.
D. A. Stoker, The Correspondence of the Reverend Francis Blomefield (1705–52), 1992. Published jointly with the Norfolk Record Society.
P. Davison (ed.), The Book Encompassed: A Centenary Volume, 1992.
K. I. D. Maslen and J. Lancaster (eds), The Bowyer Ledgers, 1991.
Short-Title Catalogue of English Books, 1474–1640: revised edition, vol. 1. Issued 1986.
Short-Title Catalogue of English Books, 1475–1640: revised edition, vol. 2. Issued 1976.
Short-Title Catalogue of English Books, 1475–1640, vol. 3: A Printers’ and Publishers’ Index, other indexes and appendices, cumulative addenda and corrigenda, by K. F. Pantzer, with a Chronological Index by P. R. Rider. Issued 1991.
R. J. Roberts and A. G. Watson (eds), John Dee’s Library Catalogue, 1990. (Now out of print).
M. S. G. McLeod, The Cathedral Libraries Catalogue, vol. 1, 1985. Published jointly with the British Library.
THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY
REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES to the Members of the Bibliographical Society for the year ended 31 December 2020
The trustees present their report with the financial statements of the charity for the year ended 31 December 2020. The trustees have adopted the provisions of Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) (effective 1 January 2019).
OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES OBJECTIVES AND AIMS
The objects of the Society are to promote and encourage bibliographical studies, and in particular:
a) to print and publish works concerned with bibliography;
b) to maintain a bibliographical library;
c) to hold meetings at which papers are read and discussed;
d) to support bibliographical research by awarding grants and bursaries.
Public Benefit
The Trustees confirm that they have complied with their duty to have due regard to the guidance on public benefit published by the Charity Commission in exercising their powers and duties. The public benefits of the Charity’s activities are outlined under ‘Objectives and Activities’ and ‘Achievements and Performance’ within this report.
GRANTMAKING
The Society invites applications for awards from scholars engaged in bibliographical research (on, for example, book history, textual transmission, publishing, printing, bookbinding, book- ownership and book-collecting). The Society hopes to make awards both for immediate research needs, such as for microfilms or travelling expenses, and for longer-term support, for example to assist with prolonged visits to libraries and archives.
ACHIEVEMENT AND PERFORMANCE
CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES
Review of the year 2020
The Society has continued to meet its aims and charitable objectives throughout the year 2019. More specifically, the Society has:
offered lectures on bibliographical subjects, open to members and their guests, preceded by tea and followed by drinks to encourage networking in January and February 2020; the remainder of the 2019/2020 season had to be cancelled due to the pandemic and associated restrictions on gatherings and travel;
offered lectures on bibliographical subjects, open to members and non-members online via Zoom, followed by online socialising to encourage networking between October and December 2020;
arranged a virtual Summer Visit for members and non-members to Innerpeffray Library in Crieff, Thomas Plume’s Library in Maldon and Lincoln College Library in Oxford;
published The Library, the Society’s quarterly journal, according to plan and in both print and electronic media;
made progress on future publications, in both print and e-format;
awarded a number of research grants;
continued to support the London Book Trades database and the British Book Trades Index database on a common portal with the Bodleian Library;
maintained its archive on deposit at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, where it is available for consultation, with the listing of its contents available on the Society’s and the Bodleian’s websites;
maintained its library at the Albert Sloman Library at the University of Essex;
monitored libraries ‘at risk’ and made representations as appropriate;
seen its investments fluctuate in line with general stock market trends;
renewed its drive to attract gifts and legacies to support the Society’s work;
The Society maintains a healthy balance in its general purposes fund in order to withstand unexpected downturns and to sponsor specific future projects which will be presented to Council for consideration in the coming years.
FINANCIAL REVIEW
Subscription Income
Subscription income in the accounts may be distorted by misallocation of funds to the appropriate financial years particularly in relation to the remittance of subscriptions from overseas members.
Investment Policy and Objectives
The Charity’s investment objective is to protect, in so far as is reasonable and with the avoidance of undue risk, the real value of the Charity’s capital and income after allowance for inflation.
Reserves Policy
Over the medium term it is the Trustees’ intention to spend annual income while maintaining the real value of the General Fund.
STRUCTURE, GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT GOVERNING DOCUMENT
The Society is regulated by the Charity Commissioners for England and Wales under a revised Trust Deed dated 18 April 1929.
RECRUITMENT AND APPOINTMENT OF NEW TRUSTEES
New Trustees are usually known to and recommended by existing Trustees. Their selection will be based on their experience, qualifications and skills.
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
The Society operates primarily through the Council, the members of which are elected at each Annual General Meeting of the Society’s members. The principal officers are the President, Secretary, Treasurer, Librarian and the editors of The Library and of Monographs.
At present the Society has no salaried employees.
Council has appointed a number of subcommittees to assist in various areas:
Finance & General Purposes Fellowships & Bursaries Publications
Gold Medal Outreach
REFERENCE AND ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS
| Registered Charity Number | 229524 |
| Principal Address | Institute of English Studies Senate House Malet Street London wc1e 7hu |
| Registered Charity Number | 229524 |
| Principal Address | Institute of English Studies Senate House Malet Street London wc1e 7hu |
| Registered Charity Number | 229524 |
| Principal Address | Institute of English Studies Senate House Malet Street London wc1e 7hu |
| Registered Charity Number | 229524 |
| Principal Address | Institute of English Studies Senate House Malet Street London wc1e 7hu |
Trustees
M. Bell (resigned 2.6.20), N. Bell, M. Ford, K. Jensen, R. Linenthal, R. Myers, D. Pearson, E. Potten, J. Raven (President), H. Woudhuysen, K. Limper-Herz (Secretary), M. Payne (Treasurer), M. Byford, A. Davis, J. Pooley, J. Walworth, J. Willoughby, W. Poole, K. Birkwood,
G. Mandelbrote, L. Sims..
| Independent Examiner | Chartered Accountants 67 Westow Street Upper Norwood London SE19 3RW |
| Independent Examiner | Chartered Accountants 67 Westow Street Upper Norwood London SE19 3RW |
| Independent Examiner | Chartered Accountants 67 Westow Street Upper Norwood London SE19 3RW |
| Independent Examiner | Chartered Accountants 67 Westow Street Upper Norwood London SE19 3RW |
Approved by order of the board of trustees on 8 June 2021 and signed on its behalf by:
K. Limper-Herz (Secretary) — Trustee
INDEPENDENT EXAMINER’S REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY
I report to the charity trustees on my examination of the accounts of the The Bibliographical Society (the Trust) for the year ended 31 December 2020.
Responsibilities and Basis of Report
As the charity trustees of the Trust you are responsible for the preparation of the accounts in accordance with the requirements of the Charities Act 2011 (‘the Act’).
I report in respect of my examination of the Trust’s accounts carried out under section 145 of the Act and in carrying out my examination I have followed all applicable Directions given by the Charity Commission under section 145(5)(b) of the Act.
Independent Examiner’s Statement
I have completed my examination. I confirm that no material matters have come to my attention in connection with the examination giving me cause to believe that in any material respect:
accounting records were not kept in respect of the Trust as required by section 130 of the Act; or
the accounts do not accord with those records; or
the accounts do not comply with the applicable requirements concerning the form and con- tent of accounts set out in the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 other than any requirement that the accounts give a true and fair view which is not a matter considered as part of an independent examination.
I have no concerns and have come across no other matters in connection with the examination to which attention should be drawn in this report in order to enable a proper understanding of the accounts to be reached.
P. L. Wallyn FCA
THORNTON SPRINGER LLP
Chartered Accountants
67 Westow Street
Upper Norwood
London
se19 3rw
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2020
1. ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of preparing the financial statements
The financial statements of the charity, which is a public benefit entity under FRS 102, have been prepared in accordance with the Charities SORP (FRS 102) ‘Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) (effective 1 January 2019)’, Financial Reporting Standard 102 ‘The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland’ and the Charities Act 2011. The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention with the excep- tion of investments which are included at market value, as modified by the revaluation of certain assets.
Income
All income is recognised in the Statement of Financial Activities once the charity has entitlement to the funds, it is probable that the income will be received and the amount can be measured reliably.
Expenditure
Liabilities are recognised as expenditure as soon as there is a legal or constructive obligation committing the charity to that expenditure, it is probable that a transfer of economic benefits will be required in settlement and the amount of the obligation can be measured reliably. Expenditure is accounted for on an accruals basis and has been classified under headings that aggregate all cost related to the category. Where costs cannot be directly attributed to particular headings they have been allocated to activities on a basis consistent with the use of resources.
Grants are made mainly to individuals for bibliographical research. The availability of awards is advertised and applications are considered by the Fellowships & Bursaries Subcommittee.
Provision is made in the accounts for grants committed but unpaid at the end of the year where a constructive obligation has been created.
Allocation and apportionment of costs
Since the vast majority of support costs relate to the charitable activities, no apportionment is made to other headings in the financial statements.
Heritage assets
The Society’s library is identified as a heritage asset. It is not regarded primarily as an invest- ment; it is included in the Balance Sheet at a value estimated by the trustees. The library is stored at the University of Essex. No record exists of the historical cost of the library.
Stocks
In view of the small quantity of stock of completed publications and publications in the course of preparation, the value, based at the lower of estimated cost and net realisable value, has been estimated by the trustees.
Taxation
The charity is exempt from tax on its charitable activities. Fund accounting
Unrestricted funds can be used in accordance with the charitable objectives at the discretion of
the trustees.
Restricted funds can only be used for particular restricted purposes within the objects of the charity. Restrictions arise when specified by the donor or when funds are raised for particular restricted purposes.
Further explanation of the nature and purpose of each fund is included in the notes to the financial statements.
