
Contents
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Dementia and related disorders Dementia and related disorders
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Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease
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Mild Cognitive Impairment Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Vascular Cognitive Impairment Vascular Cognitive Impairment
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Other Causes of Dementia Other Causes of Dementia
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Cognitive Impairment from Drugs or Metabolic Disorders Cognitive Impairment from Drugs or Metabolic Disorders
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Pathogenesis of ad Pathogenesis of ad
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Amyloid-β Peptide Accumulation Amyloid-β Peptide Accumulation
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Involvement of Cholinergic Neurons Involvement of Cholinergic Neurons
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Function of the Cholinergic Synapse Function of the Cholinergic Synapse
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Degeneration of Cholinergic Synapses and AD Pathology Degeneration of Cholinergic Synapses and AD Pathology
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Possible Role of Cholinergic Deficit in Aβ Accumulation Possible Role of Cholinergic Deficit in Aβ Accumulation
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Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Abnormalities in AD Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Abnormalities in AD
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Deficits in Catecholamines in Cortex Deficits in Catecholamines in Cortex
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Serotonin Deficits in AD Serotonin Deficits in AD
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Neuropeptides Neuropeptides
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Membrane Phospholipids Membrane Phospholipids
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Oxidative Stress Oxidative Stress
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Therapy for ad Therapy for ad
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Cholinesterase Inhibitors Cholinesterase Inhibitors
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Cholinergic Precursor and Receptor Agonist Therapy Cholinergic Precursor and Receptor Agonist Therapy
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The NMDA Antagonist Memantine The NMDA Antagonist Memantine
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Therapy for Behavioral Disorders Therapy for Behavioral Disorders
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β-Amyloid Directed Therapies β-Amyloid Directed Therapies
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Antioxidants and Vitamins Antioxidants and Vitamins
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Ergoloid Mesylates Ergoloid Mesylates
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Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
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Hormonal Therapy Hormonal Therapy
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Statins Statins
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Trophic Factors Trophic Factors
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Conclusion Conclusion
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References References
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7 Dementia and Related Disorders
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Published:September 2010
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Abstract
Cognitive disorders including dementia, mild cognitive impairment associated with aging, and deficits in attention and memory following traumatic brain injury, are common causes of disability. In 2007 it was estimated that more than five million people in the United States had Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including more than 12% of those over age 65 and more than 42% of those over age 85.1 As longevity increases, the number of individuals in the United States with AD is expected to expand to more than 13 million by 2050 if no intervention is found.2 The Center for Disease Control estimates that an additional five million Americans suffer from long-term cognitive and behavioral impairments associated with traumatic brain injury.3 Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, which raise synaptic levels of acetylcholine, and memantine, a blocker of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type glutamate receptor, have been shown to improve cognitive function and activities of daily living in patients with AD and are widely prescribed.4 These strategies are also being explored for use in other cognitive disorders. On the horizon are approaches directed at interrupting the formation of amyloid-containing plaques and neurofribrillary tangles associated with AD.5
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