Popular Housing and Urban Land Tenure in the Middle East: Case Studies from Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey
Popular Housing and Urban Land Tenure in the Middle East: Case Studies from Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey
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Abstract
This book aims at describing two major transformations that have been observed in the Middle East during the last thirty years: first, the accelerated changes in public policies toward neighborhoods characterized as irregular or illegal, and second, the claim that this form of housing in urban areas constitutes the ordinary condition. The precise description of interactions and routines sheds light on the way in which ‘bits and pieces’ of cities, or neighborhoods are reproduced and transform. In the context of the daily practices and legal documents negotiated by inhabitants, we observe a crossing of institutionalized borders, which are in turn blurred and remade with the cooperation of state agents. The first part deals with the study of ordinary forms and methods used to build and compose buildings in the shape of streets and neighborhoods. The second part looks at the normative conditions of daily practices related to land and tenure mobilization and thus of housing, transactions, and conflict resolution in the urban context, thereby offering a new reading of government action in and on cities through case studies. We seek to describe grammars of normativity, whether legal, when practices articulate formal rules and their local enforcement, or conventional, when negotiation and compromise allow neighbors to adjust and adapt to one another. This collective work, based on a praxeological method, aims at taking into consideration the forms of urban production, the practices which underlie them, and the norms which constrain them, in universal terms that can be understood well beyond the borders of the Middle East.
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Front Matter
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Introduction Forms and Norms: Questioning Illegal Urban Housing in the Middle East
Myriam Ababsa and others
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Part 1: The Production of Forms and Norms from Within
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1
Mukhalafat in Damascus: The Form of an Informal Settlement
Etienne Léna
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2
Selling One's Property in an Informal Settlement: A Praxeological Approach to a Syrian Case Study
Baudouin Dupret andMyriam Ferrier
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3
Securing Property in Informal Neighborhoods in Damascus through Tax Payments
Myriam Ferrier
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4
Inhabitants' Daily Practices to Obtain Legal Status for Their Homes and Security of Tenure: Egypt
Marion Séjourné
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5
Vertical Versus Horizontal: Constraints of Modern Living Conditions in Informal Settlements and the Reality of Construction
Franziska Laue
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6
Politics of Sacred Space in Downtown Beirut (1853–2008)
Ward Vloeberghs
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7
Shared Social and Juridical Meanings as Observed in an Aleppo ‘Marginal’ Neighborhood
Zouhair Ghazzal
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1
Mukhalafat in Damascus: The Form of an Informal Settlement
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Part 2: Public Policies toward Informal Settlements: From Eviction to Self-help Recognition (or Legitimization) and Back
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8
Secure Land Tenure? Stakes and Contradictions of Land Titling and Upgrading Policies in the Global Middle East and Egypt
Agnès Deboulet
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9
The Commodification of the Ashwa′iyyat: Urban Land, Housing Market Unification, and De Soto's Interventions in Egypt
Eric Denis
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10
Public Policies Toward Informal Settlements in Jordan (1965–2010)
Myriam Ababsa
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11
Mülk Allah'ındır (‘This House is God's Property’) Legitimizing Land Ownership in the Suburbs of Istanbul
Jean-François Pérouse
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12
Law, Rights, and Justice in Informal Settlements: The Crossed Frames of Reference of Town Planning in a Large Urban Development Project in Beirut
Valérie Clerc
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13
The Coastal Settlements of Ouzaii and Jnah: Analysis of an Upgrading Project in Beirut
Falk Jähnigen
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8
Secure Land Tenure? Stakes and Contradictions of Land Titling and Upgrading Policies in the Global Middle East and Egypt
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