Volume 102, Issue 12, 1 December 2017

This scientific statement reviews and discusses the microvascular complications of diabetes on an organ-by-organ basis.

A 25-year-old male with activating LHCGR mutation (testotoxicosis) was followed with clinical and biochemical evaluations from childhood and presented with testicular GCNIS lesions in adult life.

Hypercalcemia of pregnancy can be caused by mammarian PTH-rP overproduction in case of prolactin hypersensitivity. This can be successfully reversed by dopamine agonists, with good pregnancy outcome.

This study compared NIH funding for PCOS, RA, TB, and SLE research, 2006 to 2015, and found that PCOS research appears to be underfunded by the NIH compared with research for other chronic diseases.

We report significant variation in insulin secretory reserve (β cell mass) by AIRmax in family members with low β cell function by FPIR. These data suggest heterogeneity in disease pathogenesis.

We studied how estrogen metabolism affects human colorectal cancer (CRC). We found CRC favored estrogen synthesis, which was proproliferative via a novel G-protein–coupled estrogen receptor pathway.

Metformin improves vascular function and HbA1c and lowers insulin dose in children with type 1 diabetes who are >50th percentile BMI without significant adverse effects.

An average of nearly 5 years of postmenopause estradiol treatment reduced cortisol response to the cold pressor and mitigated effects of stress on sentence span task performance.

We studied the concurrent influences of fatness and fitness with a range of cardiometabolic risk factors in an adolescent population and found that fatness had greater effects compared with fitness.

The relationship between C3 and diabetes was examined using genetic polymorphisms and data from prospective studies. A polymorphism in the GCKR gene could be a common determinant of C3 and diabetes.

We conducted a metabolomic analysis of 770 small molecules in eight healthy lean men and identified a distinct metabolomic signature associated with acute caloric restriction.

Children at risk for vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency benefited from 6 months of supplementation with 2000 IU/d of vitamin D₃ compared with lower doses closer to the current RDA of 600 IU/d.

Intensive multimodal therapy appears to convey improved survival among patients with stage IVA/B ATC and should be considered among those accepting of substantial therapy-related toxicities.

Amino acid infusion increased maximal oxygen consumption and uncoupled respiration in subsarcolemmal, but not intermyofibrillar, mitochondria in lean, but not obese, subjects.

In the present cross-sectional study of 721 infants aged 1 year, girls had higher intact FGF23 than that of boys, and the iron level was associated with intact and C-terminal FGF23 in both sexes.

Germline CDC73 mutations were frequently found in young patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and those presenting with parathyroid carcinoma and/or a positive family history.

We studied baseline total IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels as predictors of incident diabetes. We found that higher IGFBP-3 was associated with a twofold higher risk of diabetes in women but not in men.

We investigated the association of thyroid function with homocysteine concentrations in pregnancy and after birth and observed that higher thyroid hormone is associated with higher homocysteine concentration.

Obese women supplemented with 800 mg/d DHA compared with placebo show changes in placental inflammation and nutrient transport related to DHA status of the placenta.

Homozygous mutations in PAPP-A2 result in a syndrome of significant growth failure. rhIGF-I therapy results in improved growth, glucose metabolism, and bone mass.

This study of the effects of GH therapy in children with JIA receiving corticosteroids found that GH treatment improved growth when started early in patients with good inflammation control.

We compared estrogen concentrations and synthesis in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in postmenopausal women and found visceral adiposity to be related to greater overall estrogen exposure.

This study of the effect of age and obesity in adult-onset type 1 diabetes found that older age was protective. Sustained obesity increased type 1 diabetes risk in an age- and sex-specific manner.

We demonstrate the molecular features and phenotypic heterogeneity associated with NaPi-IIa disruption in two patients with idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia and partial proximal tubular impairment.

We show in vivo and in vitro evidence supporting that L5 initiates obesity-associated inflammation by modulating the release of adipocytokines that attract and activate macrophages in adipose tissue.

We studied the relationship between baseline adiponectin and future body composition and insulin resistance. Low plasma adiponectin predicted visceral fat accumulation and greater insulin resistance.

This study shows the association between the interval changes of HGI and incident CAC over 4 years in 2052 nondiabetic Korean participants.

Thyroid nodule growth by sonographic reassessment shows that malignant nodules grow substantially faster than benign nodules and that more rapid growth is associated with higher-risk thyroid cancers.

We studied a community-based cohort and found that high levels of FGF23, PTH, and calcium and low levels of 25(OH)D were each associated with incident hospitalization with infection.