IMMU-11. GUARDIANS OF INNATE IMMUNE ACTIVATION: CRUCIAL ROLES OF NONO AND CGAMP IN GLIOMA VIROTHERAPY

Despite aggressive therapeutic interventions, glioblastoma patients face a median survival of seven months after tumor recurrence. Alarmingly, there has been no improvement to the standard of care for two decades, and patients still receive toxic doses of radiation and chemotherapy, rendering many unable to perform daily functions. An emerging approach, oncolytic virotherapy (OV) using Delta-24-RGD, is gaining traction due to recent clinical trials (NCT00805376, NCT03178032, and NCT02798406) exhibiting robust responses in subsets of patients. While these studies demonstrated the therapeutic potential of OV, findings also indicate the early clearance of the virus, hindering the establishment of an effective anti-tumor immune response in most patients. We propose that mitigating the innate immune response against the therapeutic virus should result in improved intratumoral persistence, increasing the window of opportunity for developing an anti-tumor immune response. RNA-sequencing identified the non-POU domain containing octamer-binding (NONO) pathway as highly upregulated in syngenic glioma models and further amplified by OV treatment. In-vitro RNA sequencing and comparative analysis complemented these results to define a unique transcriptomic profile induced by adenovirus infection. LC-MS/MS identified host cGAS and adenoviral capsid proteins as candidate binding partners of NONO, which were validated using co-immunoprecipitation. Although the type I interferon cluster is deleted in most gliomas, tumor cells have a profound influence on their microenvironment through the secretion of the second messenger cGAMP. We show that NONO is required for cGAMP production, providing a mechanism to modulate antiviral responses in the tumor microenvironment during OV. Our findings underscore the significance of cGAMP shed from tumor cells in response to OV, and how NONO interacts with cGAS in the nucleus to sensor adenovirus infection. These findings uncover novel innate immunity mechanisms in gliomas and will inform the design of more efficacious oncolytic adenoviruses for glioma therapy.