
Contents
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Introduction Introduction
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Myeloproliferative neoplasms Myeloproliferative neoplasms
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JAK2-MPN JAK2-MPN
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Polycythaemia vera Polycythaemia vera
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Essential thrombocytosis Essential thrombocytosis
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Primary myelofibrosis Primary myelofibrosis
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Chronic myelocytic leukaemia Chronic myelocytic leukaemia
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Myelodysplastic syndrome Myelodysplastic syndrome
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Acute myeloid leukaemia Acute myeloid leukaemia
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Involvement of the nervous system by acute myeloid leukaemia Involvement of the nervous system by acute myeloid leukaemia
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Central nervous system involvement by acute myeloid leukaemia Central nervous system involvement by acute myeloid leukaemia
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Pathogenesis and risk factors Pathogenesis and risk factors
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Clinical presentation and diagnostic evaluation Clinical presentation and diagnostic evaluation
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Prevention and treatment Prevention and treatment
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Outcome Outcome
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Involvement of the nervous system by myeloid sarcoma Involvement of the nervous system by myeloid sarcoma
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Clinical presentation and diagnostic evaluation of myeloid sarcomas Clinical presentation and diagnostic evaluation of myeloid sarcomas
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Treatment Treatment
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Neuroleukaemiosis Neuroleukaemiosis
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Clinical features Clinical features
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
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Treatment Treatment
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Indirect neurological complications of acute leukaemias Indirect neurological complications of acute leukaemias
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Intracranial haemorrhage in acute promyelocytic leukaemia Intracranial haemorrhage in acute promyelocytic leukaemia
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Treatment-induced neurological complications of acute leukaemias Treatment-induced neurological complications of acute leukaemias
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Summary Summary
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References References
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6 Neurological complications of myeloid malignancies
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Published:July 2024
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Abstract
Myeloid malignancies are a heterogeneous group of clonal haematopoietic disorders, which include chronic disorders such as chronic myeloid leukaemia, polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, primary myelofibrosis, myelodysplastic syndromes, and acute disorders such as acute myeloid leukaemias. Accordingly, their neurological manifestations are manifold. Common neurological complications are thrombotic and haemorrhagic events that occur in both acute leukaemias and the more indolent entities. Direct involvement of the nervous system is typically related to acute leukaemias and includes invasion of the central nervous system (parenchymal and leptomeningeal dissemination, myeloid sarcoma, neuroleukaemiosis). Indirect neurological complications derive from cerebrovascular events related to either thrombosis in JAK-2-positive neoplasms or hyperviscosity, or haemorrhage once thrombocythemia or coagulopathy is present. Many neurological complications are iatrogenic and include diverse categories such as lumbar puncture and intrathecal or systemic chemotherapy, targeted therapies, radiotherapy, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Most neurological manifestations require urgent treatment and confer a poor prognosis. This chapter describes the neurological complications of myeloid malignancies in the era of contemporary treatment. Those manifestations require expert consideration of their source, as they are being identified with increasing frequency, while patients survive longer.
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